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Wood pellet production has become an advancing industry for the sake of reducing greenhouse emissions into the atmosphere especially, in European Union countries. Researchers and industry executives seek new methods and materials to improve the pelletization process. Rice hulls or husks has the potential to aid in wood pelletization as they possess high calorific values. This study focuses on using rice hull derived bio-oil from pyrolysis, which will also decrease ash content, as an additive to aid in the wood pelletization process. Using two groups of rice hull derived bio-oil as an additive in wood pelletization: Group 1 uses heavy bio-oil at 0.2 and 0.5% concentration plus a control group, and Group 2 uses bio-oil with light keys added from distillation process at 0.2% and 0.5% concentration plus a control group, we hope to increase durability and calorific value in wood pellets while producing at a lower cost.

Orientador: João Batista Kochenborger Fernandes / Banca: Elisabeth Criscuolo Urbinati / Banca: Maria Cristina Thomaz / Banca: Teresa Cristina Ribeiro Dias Koberstein / Banca: Antônio Cleber da Silva Camargo / Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da utilização de dietas contendo diferentes ingredientes fibrosos (farelo de soja, casca de soja, farelo de girassol e polpa cítrica, este ultimo avaliado em dois níveis de inclusão) sobre o tempo de trânsito gastrointestinal, as digestibilidades da proteína e da energia, o desempenho, a composição corporal, os parâmetros bioquímicos, os índices organométricos e a morfometria intestinal de juvenis de pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). Os peixes alimentados com as dietas contendo farelo de soja e farelos de girassol tiveram os melhores resultados de digestibilidade e desempenho, sem apresentar alterações fisiológicas e metabólicas. A inclusão casca de soja na dieta atrasou o tempo de trânsito gastrointestinal, piorou a digestibilidade da proteína e da energia, prejudicou o desempenho, diminuiu as proteínas totais sangüíneas e aumentou a porcentagem de lipídeo muscular. A dieta contendo 45% polpa cítrica acelerou o tempo de trânsito gastrointestinal, piorou o desempenho, provocou alterações na composição corporal e na morfometria intestinal. Cada ingrediente fibroso, em função de sua composição de fibras alimentares e carboidratos complexos, altera o funcionamento do sistema digestório e o aproveitamento de nutrientes, com conseqüências sobre a fisiologia, o metabolismo e o desempenho dos juvenis de pacu / Abstract: This study aim was to evaluate the effects of diets containing different fiber sources (soybean meal, soybean hulls, sunflower meal and citrus pulp, this last evaluated at two inclusion levels) on gastrointestinal transit time, protein and energy digestibility of protein, performance, body composition, biochemical parameters, organometric index and intestinal morphology of juvenile pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). Fish fed diets containing soybean meal and sunflower meal had best digestibility and performance results, with no physiological and metabolic diseases. The inclusion of soybean hulls in the diet delayed gastrointestinal transit time, decreased the digestibility of protein and energy, worsened performance, reduced total blood proteins and increased the percentage of muscle lipid. Diet containing 45% citrus pulp accelerated gastrointestinal transit time, worsened performance, led to changes in body composition and affects the intestinal morphology. Each fibrous ingredient, depending on dietary fiber and complex carbohydrates composition, differently affects the digestive system functioning and nutrient use, with consequences on physiology, metabolism and performance of juvenile pacu / Doutor

Com o objetivo de avaliar a substituição da FDN do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar in natura (BIN) pela FDN da casca de soja (CS) em dietas com alta proporção de concentrado para cordeiros confinados, foram realizados três experimentos: desempenho animal (Experimento I), digestibilidade dos nutrientes no trato digestivo total (Experimento II) e comportamento ingestivo (Experimento III). O Experimento I consistiu de um arranjo fatorial, onde foram utilizados 60 cordeiros da raça Santa Inês (peso vivo de 16,4 ± 0,3 kg e idade de 67 ± 2 ) dias em um delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados com 5 tratamentos e seis repetições. