The house-building industry should evolve towards the production of dwellings of higher quality standards. Minimum standards are required to ensure that all new homes will be structurally sound, comfortable and have a long and reliable life. The notion of quality does not just concern the dwelling itself, but also the immediate and wider environment, namely the proximity of schools, shopping and leisure areas (theatres, cinemas, sport centres, playgrounds), accessibility (roads, railway lines, underground, buses) and views. To achieve higher quality standards better design quality evaluation and inspection schemes are needed In this thesis a new approach for the evaluation of the quality of dwelling designs named QDF (Quality Dwelling Framework) is proposed. In order to develop QDF a parallel between the form of a dwelling and the form of a human body is drawn. This is justified by the fact that the human body is a most sophisticated and highly developed form. The methodology behind QDF is the systems approach. In QDF, a dwelling is organised, in a hierarchical way, into systems, subsystems and components. Each of the elements in the hierarchy is both a system and apart of a larger system, i. e. a holon. Holons are modelled as software objects, in the sense of object-oriented programming. QDF is an important contribution in the direction of raising dwelling quality standards (quality is used here in the sense of fitness for purpose). It provides a comprehensive framework to implement and develop different quality evaluation methods, adapted to different countries and cultures. No specific parameters are imposed for quality evaluation of each system, and so dWerent quality evaluation schemes may be implemented The parameters are dependent on several factors, namely: the climate, the habits of the users and the development of the construction industry in the relevant country. QDF is a generic framework, within which different evaluation methods can be implemented and adapted to different situations. It has been designed so that it can help all parties involved in the residential building industry, namely users, builders, architects, engineers, property developers, bankers, building societies, state agents and politicians, to agree upon quality standards tuned to the national or regional realities. A strategy for the corroboration of QDF has been proposed, based on Popper's philosophy of scientific knowledge and on an extension of this theory proposed by Blockley in the context of risk analysis. QDF can only achieve a high degree of corroboration by testing it in practice in the long term, i. e. users will use the system, make decisions, live in a house; and then provide feedback as to whether the evaluation turned out to be dependable or true (i. e. decisions correspond with the facts). The process of evaluating QDF has been initiated by using a prototype system, developed in the programming environment KAPPA, to evaluate different dwelling designs as well as different alternative solutions for the same dwelling design. QDF is compared with product models of buildings, namely the BATAS product model and the AEC building systems model. The QDF prototype system implements the quality evaluation for a thermal system (the metrics have been developed by Paiva and are based in the Portuguese thermal regulations), an electrical system (the metrics used are defined in the Qualitel method) and a close environment system (the metrics used are defined in the SEL method). The development and use of the prototype indicates that the complexity of modelling a dwelling in a comprehensive way calls for advanced computer techniques which provide high storage capacity and fast processing. As QDF is a naturally parallel system, this could be achieved in future by using parallel computer architectures, which are adequate for the developed model, based on the object-oriented paradigm.

There is a growing recognition in the built environment for the significance of benchmarking. It is recognized as a key driver for measuring success criteria in the built environment sector. In spite of the huge application of this technique to the sector and other sectors, very little is known of it in affordable housing sub-sector and where it has been used, components of housing quality were not holistically considered. This study considers this identified deficiency in developing a benchmark for assessing affordable housing quality impact factors. As part of this study, samples of 4 affordable Housing projects were examined. Two each were originally selected from under 5 categories of ‘operational quality standards’ within United Kingdom. Samples of 10 projects were extracted from a total of 80 identified UK affordable housing projects. Investigative study was conducted on these projects showing varying impact factors and constituent parameters responsible for their quality. Identified impact criteria found on these projects were mapped against a unifying set standard and weighted with ‘relative importance index’. Adopting quality function deployment (QFD) technique, a quality matrix was developed from these quality standards groupings with their impact factors. An affordable housing quality benchmark and a relative toolkit evolved from resultant quality matrix of project case studies and questionnaire served on practitioners’ performance. Whereas the toolkit was empirically tested for reliability and construct validity, the benchmark was subjected to refinement with the use of project case study.

