The biodegradation of Delor 103, a commercial mixture of PCB congeners, was studied with eight strains of white rot fungi in two nutritive media: in mineral nitrogen limited medium (so called Kirk medium) and in complex Malt- extract glucose medium. The most efficient biodegradation was observed with the fungus Pleurotus ostreatus, where 99% of PCB congener sum was degraded after 42 days in both media. Bjerkandera adusta was able to degrade 89% of PCB congener sum within 42 days in complex medium. Irpex lacteus removed 70% of PCB congener sum within 42 days in Kirk medium. Other white rot fungi showed lower biodegradation ability, degrading only low chlorinated biphenyls. Further, urgent toxicity of samples was monitored during the Delor 103 biodegradation. P. ostreatus proved to be the most suitable agens for PCB decontamination as a significant reduction of toxicity in comparison with controls was observed during the PCB degradation. In case of other fungi, no reduction of urgent toxicity was observed showing a disadvantage of their use for PCB biodegradation. Activities of ligninolitic enzymes during biodegradation were also studied. In both media laccase activity was detected in Dichomitus squalens, Pycnoporus cinnabarinus and Trametes versicolor cultures. Ligninperoxidase enzyme activity was...

The decomposition of plant biomass is associated with changes of the associated fungal community which is crucial in the process of degradation due to their production of extracellular enzymes. Moreover, fungal communities as well as enzymatic activity are specific for soil microhabitats. This thesis focused on the importance of fungi associated with the roots of Norway spruce (Picea abies) trees. Forest with dominating Norway spruce, located in the School Forest Enterprise Křtiny area in Moravia, was selected for the experiment. The aim of this thesis was to compare the community composition of fungi in the roots, rhizosphere and bulk soil and to describe the gradual development of this community after the death of the roots. The next aim was to isolate, describe and characterize those fungi that decomposed roots 5 and 9 months after tree harvest. Identification of fungal isolates was based on DNA sequencing. Degradation capabilities were determined as the activity of enzymes involved in the degradation of lignocellulose. Composition of fungal communities was described by sequencing of environmental DNA on the Illumina platform. Before the flow of assimilates from the live trees stopped, communities of ectomycorrhizal fungi dominated with 60 % of all sequences. Increased abundance of saprotrophic...

Energy sorrel (Rumex patientia L. x Rumex tianschanicus A. Los.) is a plant with a high yield of above-ground biomass. Because of this, it is grown as energy crop, but in Ukraine it is also important forage crop. Mycobiota has not been examined, even though energy sorrel is grown in the Czech Republic experimentally since 1992 (in agricultural operations since 2001). The aims of this thesis were: to determine the composition of mycobiota of healthy plants and of mycobiota associated with leaf and stem spots, to verify whether fungi isolated from spots can cause these spots and if previously isolated fungus Phomopsis sp. can cause spots. Samples were colected from 4 sites in Czech republic, in three samplings during the vegetation season. Endophytes were isolated from root, stem and leaf. Fungi asociated with spots were isolated from stem and leaf. Fungi were cultivated on 2% malt extract agar and then morphologically determined. From representative strains were isolated DNA and sequences of the ITS region were compared with the GenBank databases, this verified the morphological determination and the sterile species were determined. The most common endophytes were Clonostachys rosea f. rosea, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Rhizopus arrhizus var. arrhizus, Alternaria alternata a Acremonium strictum...

Energy sorrel (Rumex patientia L. x Rumex tianschanicus A. Los.) is a plant with a high yield of above-ground biomass. Because of this, it is grown as energy crop, but in Ukraine it is also important forage crop. Mycobiota has not been examined, even though energy sorrel is grown in the Czech Republic experimentally since 1992 (in agricultural operations since 2001). The aims of this thesis were: to determine the composition of mycobiota of healthy plants and of mycobiota associated with leaf and stem spots, to verify whether fungi isolated from spots can cause these spots and if previously isolated fungus Phomopsis sp. can cause spots. Fungi were cultivated on 2% malt extract agar and then morphologically determined. From representative strains were isolated DNA and sequences of the ITS region were compared with the GenBank databases, this verified the morphological determination and the sterile species were determined. In total 24 morphotypes of endophytic fungi were cultivated from healthy plants. The most common species were: Clonostachys rosea f. rosea, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Rhizopus arrhizus var. arrhizus, Alternaria alternata and Acremonium strictum. From the spots were isolated in total 29 morphotypes, the dominant species were: A. strictum, Aureobasidium pullulans, C....