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: 100C (100% de concentrado), BIN14 (95% de concentrado e 5% de BIN), BIN18 (90% de concentrado e 10% de BIN), CS14 (92% de concentrado e 8% de CS) e CS18 (88% de concentrado e 12% de CS). As dietas foram formuladas para serem isoprotéicas e os teores de BIN e CS ajustados para que os valores de FDN fossem os mesmos entre as dietas BIN14 e CS14 (14%) e entre as dietas BIN18 e CS18 (18%). As dietas contendo CS proporcionaram maior (P=0,07) ganho de peso diário do que as dietas contendo BIN e os cordeiros alimentados com a dieta 100C apresentaram menor (P=0,09) consumo de matéria seca por peso metabóico do que os alimentados com as dietas que continham alguma fonte de fibra (BIN ou CS). Não foi observada diferença (P>0,10) na conversão alimentar. Observou-se uma interação (P<0,07) (Teor x Fonte) para o rendimento de carcaça quente e fria, onde as dietas com 14% FDN apresentaram desempenhos semelhantes, porém, a CS foi superior ao BIN nas dietas contendo 18% FDN. No Experimento II, foram utilizados cinco borregos da raça Santa Inês (35,6 kg PV e com idade de 5,5 meses) em um delineamento em quadrado latino 5 x 5. Os tratamentos utilizados foram os mesmos do Experimento I. As dietas que continham alguma das fontes de fibra promoveram maiores (P<0,05) consumos de matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO) e da FDN que a dieta 100C. Além disso, foi observado efeito das fontes de fibra sobre o consumo de FDN (P<0,025) e na digestibilidade dos nutrientes (P<0,001), onde a CS promoveu maior digestibilidade da MS, MO e da FDN que o BIN. No Experimento III, foram utilizados os mesmos animais e o mesmo delineamento experimental do Experimento I. As dietas contendo alguma das fontes de fibra promoveram maiores (P<0,05) tempos de ingestão, ruminação e mastigação (minutos/dia e minutos/g de FDN) que a dieta 100C. Ao se comparar as fontes de FDN, verificou-se que o BIN proporcionou maior (P<0,0001) atividade de ruminação que a CS (minutos/dia e minutos/g de FDN). Os teores de FDN interagiram com as fontes nos tempos despendidos para ingestão (P<0,002) e na atividade de mastigação (P<0,03) em minutos/dia e minutos/g de FDN, sendo que o BIN apresentou maiores resultados que a CS em ambos os teores (14 ou 18% FDN). A CS proporcionou melhores ganhos de peso e digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes do que o BIN, apesar dos resultados indicarem que a FDN da CS possui apenas 14% da efetividade física do BIN. Entretanto, o BIN estimulou a ruminação e mastigação de cordeiros recebendo dietas com alta proporção de concentrado. / Three trials were conduced to evaluate the replacement of sugar cane bagasse (SB) by soybean hulls (SH) as NDF source on lambs fed a high grain feedlot diet. A performance trial (Trial I) with 60 Santa Ines ram lambs (16.4 kg BW and 67 days old), was conduced on a factorial arrangement, in a complete randomized block design, with 5 treatments and six replications. The treatments were: 100C (all concentrate diet), SB14 (95% concentrate and 5% SB), SB18 (90% concentrate and 10% SB), SH14 (92% concentrate and 8% SH) and SH18 (88% concentrate and 12% SH). Diets were isoproteic, and the levels of NDF were adjusted to be 14% (SB14 and SH14) or 18% (SB18 and SH18) for both NDF sources. Animals on SH diets had higher ADG (P=0.07) than animals on SB. 100C diet decreased (P=0.09) dry matter intake (PV 0.75 ) compared to diets containing fiber sources (SB or SH). There was no difference (P>0.10) on feed conversion. An interaction (P<0.07) among NDF source and level was observed for the hot and cold carcasses yields. SH at 18% NDF had higher carcasses yields than SB at the same NDF level. On digestibilty trial (Trial II), five Santa Ines ram lambs (35.6 kg BW and 172 days old), were used in a 5 x 5 Latin square design. Experimental treatments were the same as those used on Trial I. Diets with fiber sources (SH or SB) increased (P<0.05) dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and NDF intakes compared to 100C diet. NDF intake (P<0.025) and nutrient digestibilities (P<0.001) were affected by fiber sources, with improved DM, OM and NDF digestibilities for SH treatments compared to SB. During the Trial I a behavioral evaluation (Trial III) was performed. Diets containing fiber sources had an increased (P<0.05) eating, ruminating and chewing times (minutes/day and minutes/g NDF) compared to 100C diet. SB increased (P<0.0001) the rumination activity in relation to SH (minutes/day and minutes/g NDF). There were interactions of NDF levels and sources for time spent feeding (P<0.002) and chewing activities (P<0.03) (minutes/day and minutes/g NDF), where higher for SB in both NDF levels (14 or 18%). SH resulted in higher weight gain and nutrient digestibilities than SB, although, the results indicate that NDF from SH has only 14% of physical effectiveness of SB. However, SB improved rumination and chewing activities when lambs were fed high grain diets.

