This study examines the relationship between premarital cohabitation and egalitarianism in marriage using data from the two waves of the National Survey of Families and Households (N = 13,017). Multiple regression and path analysis techniques are used to test this effect. Cohabitation is viewed as an experience in which patterns of behavior and attitudes are formed that influence later marriages. It is hypothesized that this experience leads to a more egalitarian household division of labor and less traditional gender ideologies among married individuals who cohabited premaritally, as compared to those that did not. Path models test the extent to which cohabitation’s effect on later marriages is explained by the household division of labor and gender ideology at time-1. Based on attitude-behavior research, 1) a higher correlation between household division of labor and gender ideology is expected for premarital cohabitors than for non-cohabitors; and 2) a measure of attitude toward sharing housework should better predict household division of labor than does general gender ideology. The analysis showed that premarital cohabitation does have a positive effect on household division of labor and gender ideology in marriage through indirect (and possibly direct) paths. The attitudinal and behavioral measures were not more closely linked for cohabitors, and the specific attitude-toward-thebehavior measure was not a better predictor of household division of labor than general gender ideology. I conclude from this analysis that the experience of cohabitation leads to more egalitarian marriages and that this is largely due to household labor during cohabitation. / Master of Science

Self-evaluation in home management and its relationship to achievement motivation was investigated . The discrepancy between student self-evaluation and adviser evaluation was correlated with achievement motivation. The sample consisted of 33 female students, residents of -the Home Management House during Spring Quarter of the 1968-69 school year and Fall and Winter Quarters of the 1969-70 school year. The instruments used were: (1) a background questionnaire; (2) Management Resource Scale, and (3) Litwin Decision-Making Test. The statistical test used was the Pearson r (correlation coefficient). No significant relationship was found between absolute discrepancy between student self-evaluation in home management, and adviser evaluation and achievement motivation. However, when directionality of evaluation-deviation scores was considered, a significant relationship was found at the .05 level. Subjects who received positive evaluation-deviation scores were lower in achievement motivation than were subjects who received negative evaluation-deviation scores.

Water is not a single use resource. It can be used for completely unrelated purposes. There are four general uses for water: household, industrial, agricultural, and recreational. Since water is an economic good it must be properly allocated among the four uses to maximize the returns to society. Also, There must be proper allocation among competing units within each major use.

The purpose of this study was to investigate how Utah husbands and wives thought household tasks should viii be allocated and how they actually were allocated in their own homes. The sample was 191 two-parent, two-child families residing in Iron, Washington, and Salt Lake Counties. Urban/rural residence, wife's employment status, educational level of both the husband and wife, family income, religious activity, and the husband's occupation were studied in relation to household task allocation. Eight hypotheses were tested. Husband's religious activity and wife's employment status were found to be related to a traditional pattern of household task allocation. There was a significant difference between wives' religious activity and allocation of household tasks. Wives who were active church members were more traditional in both attitude and behavior than wives who were not active church members

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Internalizing behaviors, or behaviors related to behavioral inhibition and the tendency to withdraw from novelty or uncertainty, are stable over time. There is substantial evidence indicating the association between greater resting right lateralized frontal EEG alpha asymmetry and negative affect as well as internalizing behaviors (Coan & Allen, 2003; Henderson, Fox, & Rubin, 2001; Fox, 1991). Further, right frontal asymmetry has been shown to be a stable marker of the presence of psychosocial risk (e.g. child maltreatment; see Peltola, Bakermans-Kranenburg, Alink, Huffmeijer, Biro, & van IJzendoorn, 2014 for meta-analyses). However, little is known about the influences of the home and family environment on the link between EEG asymmetry and behavior. The current study examines the associations between resting frontal EEG asymmetry, temperament, and internalizing behaviors in the context of household chaos, as well as additional models. Participants included 247 6-year-old children recruited as part of a larger study on emotion regulation. Results suggest that while household chaos is marginally associated with concurrent internalizing behaviors, the association does not differ depending on patterns of hemispheric asymmetry. Methodological considerations and future directions are discussed. By understanding the physiological mechanisms underlying risk for internalizing problems as well as potential moderators of this link we can better inform the development and timing of effective prevention strategies.