台灣四十多年來，隨著工業化及經濟快速的發展，國民所得逐年的增加與生活水準的日漸提高，已使得大眾對於住宅品質愈來愈加重視。所謂住宅品質，其內涵除了客觀上基本設施的完備外，尚應包括主觀滿意度的提高，而提高滿意度的方法，則可以藉著適當管理維護工作的執行，使住宅環境能維持在一定的居住品質之上。由於我國對於住宅管理維護工作之執行，除了國民住宅外，目前並無明確的管理規定，而民間對於住宅的管理維護，則分別有許多不同的管理組織或管理維護公司，採取不同的管理維護方式在進行管理維護的工作，對於不同的管理維護方式，其所獲得的住宅品質水準為何?則有待進一步加以研究。 因此，本文擬先建立住宅管理維護可提昇住宅品質之假設，首先蒐集住宅品質及住宅管理維護之相關文獻與調查報告，對目前之住宅品質情形及住宅管理維護狀況做初步的瞭解。其次，為了對住宅品質及住宅管理維護之關係做進一步的探討，本研究將依據一般民間住宅及國民住宅不同的管理維護方式，在台北都會區中選取七個研究個案，對個案不同的管理維護方式與住宅品質狀況做一調查，並藉著問卷抽樣調查的方法，瞭解住戶對目前住宅品質及住宅管理維護之滿意情形，然後根據調查資料來建立住宅管理維護影響住宅品質之迴歸分析模式，分析之模式主要有二，其一為建立住宅屬性、住戶屬性及管理維護屬性影響住宅品質之迴歸模式，其二為將住戶滿意度之問卷變項透過因子分析技術，選出主要之因子，做為迴歸分析模式之自變項。根據本論文之初步結果顯示，模式一以屋齡、費用繳交率、住宅安全措施等項目，對於住宅品質之滿意度影響較為顯著，模式二則以管制公約、公共設施、管理費等因子，對住宅品質滿意度之影響較為顯著。 最後，本文擬根據實證研究的結果，對目前國民住宅及一般民間住宅之管理維護法令與政策，未來之修正與研擬方向做一探討與建議，希望從法令之訂定與執行，落實到民間住宅管理之實際運作，使住宅管理維護制度得以建立，進而達到提昇住宅品質之目標。 / This paper is trying to answer whether housing management and maintenance could improve (or influence) housing quality or not? Are they any different housing quality satisfication among different types of housing management and maintenance? In order to answer these questions, we slect seven cases to survey their housing quality as well as management and maintenance situation. Two models are tested, one is housing quality regression analysis of housing management and maintenance factors; the other is household satisfication factor analysis of housing quality. Both results support that housing management and maintenance is important to housing quality. Some policy implications are also suggested, particular in housing management and maintenance regulation.

This study is an investigation of the relationships between selected structural characteristics of the community and the quality of housing. It quantitatively examines the relationship between the following structural elements as independent variables and quality of housing as the dependent variable. The independent variables are city size, sex-age composition, socioeconomic status, racial-ethnic composition, age of the city, regional location, form of government, city type and occupancy status.

Thesis (MTech (Construction Management ))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2010 / The motivation of the public sector is more social and political. The housing crisis is a major political issue for every ruling party. In many countries there are political commitments to housing, but sadly we witness this commitment being misdirected. Every government wants to see that its citizens are housed adequately. Very often it is seen that in its endeavour, government try to follow the private sector process, establishing huge parastatals to carry out the whole process, for example design, construction and financing (Lankatilleke, 1994). Lankatilleke, L. (1994) further mentions that mass produced public sector housing schemes are aesthetic disasters. They are either rows of match-boxes or high-rise blocks with no identity or individuality. There are numerous examples of such housing schemes that have deteriorated into ghettos. This research consequently presents findings which implies that government is being pressurized by the housing backlog within the Western and Eastern Cape, which brings about time constraints and tight budgets. These pressures are transferred to the design teams which need to speedily produce designs for low-cost housing homes within the best possible budget. This results to the implementation of common model designs. It is also founded that contractors ultimately suffer, due to these pressures which do not allow them to produce good quality homes. It is therefore recommended that better community involvement for sustainable methods in the design and construction process should be practiced. This therefore concludes that government should take more responsibility for the delivery processes of low-cost housing as well as the procurement and quality systems to be followed.