Os objetivos deste experimento foram avaliar os efeitos da substituição do milho e do feno de coastcross pela casca de soja (CS) no desempenho e comportamento ingestivo de cabras em lactação e na digestibilidade dos nutrientes das rações e parâmetros ruminais de borregos Santa Inês. Foram realizados quatro experimentos. Experimento 1: Oito cabras foram alojadas em baias tipo tie stall e distribuídas em um delineamento de quadrado latino duplo 4x4, com duração de cada período de 16 dias, sendo 12 dias para adaptação às rações experimentais e quatro dias para colheita das amostras. Os animais foram alimentados com dietas compostas por 40% de volumoso e 60% de concentrado. A CS substituiu o milho em 0, 20, 40 e 60%, da matéria seca (MS). Não houve efeito (P>0,05) no consumo de MS, produção de leite e no comportamento ingestivo, contudo, o teor de gordura no leite aumentou (P<0,05) com a inclusão da CS na ração. Experimento 2: Quatro borregos foram alojados em gaiolas metálicas para ensaio de metabolismo e distribuídos em delineamento experimental quadrado latino 4x4. Os períodos foram de 14 dias, sendo 10 dias para a adaptação dos animais às rações experimentais e 4 dias para colheita das amostras. Os tratamentos e as dietas foram semelhantes ao Experimento 1. Não houve efeito (P>0,05) da substituição do milho pela CS para o consumo e digestibilidade da MS. No entanto, ocorreu diminuição (P<0,05) da concentração de propionato no rúmen e aumento (P<0,05) da digestibilidade da fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), do pH ruminal e da concentração de acetato. Experimento 3: Trinta e seis cabras foram alojadas em baias tipo tie stall e distribuídas em delineamento experimental de blocos completos casualizados pelo período de oito semanas. As cabras foram alimentadas com dietas compostas por 50% de volumoso e 50% de concentrado e com o mesmo teor de FDN. A CS substituiu o feno de coastcross em 0, 33, 67 ou 100% da MS. O consumo de MS e FDN apresentaram efeito quadrático (P<0,05). A produção de leite e a variação do peso corporal não foram alteradas (P>0,05), porém a concentração de gordura aumentou (P<0,05) e os tempos gastos com ruminação e mastigação decresceram (P<0,05) com a inclusão da CS na dieta. Experimento 4: Dezesseis borregos foram alojados em gaiolas metálicas para ensaio de metabolismo e distribuídos em delineamento experimental blocos completos casualizados. O experimento teve duração de 14 dias, sendo 10 dias para a adaptação dos animais às rações experimentais e 4 dias para colheita das amostras. Os tratamentos e as dietas foram semelhantes ao Experimento 3. O consumo de MS e FDN apresentaram efeito quadrático (P<0,05) quando foi adicionada CS na dieta. Entretanto, observou-se aumento (P<0,05) da digestibilidade da MS e FDN, enquanto a concentração de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta, acetato e propionato não se alteraram (P>0,05) e o pH ruminal diminuiu (P<0,05). A CS pode substituir parcialmente o milho ou o feno de coastcross sem prejudicar o desempenho ou o metabolismo dos nutrientes de pequenos ruminantes. / The objectives of this experiment were to determine the effects of replacing corn and coastcross hay by soybean hulls (SH) on performance and ingestive behavior in lactating goats and nutrient apparent digestibility and ruminal measures in ram lambs. Experiment 1: Eight goats were housed in a tie stall and used in a two 4 x4 Latin square design conducted concurrently. Each experimental period consisted of 16 d; the first 12 d were used to adapt the goats to the treatments and the remaining 4 d were used for data collection. Animals were fed a 40:60 (concentrate:roughage ratio). Soybean hulls replaced corn by 0%, 20%, 40% or 60% on a dry matter (DM) basis. Dry matter ground intake (DMI), milk yield and ingestive behavior were not affected (P>0.05) by replacing corn by soybean hulls. However, milk fat concentration increased (P<0.05) with soybean hulls inclusion. Experiment 2: Four ram lambs were placed individually in metabolism crates and assigned to a 4 x 4 Latin square design. The experimental period consisted of 14 d; the first 10 d were used to adapt the lambs to the treatments and the remaining 4 d were used for data collection. The treatments and diets were the same as in Experiment 1. Dry matter intake and digestibility were not affected (P>0.05) by replacing ground corn by soybean hulls. Nevertheless, propionate concentration decreased (P<0.05) while neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intake and digestibility, ruminal pH and acetate concentration increased (P<0.05) with soybean hulls inclusion. Experiment 3: Thirty-six goats were assigned to a complete randomized block design and housed in a tie stall for a period of 8 weeks. Goats were fed a 50:50 (concentrate:roughage ratio) with similar amount of NDF. Soybean hulls replaced hay by 0%, 33%, 67% or 100% on a DM basis. Dry matter and NDF intake showed a quadratic response (P>0.05). Milk yield and body weight change didnt differ (P<0.05), however milk fat concentration increased (P>0.05) while time spent with rumination and chewing decreased (P>0.05), when SH were added to the diet. Experiment 4: Sixteen ram lambs were housed individually in metabolism crates and assigned to a complete randomized block design. The experimental period consisted of 14 d; the first 10 d were used to adapt the lambs to the treatments and the remaining 4 d were used for data collection. The treatments and diets were the same used in Experiment 4. DMI and NDF intake showed a quadratic effect (P<0.05) when SH were added to the diet. However, DM and NDF digestibility increased (P<0.05) while short-chain fatty acids, acetate and propionate concentration, didnt change (P>0.05) and ruminal pH decreased (P<0.05). SH can partially replace corn or coastcross hay with no detrimental effects on performance or nutrient metabolism in small ruminants.