This diploma thesis deals with the research the effect of the application of selenium as a fertilizer in the substrate mycelium of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) on the growth of this element in the dry state mushroom. Utilization of the cumulative mushrooms characteristic, i.e. the ability to cumulate into them the substance from the enviroment. The purpose of this experiment is the possibility of using the enriched oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) on selenium as a potential functional food. The theoretical is focused on explaining the various terms of fungus, its composition, characteristics and effects on the human body, focusing mainly on oyster mushroom ( Pleurotus ostreatus). There is paid more attention to selenium, its form, function and its effect on the human body. The practical part of the thesis includes experimental results arising from the cultivation of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) on substrate, which is enriched with pentahydrate sodium selenite (Na2SeO3.5H2O) in various concentrations. Single samples are determinend by using mass spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma (ICP-MS , inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry) after decomposition of the sample in a microwave system. The results are according to the individual selenium contents in the dry matter of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) presented in the recommended daily doses (DDD) for possible use as functional foods. Part of this thesis is also to research the influence of the concentration of selenium on the growth of mycelia of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus).

This thesis assesses the state of the truss and steeple of the church of St. Matthew in Postřelmov. The main objectives are to draw the construction, conduct construction-technical survey and and date the construction using dendrochronology. The basic assessment consists in the analysis of the individual parts of the building and their typology. The drawing part of the thesis focuses on the truss, including the steeple. The objectives of the construction-technical evaluation are to assess the structural protection, to locate, identify and detect biological pest infestation; the dendrochronological dating will try to determine the exact year of construction and dates of potential repairs. According to the results, remedial measures will be proposed designed to maintain wood elements in a satisfactory condition.

Biological plant protection against insect pests is an important alternative to chemical protection. One of the most important group used in the biological plant protection against insect pests are the entomopathogenic fungi. Entomopathogenic fungi are microscopic fungi that are able to induce a primary disease to insect pests. It is a very heterogeneous group of species. Worldwide there were isolated and described more than 750 species of entomopathogenic fungi. Genus Beauveria is considered one of the most important genera of entomopathogenic fungi. In the Czech Republic there has been confirmed species B. bassiana, B. brongniartii and now, on the basis of this work, B. caledonica. This study is aimed to confirm the occurrence of B. caledonica in National Park Šumava. To confirm this occurrence, I used analyzes based on the methods of molecular markers. Molecular markers are an indispensable part of science in the field of mycology, for example the strain characterization, population genetics, detection and identification of fungi, phylogenetic studies and evolutionary biology. For this study there were used sequence analysis of ITS, EF1- and LSU regions. The output data of these analyzes were used to create phylogenetic trees. The result of my thesis is taxonomical classification of studied isolates on species level.

Lecanosticta acicola is a heterothallic ascomycete that causes brown spot needle blight (BSNB) on native and non-native Pinus spp. in many regions of the world. The aim of this thesis was to elucidate the origin of L. acicola populations in Europe and consider the reproductive mode of the pathogen in affected areas. In order to study the population genetics of L. acicola, eleven polymorphic microsatellite markers were developed. In addition, mating type markers that amplify both mating type idiomorphs (MAT1-1 and MAT1-2) were designed and the protocols for their applications were optimised. Collections of diseased material were obtained from 17 host species in Asia, Europe and America. In total, 201 isolates from diseased pine needles were obtained. All isolates were screened with the microsatellite markers and the mating type idiomorph determined with the mating type markers. For 87 individuals, part of the Translation Elongation Factor 1-alfa gene was sequenced. The isolates from Central America were unique, highly diverse and most likely represent a new cryptic species. The isolates from East Asia formed a discrete group. Two distinct populations were identified in both North America and Europe. Approximate Bayesian Computation analyses strongly suggest independent introductions of two populations from North America into Europe. Microsatellite data and mating type distributions showed the presence of sexual reproduction in North America and in Europe. Results from this thesis have showed that European populations of L. acicola originate from North America. This is the first study of L. acicola populations on a global scale.

The thesis is focused on the theme of mushrooms and their importance in nutrition. The theoretical part deals with the chemical composition of higher mushrooms in general and describes their significance for human health. It focuses mainly on the positive effects of mushrooms on the human body. The practical part consists of questionnaires on the subject and their evaluation. The aim of my work was to find out what knowledge about mushrooms people have and how often they consume them.

Entomopathogenic fungus \kur{Metarhizium anisopliae} is one of the most common species used in biological control against pests. The thesis is analyzing effectiveness of original strains and continuously passaged strains of \kur{M. anisopliae} through nutrient substrates and different developmental stages mealworm \kur{(Tenebrio molitor)}. For original and continuously passaged strains were also evaluated the growth and spore production at different temperatures cultivation. In this thesis was investigated the efficacy of the original strains of \kur{M. anisopliae} on selected economically important pests. Strains were tested on populations of adults Pollen beetles \kur{(Meligethes aeneus)} and Cabbage seedpod weevil \kur{(Ceutorhynchus obstrictus)} and the eggs of Colorado potato beetle \kur{(Leptinotarsa decemlineata)} in laboratory conditions. Other entomopathogenic fungi were tested on the eggs of Colorado potato beetle eggs.