The thesis is conceived as an empirical probe into the life of the local residents around the north-south artery in the district of Prague 4. Thematically falls within the urban sociology and is also greatly inspired by the field of urbanism and urban planning. The goal is to obtain and bring out basic information about the quality of housing and urban life around the given section of Prague's north-south highway perceived through the eyes of the population. The first part constitutes theoretical background of the empiric survey. It specifies a relation of branch disciplines to the selected topic and outlines the theoretical concepts associated with the main aspects of this problem. The second part presents conducted empirical probe, gives a summary and comments on results of the analysis. Data collection was carried out using a questionnaire survey in the locality. The processing by quantitative techniques were used for data analysis

O trabalho trata da avaliação da qualidade da produção do Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida na Região Metropolitana de Porto Alegre, na busca de subsídios para a produção da habitação social. Primeiramente, foi investigado se existem padrões espaciais de localização diferenciados para as Faixas de renda 1, 2 e 3, que poderiam gerar diferentes níveis de integração do conjunto no tecido urbano consolidado. A partir da identificação dos padrões espaciais de localização, foi verificada a existência de relação desses padrões com as diretrizes da política urbana em nível local, expressas através da regulação urbanística, propiciando localizações mais adequadas para a habitação de interesse social. Ainda, teve o objetivo de averiguar se o modelo de cidade (estrutura do espaço urbano) que está sendo produzido pelo Programa MCMV na RMPA apresentou avanços em relação à produção habitacional do BNH (Banco Nacional de Habitação), no tocante aos padrões espaciais de localização dos empreendimentos. A seguir, foram analisados se os padrões espaciais de localização geram impactos sobre as condições de mobilidade e de acesso a oportunidades de desenvolvimento humano e econômico e afetam os níveis de satisfação dos moradores com o desempenho dos conjuntos. Os procedimentos metodológicos adotados incluem múltiplos métodos de coleta de dados e análises que possibilitaram complementariedade entre os dados obtidos através de levantamento de arquivo, levantamento físico e aplicação de questionários. A análise estatística dos dados quantitativos foi realizada através da verificação das frequências e realização de testes não-paramétricos, como Kruskal-Wallis e Spearman. Foi utilizada a análise sintática para medir os níveis de integração. Os resultados obtidos confirmam que a produção do Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida apresenta um padrão espacial de localização, especialmente para a Faixa 1, com empreendimentos de médio e grande porte, distantes do centro urbano consolidado e segregados do entorno. As localizações dos empreendimentos da Faixas 2 e 3 são bastante similares, porém um pouco melhores do que as localizações dos empreendimentos da Faixa 1, que tendem promover diferentes níveis de satisfação com o desempenho dos conjuntos e diferentes impactos sobre a qualidade de vida dos moradores. Finalmente, é possível concluir que o padrão de localização dos empreendimentos do Programa MCMV na Região Metropolitana de Porto Alegre parece não apresentar avanços em relação à produção habitacional do BNH e é ressaltada a importância de avaliar os impactos da localização de conjuntos habitacionais na satisfação geral dos moradores, na busca da produção de espaços residenciais qualificados que contribuam para a sustentabilidade urbana. / The study deals with quality evaluation of the housing program “Minha Casa Minha Vida” (MCMV) implemented in the Metropolitan Region of Porto Alegre, in order to subsidize the social housing production. Firstly, it aimed at investigate if there are different patterns of spatial location according to income groups 1, 2 and 3, which might generate different levels of integration of the housing scheme in the consolidated urban grid. Secondly, it was verified whether the location patterns are related to urban legislation at local level, incorporated in the urban regulation and resulting in locations that are more appropriate to social housing production. Moreover, it was intended to explore if the structure of the urban space produced by the Program MCMV in the Metropolitan Region of Porto Alegre showed improvements in relation to social housing produced by the National Housing Bank (BNH), considering spatial patterns of location of the housing schemes. Following, the patterns of spatial location were analyzed in order to test their impacts on the conditions of mobility and access to human and economic development opportunities that affect the level of resident satisfaction with the performance of housing schemes. Methodological procedures included multiple methods of data collection and analysis which enabled complementarities between the data obtained through archive information, physical measurements and questionnaires. The statistical analysis of quantitative data was carried out by means of frequencies and non-parametric tests such as Kruskal-Wallis and Spearman correlations. Spatial syntax analysis was used in order to measure levels of integration. Results confirm the existence of patterns of location, especially for the lowest income group, with large and medium size housing schemes distant from the consolidated urban area and segregated from its surroundings. The location of housing schemes for income groups 2 and 3 are similar, but slightly better than the locations of housing schemes for income group 1, which tend to promote different levels of resident satisfaction with the performance of the housing schemes and different impacts on their quality of life. Finally, it was possible to conclude that the patterns of location of the housing schemes produced in the Program MCMV in the Metropolitan Region of Porto Alegre did not improve in relation to social housing produced by the National Housing Bank (BNH) and highlights the importance of assessing the impacts of location of housing schemes on the overall residents satisfaction, in order to produce more qualified residential spaces that promote urban sustainability.