Dans le contexte actuel marqué par une grande émergence des questions environnementales, de l’économie circulaire et du développement durable, la mise au point d’éco-matériaux représente un enjeu majeur qui offre une alternative aux plastiques recyclés en fin de cycles de vie.L’objectif de ce travail est de contribuer au développement de deux éco-matériaux à partir des biomasses végétales cultivables non alimentaires disponibles, associées à des polymères synthétiques recyclés en fin de cycles de vie.Il s’agit d’une part, de développer un matériau biosourcé constitué de polystyrène recyclé, renforcé de coques de cotonnier. Ce matériau devra être susceptible de se substituer au polystyrène dans des domaines d’applications diverses telles que la fabrication de pièces d’isolation thermique, d’habillage intérieur de voitures, des coques de portables cellulaires, d’ordinateurs, de photocopieurs et d’emballages divers.D’autre part, de développer des panneaux de particules en bois de tiges de cotonnier et de tiges de kénaf associés à un liant naturel (la colle d’os) pour une utilisation dans le domaine de l’isolation thermique d’intérieur en remplacement des panneaux de particules élaborés avec la colle urée formaldéhyde.L’influence des paramètres d’élaboration pour chacun des deux matériaux a été analysée. Après optimisation des conditions de mise en œuvre pour chaque matériau, la tenue mécanique, les propriétés thermiques et la microstructure ont été déterminées et optimisées dans chaque cas. / In the current context marked by a large emergence of environmental issues, the circular economy and sustainable development, the development of eco-materials represents a major challenge which offers an alternative to plastics recycled at end of life cycles.The objective of this work is to contribute to the development of two eco-materials from plant biomass non-cultivable food available, associated with synthetic polymers recycled at end of life cycles.It is a part, to develop a biosourced material constitutes of recycled polystyrene, strengthened of hulls of cotton. This material will be likely to be a substitute for polystyrene in areas of various applications such as the manufacture of parts for thermal insulation, interior trim from cars, the hulls of cellular mobile, computers, photocopiers, and various packaging.On the other hand, to develop particle board in wood of cotton stems and stalks of kenaf associated with a binder natural (the glue of bone) for use in the area of the thermal insulation of interior in replacing the panels of particles prepared with glue urea formaldehyde.The influence of the parameters for the development for each of the two materials was analyzed. After optimization of conditions of implementation for each material, the holding mechanical, thermal properties and the microstructure have been determined and optimized in each case.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:07:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andrea Colombo.pdf: 2540597 bytes, checksum: 5361b16fecab0f39c969122aa444a7d5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In this study the soybean hulls sorption potential in Cd2+ and Pb2+ in mono and binary component systems has been investigated at batch mode. In order to evaluate the effect of untreated and treated soybean hulls biomass, metal-bearing solution pH, sorption temperature, particle grain size, and agitation velocity on the improvement of the adsorption capacity of Cd2+ and Pb2+ cations, a series of adsorption preliminary tests, in duplicates, were performed. Regarding better sorption conditions, kinetic and equilibrium sorption experiments at batch mode were carried out for both mono and binary component systems. For preliminary and kinetic sorption experiments a series of 125 mL Erlenmeyer-type flask containing 300 mg dried soybean hulls in contact with 50 mL metal-bearing solutions at a 4 mequiv. L-1 concentration of Cd2+ and Pb2+ cations under controlled temperature and agitation velocity in a shaker. Regarding the equilibrium contact time, other sorption experiments, in duplicate, consisting of a series of mixture of 50 mL metal-bearing solutions and 50-1000 mg dried soybean hulls biomass were also performed under controlled temperature and agitation velocity in a shaker. In single component systems, a cation concentration of 4 mequiv. L-1 was tested, while in binary component systems three concentration combination in Cd2+-Pb2+bearing solutions were tested. After each sorption experiment, biosorbent was separated from metal solution by a 0.45 µm pore size membrane filtration system, performing then the determination of Cd and Pb