This dissertation studies distributional effect of (un)conventional monetary policies on Japanese household and corporate finances. It puts a special focus on household saving(s) and household income. The dissertation consists of four independent essays. In the first essay “Low Interest Rate Policy and Savings Culture in Japan: Implications for Economic Policy” the change in the savings culture in Japan during more than 30 years of low, zero and negative interest rate policies is examined. It is shown how the Bank of Japan’s persistently loose monetary policy changed the household and corporate savings culture in Japan. The second essay “Japanese Monetary Policy and Determinants of Household Saving” analyzes determinants of the household saving rate in Japan between 1960 and 2019. It finds that the zero-interest rate policy and unconventional monetary policies of the Bank of Japan are associated with the decline in the Japanese household saving rate. In the third essay “Japanese Unconventional Monetary Policy and Household Saving” the impact of expansionary monetary policies on household saving in Japan between 1993 and 2017 is analyzed. It shows that monetary expansion is associated with a widening gap in the wealth distribution through an adverse effect on non-academic households. The fourth essay “The Effects of Unconventional Monetary Policy on Stock Markets and Household Incomes in Japan” studies the distributional effects of monetary policy on Japanese household incomes. It is shown that the Bank of Japan’s unconventional monetary policy has contributed to a widening gap in the income distribution through the portfolio channel

<p> My doctoral dissertation is composed of an introductory chapter followed by five independent chapters on household savings and finances.</p> <p> After the introductory chapter, the second chapter investigates the living standards of Canadian retirees and the adequacy of their financial preparations. We explore the responses of Canadian retirees to subjective survey questions administrated in General Social Surveys and in the 1975 Retirement Survey. Our results show that a significant portion of Canadians report enjoying life more after retirement compared to before retirement. Moreover, in 2002, three quarters of retired Canadians indicated being at least as satisfied with their finances as they were in the year prior to retirement. The most significant correlate of financial dissatisfaction that our analysis uncovers is involuntary retirement and, in particular, involuntary retirement associated with poor health.</p> <p> The third chapter revisits a long standing question of whether households with higher lifetime income save a larger fraction of their income. The major difficulty in empirically assessing the relationship between lifetime incomes and saving rates is finding a credible proxy for lifetime income. Taking advantage of the unique characteristics of the Canadian Family Expenditure Survey data, we construct reliable lifetime income proxies. Our empirical analysis suggests that the estimated relationship between saving rates and lifetime incomes is sensitive to the instrument used to proxy lifetime income. Nevertheless, our preferred estimates indicate that, except for the poorest households (who simply do not save), saving rates do not differ substantially across lifetime income groups. </p> <p> The fourth chapter examines the effect of taxation on households' portfolio allocation decisions. The key challenge in empirically assessing this relation is to find a substantial and plausibly exogenous source of variation in marginal tax rates. We use variation in marginal tax rates across households with the same total earnings, which arise in progressive income tax systems with individual taxation. Employing the Canadian Survey of Household Finances, we find statistically significant but economically modest responses to differential taxation.</p> <p> The fifth chapter investigates the problems associated with the estimation of intertemporal allocation parameters via linearized Euler Equations. We solve and simulate life-cycle consumption models in different economic environments and perform Monte Carlo experiments with these simulated data. Our results suggest that problems associated with the estimation of linearized Euler equations are strongly related to the assumed economic environments. In particular, the validity and relevance of conventional instruments used in the estimation depend on the concavity of the underlying policy rules, which in turn follows from features of the economic environment.</p> <p> The final chapter reviews the economic literature on the saving behavior of lower income households. Our discussion focuses on the motives shaping the saving behavior of low-income households. In addition to the standard economic framework used for analysis of this kind, the Life-Cycle/Permanent Income Hypothesis, we also discuss insights from "behavioral" economics. We review the international evidence on a variety of policies designed to stimulate savings among low income households.</p> / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

During the 2019 field season of the Chan Chich Archaeological Project (CCAP)/Belize Estates Archaeological Survey Team's (BEAST) work in northwestern Belize, excavations commenced at an elite household at the site of Gallon Jug, named Courtyard B-1. Excavations revealed intriguing details about the lives of the inhabitants through the presence of burials, ceramics, architecture, and – as is central to this research – Patolli boards. Patolli, a prehistoric game of chance played throughout Mesoamerican, is a relatively under researched topic within the field of archaeology. In this thesis I argue that the patolli boards at Gallon Jug portray evidence of elite competition and shifts to social dynamics at the site. Through the analysis of setting, symbolism and the available data regarding patolli across the Maya region, this research shows that even something as seemingly mundane as a game of chance can yield valuable insights into the lives of those who played them.

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