Esta Tese trata da análise crítica da produção de edifícios de apartamentos recentemente ofertados pelo mercado imobiliário paulistano, no que se refere à qualidade de seus espaços internos e coletivos. O estudo parte de uma investigação sobre esta tipologia na cidade de São Paulo e seus reflexos - enquanto modelo - em cidade de médio porte, no caso Ribeirão Preto, no interior do estado. Na seqüência, busca-se a fundamentação teórico-conceitual sobre a qualidade do projeto e de seu processo de gestão, bem como das diversas técnicas de Avaliação Pós-Ocupação (APO) comumente utilizadas. Para exemplificar esta abordagem são avaliados quatro edifícios de apartamento, como estudos de caso, que junto com as análises teórico-conceituais, formam o escopo proposto dos procedimentos metodológicos de APO para tal modalidade habitacional. As análises contidas na tese permitem apontar conclusivamente para a transformação do apartamento, em mercadoria, ou seja, sua conversão em produto imobiliário que tem se aproximado cada vez mais do conceito e da sua viabilização como produto não durável, contrariando suas origens fundiárias e o papel social da habitação. Aponta também para o papel do arquiteto neste cenário imobiliário, como profissional desvalorizado no sentido mais amplo da arquitetura e relegado a cuidar das questões mais cosméticas e acessórias dos empreendimentos residenciais verticais. Por conseqüência conclui-se que o projeto arquitetônico idealizado para os edifícios de apartamentos atuais não atende de maneira satisfatória às reais necessidades dos usuários. A tese destaca a premência de uma ampla revisão no processo de criação e de gestão do processo de projeto, ensejando que se desenvolvam procedimentos que incluam bancos de dados alimentados por APOs e também uma participação mais efetiva do arquiteto à frente deste processo. Em resumo, recomenda-se enfaticamente idealizar e construir o edifício de apartamentos e sua área comum, tendo como foco seus usuários finais. / This thesis deals with the critical analysis of apartment buildings design recently offered by São Paulos real estate market, regarding to the quality of their indoor and collective environments. The study starts from an investigation into this typology in São Paulo city and its impact - as a model - over a midsize city, Ribeirão Preto, located in the inner part of São Paulo State. Then, it seeks to theoretical and conceptual basis over the quality of the design and its management process, as well as the various Post-Occupancy Evaluation (POE) techniques commonly used. To support this approach, four apartment buildings were evaluated, as case studies, which together with the theoretical and conceptual analysis they form the proposed scope for the methodological procedures of POE in such housing modality. The analysis emphasizes conclusively the conversion of the apartment into good, that is, its conversion into real estate product that has been increasingly more closed to the concept and the viability of a non-durable product, opposing to its ground origins and the social role of housing. It also points out the role of the architect in this real estate scenery, as a devalued professional in the broadest sense of architecture and relegated to taking care of most cosmetic and secondary issues of vertical residential ventures. Consequently it is concluded that the architectural design for apartment buildings does not satisfactorily meet the real users needs. Finally, the thesis recommends the urgency of a broad review of the conception and the design management process, providing the development of procedures that include databases fed by POEs and also a more effective participation of the architect in this process. To sum up, it is strongly recommended to design and to build the apartment building and its surroundings focusing on their final users.