concentrations in diluted liquid samples by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Sorption tests regarding untreated soybean hulls biomass, pH 5 for Cd2+ and pH 4 for Pb2+, 30oC sorption temperature, a mixture of different particle grain sizes, and 100 rpm agitation velocity have showed the best results on the biosorbent performance to sequestrate Cd2+ and Pb2+ cations from metal-bearing solutions. The kinetic test data have shown that the equilibrium was achieved at contact times of 120 and 180 min for Cd2+ and Pb2+, respectively. Meanwhile, 55 and 64% concentration reductions for Cd2+ and Pb2+, respectively, were also achieved. Furthermore, the pseudo-second order kinetic model has fitted better the sorption kinetic data for both tested divalent cations. The equilibrium sorption data for mono-component systems have been well fitted by the Langmuir isotherm model, with maximum sorption capacity (qmax) of 0.5091 ± 0.0054 mequiv.g-1 and 0.6577 ± 0.0218 mequiv.g-1 for Cd2+ and Pb2+, respectively. Bicomponent equilibrium data were graphically represented by a 3D adsorption surface and modeled by a modified extended-to-multicomponent Langmuir-type isotherm, obtaining good fits. The results indicates that each component maximum capacity depends on the other species at the solution, inasmuch total adsorption capacity remains constant. Besides, a second component at the solution influences the isotherm curve shape. Thus, based on sorption results, untreated soybean hulls biomass is an alternative low-cost biosorbent to be applied in treatment systems of industrial effluents containing high concentration of Cd2+ and Pb2+ cations. / O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial da casca de soja no processo de biossorção, em sistema fechado batelada, das espécies metálicas cádmio (II) e chumbo (II) em soluções monocomponente e bicomponente. Foram realizados testes preliminares para verificar o efeito do tratamento no biossorvente, pH da solução, temperatura de sorção, granulometria do biossorvente e velocidade de agitação, na remoção dos íons metálicos. As melhores condições obtidas nos testes preliminares foram utilizadas nos testes cinéticos e de equilíbrio, monocomponente e bicomponente. Para os testes preliminares e cinéticos foram colocados, em frasco erlenmeyer de 125 mL, 300 mg de casca de soja em contato com 50 mL de solução com concentração de aproximadamente 4 mequiv.L-1 do íon metálico (cádmio ou chumbo). Para os testes de equilíbrio foram colocados, em frasco erlenmeyer de 125 mL, 50 a 1000 mg de biomassa com 50 mL de solução. No teste de equilíbrio monocomponente, a concentração inicial da solução foi em torno de 4 mequiv.L-1 do íon metálico (cádmio ou chumbo), e no bicomponente, as seguintes combinações de concentrações de cádmio e chumbo foram utilizadas: 4 - 4 mequiv L-1, 1 - 3 mequiv L-1; e 3 - 1 mequiv L-1. Todas as amostras foram mantidas com temperatura e agitação controladas por período pré-determinado. Em seguida, foram filtradas em membrana com tamanho dos poros de 0,45 µm, diluídas e analisadas em relação a concentração dos íons inicialmente presentes na solução por espectrofotometria de absorção atômica. Todos os testes foram realizados em duplicata. Os resultados dos testes preliminares mostraram que as melhores condições para biossorção dos íons cádmio e chumbo foram casca de soja sem tratamento (in natura), pH 4, temperatura de adsorção de 30°C, mistura granulométrica do biossorvente e velocidade de agitação 100 rpm. Nos testes cinéticos o tempo de equilíbrio foi de 120 min para o cádmio, com taxa de remoção de 55%, e de 180 min para o chumbo, com uma taxa de remoção de 64%. O modelo cinético de pseudosegunda ordem foi o que melhor representou os dados experimentais para ambos os íons metálicos. Aos dados de equilíbrio, o modelo que melhor se ajustou foi o de Langmuir cujos parâmetros q_max e b para os íons de Cd (pH 5) e Pb (pH 4) foram: 0,50910 ± 0,0054 mequiv.g-1 e 1,16236 ± 0,03242 L.mequiv-1 e 0,65773 ± 0,02181 mequiv.g-1 e 0,74735 ± 0,09479 L.mequiv-1. Os dados de equilíbrio, bicomponente, foram representados graficamente por meio da superfície de adsorção e modelados pelo modelo de Langmuir estendido modificado, obtendo-se bom ajuste. Os resultados mostraram que a máxima capacidade de cada espécie metálica é um parâmetro dependente de outra espécie da mistura, enquanto que a capacidade de adsorção total assume um valor constante. Além disso, a presença de outro metal em solução afetou a forma da curva da isoterma. Assim, pelos resultados obtidos pode-se afirmar que a casca de soja possui grande potencial para o tratamento de efluentes contendo cádmio e chumbo.

Os objetivos deste experimento foram avaliar os efeitos da substituição do milho e do feno de coastcross pela casca de soja (CS) no desempenho e comportamento ingestivo de cabras em lactação e na digestibilidade dos nutrientes das rações e parâmetros ruminais de borregos Santa Inês. Foram realizados quatro experimentos. Experimento 1: Oito cabras foram alojadas em baias tipo tie stall e distribuídas em um delineamento de quadrado latino duplo 4x4, com duração de cada período de 16 dias, sendo 12 dias para adaptação às rações experimentais e quatro dias para colheita das amostras. Os animais foram alimentados com dietas compostas por 40% de volumoso e 60% de concentrado. A CS substituiu o milho em 0, 20, 40 e 60%, da matéria seca (MS). Não houve efeito (P>0,05) no consumo de MS, produção de leite e no comportamento ingestivo, contudo, o teor de gordura no leite aumentou (P<0,05) com a inclusão da CS na ração. Experimento 2: Quatro borregos foram alojados em gaiolas metálicas para ensaio de metabolismo e distribuídos em delineamento experimental quadrado latino 4x4. Os períodos foram de 14 dias, sendo 10 dias para a adaptação dos animais às rações experimentais e 4 dias para colheita das amostras. Os tratamentos e as dietas foram semelhantes ao Experimento 1. Não houve efeito (P>0,05) da substituição do milho pela CS para o consumo e digestibilidade da MS. No entanto, ocorreu diminuição (P<0,05) da concentração de propionato no rúmen e aumento (P<0,05) da digestibilidade da fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), do pH ruminal e da concentração de acetato. Experimento 3: Trinta e seis cabras foram alojadas em baias tipo tie stall e distribuídas em delineamento experimental de blocos completos casualizados pelo período de oito semanas. As cabras foram alimentadas com dietas compostas por 50% de volumoso e 50% de concentrado e com o mesmo teor de FDN. A CS substituiu o feno de coastcross em 0, 33, 67 ou 100% da MS. O consumo de MS e FDN apresentaram efeito quadrático (P<0,05). A produção de leite e a variação do peso corporal não foram alteradas (P>0,05), porém a concentração de gordura aumentou (P<0,05) e os tempos gastos com ruminação e mastigação decresceram (P<0,05) com a inclusão da CS na dieta. Experimento 4: Dezesseis borregos foram alojados em gaiolas metálicas para ensaio de metabolismo e distribuídos em delineamento experimental blocos completos casualizados. O experimento teve duração de 14 dias, sendo 10 dias para a adaptação dos animais às rações experimentais e 4 dias para colheita das amostras. Os tratamentos e as dietas foram semelhantes ao Experimento 3. O consumo de MS e FDN apresentaram efeito quadrático (P<0,05) quando foi adicionada CS na dieta. Entretanto, observou-se aumento (P<0,05) da digestibilidade da MS e FDN, enquanto a concentração de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta, acetato e propionato não se alteraram (P>0,05) e o pH ruminal diminuiu (P<0,05). A CS pode substituir parcialmente o milho ou o feno de coastcross sem prejudicar o desempenho ou o metabolismo dos nutrientes de pequenos ruminantes. / The objectives of this experiment were to determine the effects of replacing corn and coastcross hay by soybean hulls (SH) on performance and ingestive behavior in lactating goats and nutrient apparent digestibility and ruminal measures in ram lambs. Experiment 1: Eight goats were housed in a tie stall and used in a two 4 x4 Latin square design conducted concurrently. Each experimental period consisted of 16 d; the first 12 d were used to adapt the goats to the treatments and the remaining 4 d were used for data collection. Animals were fed a 40:60 (concentrate:roughage ratio). Soybean hulls replaced corn by 0%, 20%, 40% or 60% on a dry matter (DM) basis. Dry matter ground intake (DMI), milk yield and ingestive behavior were not affected (P>0.05) by replacing corn by soybean hulls. However, milk fat concentration increased (P<0.05) with soybean hulls inclusion. Experiment 2: Four ram lambs were placed individually in metabolism crates and assigned to a 4 x 4 Latin square design. The experimental period consisted of 14 d; the first 10 d were used to adapt the lambs to the treatments and the remaining 4 d were used for data collection. The treatments and diets were the same as in Experiment 1. Dry matter intake and digestibility were not affected (P>0.05) by replacing ground corn by soybean hulls. Nevertheless, propionate concentration decreased (P<0.05) while neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intake and digestibility, ruminal pH and acetate concentration increased (P<0.05) with soybean hulls inclusion. Experiment 3: Thirty-six goats were assigned to a complete randomized block design and housed in a tie stall for a period of 8 weeks. Goats were fed a 50:50 (concentrate:roughage ratio) with similar amount of NDF. Soybean hulls replaced hay by 0%, 33%, 67% or 100% on a DM basis. Dry matter and NDF intake showed a quadratic response (P>0.05). Milk yield and body weight change didnt differ (P<0.05), however milk fat concentration increased (P>0.05) while time spent with rumination and chewing decreased (P>0.05), when SH were added to the diet. Experiment 4: Sixteen ram lambs were housed individually in metabolism crates and assigned to a complete randomized block design. The experimental period consisted of 14 d; the first 10 d were used to adapt the lambs to the treatments and the remaining 4 d were used for data collection. The treatments and diets were the same used in Experiment 4. DMI and NDF intake showed a quadratic effect (P<0.05) when SH were added to the diet. However, DM and NDF digestibility increased (P<0.05) while short-chain fatty acids, acetate and propionate concentration, didnt change (P>0.05) and ruminal pH decreased (P<0.05). SH can partially replace corn or coastcross hay with no detrimental effects on performance or nutrient metabolism in small ruminants.