<p>Rad prikazuje razvoj modela za korisničko vrednovanje prostornih<br />karakteristika stana. Model se zasniva na rezultatima teorijskog i<br />praktičnog istraživanja. Teorijski deo istraživanja čine rezultati<br />analize postojećih istraživanja na temu kvaliteta stanovanja i<br />kriterijuma na osnovu kojih se on definiše, kao i arhitektonskih<br />smernica za projektovanje zgrada višeporodičnog stanovanja.<br />Praktičnim istraživanjem je obuhvaćeno ispitivanje stavova struke -<br />projektanata zgrada višeporodičnog stanovanja, i samih korisnika<br />analiziranih prostora. Funkcionisanje modela je prikazano kroz<br />primer jednog stana, dok je razvijeni model primenjen pri vrednovanju<br />prostornih karakteristika odabranih stanova izgrađenih u gradu<br />Osijeku u periodu između 1930. i 2015. godine.</p> / <p>The dissertation gives a detailed description of the development of the model<br />of user evaluation of the apartment&#39;s spatial characteristics. The model<br />development was based on the results of theoretical and practical research.<br />The theoretical part includes the analysis of available research on housing<br />quality and criteria for its evaluation as well as architectural guidelines for<br />housing design. The practical research involved examining the attitudes of<br />designers of residential buildings and the buildings&rsquo; tenants. The functioning<br />of the model is shown through the example of the chosen apartment, while<br />the developed model was applied in the evaluation of the spatial<br />characteristics of the apartments built in Osijek from 1930 to 2015.</p>

Esta Tese trata da análise crítica da produção de edifícios de apartamentos recentemente ofertados pelo mercado imobiliário paulistano, no que se refere à qualidade de seus espaços internos e coletivos. O estudo parte de uma investigação sobre esta tipologia na cidade de São Paulo e seus reflexos - enquanto modelo - em cidade de médio porte, no caso Ribeirão Preto, no interior do estado. Na seqüência, busca-se a fundamentação teórico-conceitual sobre a qualidade do projeto e de seu processo de gestão, bem como das diversas técnicas de Avaliação Pós-Ocupação (APO) comumente utilizadas. Para exemplificar esta abordagem são avaliados quatro edifícios de apartamento, como estudos de caso, que junto com as análises teórico-conceituais, formam o escopo proposto dos procedimentos metodológicos de APO para tal modalidade habitacional. As análises contidas na tese permitem apontar conclusivamente para a transformação do apartamento, em mercadoria, ou seja, sua conversão em produto imobiliário que tem se aproximado cada vez mais do conceito e da sua viabilização como produto não durável, contrariando suas origens fundiárias e o papel social da habitação. Aponta também para o papel do arquiteto neste cenário imobiliário, como profissional desvalorizado no sentido mais amplo da arquitetura e relegado a cuidar das questões mais cosméticas e acessórias dos empreendimentos residenciais verticais. Por conseqüência conclui-se que o projeto arquitetônico idealizado para os edifícios de apartamentos atuais não atende de maneira satisfatória às reais necessidades dos usuários. A tese destaca a premência de uma ampla revisão no processo de criação e de gestão do processo de projeto, ensejando que se desenvolvam procedimentos que incluam bancos de dados alimentados por APOs e também uma participação mais efetiva do arquiteto à frente deste processo. Em resumo, recomenda-se enfaticamente idealizar e construir o edifício de apartamentos e sua área comum, tendo como foco seus usuários finais. / This thesis deals with the critical analysis of apartment buildings design recently offered by São Paulos real estate market, regarding to the quality of their indoor and collective environments. The study starts from an investigation into this typology in São Paulo city and its impact - as a model - over a midsize city, Ribeirão Preto, located in the inner part of São Paulo State. Then, it seeks to theoretical and conceptual basis over the quality of the design and its management process, as well as the various Post-Occupancy Evaluation (POE) techniques commonly used. To support this approach, four apartment buildings were evaluated, as case studies, which together with the theoretical and conceptual analysis they form the proposed scope for the methodological procedures of POE in such housing modality. The analysis emphasizes conclusively the conversion of the apartment into good, that is, its conversion into real estate product that has been increasingly more closed to the concept and the viability of a non-durable product, opposing to its ground origins and the social role of housing. It also points out the role of the architect in this real estate scenery, as a devalued professional in the broadest sense of architecture and relegated to taking care of most cosmetic and secondary issues of vertical residential ventures. Consequently it is concluded that the architectural design for apartment buildings does not satisfactorily meet the real users needs. Finally, the thesis recommends the urgency of a broad review of the conception and the design management process, providing the development of procedures that include databases fed by POEs and also a more effective participation of the architect in this process. To sum up, it is strongly recommended to design and to build the apartment building and its surroundings focusing on their final users.