Com o objetivo de avaliar a substituição da FDN do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar in natura (BIN) pela FDN da casca de soja (CS) em dietas com alta proporção de concentrado para cordeiros confinados, foram realizados três experimentos: desempenho animal (Experimento I), digestibilidade dos nutrientes no trato digestivo total (Experimento II) e comportamento ingestivo (Experimento III). O Experimento I consistiu de um arranjo fatorial, onde foram utilizados 60 cordeiros da raça Santa Inês (peso vivo de 16,4 ± 0,3 kg e idade de 67 ± 2 ) dias em um delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados com 5 tratamentos e seis repetições. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: 100C (100% de concentrado), BIN14 (95% de concentrado e 5% de BIN), BIN18 (90% de concentrado e 10% de BIN), CS14 (92% de concentrado e 8% de CS) e CS18 (88% de concentrado e 12% de CS). As dietas foram formuladas para serem isoprotéicas e os teores de BIN e CS ajustados para que os valores de FDN fossem os mesmos entre as dietas BIN14 e CS14 (14%) e entre as dietas BIN18 e CS18 (18%). As dietas contendo CS proporcionaram maior (P=0,07) ganho de peso diário do que as dietas contendo BIN e os cordeiros alimentados com a dieta 100C apresentaram menor (P=0,09) consumo de matéria seca por peso metabóico do que os alimentados com as dietas que continham alguma fonte de fibra (BIN ou CS). Não foi observada diferença (P>0,10) na conversão alimentar. Observou-se uma interação (P<0,07) (Teor x Fonte) para o rendimento de carcaça quente e fria, onde as dietas com 14% FDN apresentaram desempenhos semelhantes, porém, a CS foi superior ao BIN nas dietas contendo 18% FDN. No Experimento II, foram utilizados cinco borregos da raça Santa Inês (35,6 kg PV e com idade de 5,5 meses) em um delineamento em quadrado latino 5 x 5. Os tratamentos utilizados foram os mesmos do Experimento I. As dietas que continham alguma das fontes de fibra promoveram maiores (P<0,05) consumos de matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO) e da FDN que a dieta 100C. Além disso, foi observado efeito das fontes de fibra sobre o consumo de FDN (P<0,025) e na digestibilidade dos nutrientes (P<0,001), onde a CS promoveu maior digestibilidade da MS, MO e da FDN que o BIN. No Experimento III, foram utilizados os mesmos animais e o mesmo delineamento experimental do Experimento I. As dietas contendo alguma das fontes de fibra promoveram maiores (P<0,05) tempos de ingestão, ruminação e mastigação (minutos/dia e minutos/g de FDN) que a dieta 100C. Ao se comparar as fontes de FDN, verificou-se que o BIN proporcionou maior (P<0,0001) atividade de ruminação que a CS (minutos/dia e minutos/g de FDN). Os teores de FDN interagiram com as fontes nos tempos despendidos para ingestão (P<0,002) e na atividade de mastigação (P<0,03) em minutos/dia e minutos/g de FDN, sendo que o BIN apresentou maiores resultados que a CS em ambos os teores (14 ou 18% FDN). A CS proporcionou melhores ganhos de peso e digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes do que o BIN, apesar dos resultados indicarem que a FDN da CS possui apenas 14% da efetividade física do BIN. Entretanto, o BIN estimulou a ruminação e mastigação de cordeiros recebendo dietas com alta proporção de concentrado. / Three trials were conduced to evaluate the replacement of sugar cane bagasse (SB) by soybean hulls (SH) as NDF source on lambs fed a high grain feedlot diet. A performance trial (Trial I) with 60 Santa Ines ram lambs (16.4 kg BW and 67 days old), was conduced on a factorial arrangement, in a complete randomized block design, with 5 treatments and six replications. The treatments were: 100C (all concentrate diet), SB14 (95% concentrate and 5% SB), SB18 (90% concentrate and 10% SB), SH14 (92% concentrate and 8% SH) and SH18 (88% concentrate and 12% SH). Diets were isoproteic, and the levels of NDF were adjusted to be 14% (SB14 and SH14) or 18% (SB18 and SH18) for both NDF sources. Animals on SH diets had higher ADG (P=0.07) than animals on SB. 100C diet decreased (P=0.09) dry matter intake (PV 0.75 ) compared to diets containing fiber sources (SB or SH). There was no difference (P>0.10) on feed conversion. An interaction (P<0.07) among NDF source and level was observed for the hot and cold carcasses yields. SH at 18% NDF had higher carcasses yields than SB at the same NDF level. On digestibilty trial (Trial II), five Santa Ines ram lambs (35.6 kg BW and 172 days old), were used in a 5 x 5 Latin square design. Experimental treatments were the same as those used on Trial I. Diets with fiber sources (SH or SB) increased (P<0.05) dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and NDF intakes compared to 100C diet. NDF intake (P<0.025) and nutrient digestibilities (P<0.001) were affected by fiber sources, with improved DM, OM and NDF digestibilities for SH treatments compared to SB. During the Trial I a behavioral evaluation (Trial III) was performed. Diets containing fiber sources had an increased (P<0.05) eating, ruminating and chewing times (minutes/day and minutes/g NDF) compared to 100C diet. SB increased (P<0.0001) the rumination activity in relation to SH (minutes/day and minutes/g NDF). There were interactions of NDF levels and sources for time spent feeding (P<0.002) and chewing activities (P<0.03) (minutes/day and minutes/g NDF), where higher for SB in both NDF levels (14 or 18%). SH resulted in higher weight gain and nutrient digestibilities than SB, although, the results indicate that NDF from SH has only 14% of physical effectiveness of SB. However, SB improved rumination and chewing activities when lambs were fed high grain diets.

<p dir="ltr">Nulliparous replacement beef heifers represent an opportunity to improve both genetic potential and lifetime production within the herd. However, advances in reproductive efficiency and synchrony in the herd require heifers to conceive earlier than multiparous cows in order to account for the extended postpartum interval following first-time parturition. Further, those heifers that achieve early calving dates continue to calve early throughout their lifetime. This early calving results in increased weaning weights and better synchrony in subsequent years. One obstacle producers face when breeding nulliparous heifers is the ability to identify which animals have reached puberty at the initiation of the breeding season. This results in the variation observed in synchronization success within a group of heifers. In Chapter 2 our laboratory formulated a study to analyze the efficacy of the 7-d CO-synch + CIDR protocol when utilizing short-term exposure to a progestin (melengestrol acetate, MGA) as a pre-synchronization protocol. Our hypothesis was that the heifers may respond more efficiently to an orally fed progestin as the increase in serum progesterone is less pronounced, when compared to the CIDR. This first study resulted in a protocol application error, in which MGA was fed an extra day (8 vs. 7). This additional day of treatment with MGA following the administration of a prostaglandin eliminated our laboratory’s opportunity to collect meaningful data from this first attempt. Thus, it was pertinent to restart the experiment in an attempt to obtain data for analysis. In order to avoid confounding data, half of the heifers in each treatment received a new treatment, while the other half remained on the treatment assigned during the first attempt. After completing the second round of experiments it was observed that at the first pregnancy check (study day 30), the heifers that were originally assigned to MGA, but were switched to a CIDR for the second attempt numerically outperformed their counterparts in the other three formulated treatment groups. In an attempt to replicate these results, a second study was formulated (Chapter 3), to mimic the timeline from the preliminary study. This resulted in a pre-synchronization treatment protocol prior to the initiation of the breeding season synchronization protocol. Previous studies that have been conducted with similar protocols were designed to provide heifers with a pre-synchronization period that would aid in the attainment of puberty prior to their first attempt at breeding through exposure to progesterone. The purpose of the Chapter 3 experiment was to evaluate the effects of feeding melengestrol acetate (MGA®) as a pre-synchronization for 10 days immediately prior to estrous synchronization and fixed-timed artificial insemination (FTAI). The ten days were chosen as this was a novel protocol that was the result of the preliminary study and the subsequent restart. Ninety-three crossbred heifers (395.67 ± 5.37 kg) were blocked by BW, genetics, and reproductive tract scores and allotted to 3 treatments. The 3 treatment groups were: 7-day CO-synch + CIDR without pre-synchronization (CON, n=31); 25 mg PGF2α (Lutalyse®) followed immediately by MGA feeding for 7 d prior to the start of the 7-day CO-synch + CIDR program (PRE, n=31); and 25 mg PGF2α followed immediately by MGA feeding for 7d followed 10 d later by the start of the 7-day CO-synch + CIDR program (PRE+10, n=31). The 7-day Co-synch + CIDR protocol in all three treatments was initiated on d 0 by administering a 2 cc IM injection of GnRH (Cystorelin®) and placing a CIDR into the vagina. The CIDRs were removed 7 days later and accompanied by 25 mg IM injection of PGF2α. An injection of GnRH occurred 60-66 hours following PGF2α at FTAI with frozen semen from a single bull. Ten days after FTAI, heifers were exposed to a bull. Estrotect® patches were applied throughout the study to assess estrous behavior. Ovaries were visualized by transrectal ultrasonography 24 hours post-FTAI to determine whether ovulation occurred. Pregnancy was determined on days 40, 64, and 109 post-FTAI via transrectal ultrasonography. Blood was collected via jugular venipuncture (d -19 and -12, MGA initiation and termination, days 0, 7, and 9) and serum progesterone determined. Performance data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure and conception data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. Heifers in the PRE+10 treatment group had higher levels of progesterone (P=0.04) at d 0 compared to PRE heifers. At d 7 (CIDR removal) there was a tendency (P=0.07) for PRE+10 heifers to have higher levels of progesterone than PRE, but did not differ by d 9 (FTAI, P=0.36). FTAI conception rates in heifers in the PRE treatment group (63%) tended (P = 0.09) to be higher compared to the controls (35%), but not different from PRE+10 (43%), with no differences in season-long pregnancy rates (P > 0.15). Pre-synchronization with MGA immediately prior to FTAI synchronization appears to increase conception rates early in the breeding season in beef heifers. In Chapter 4, our laboratory analyzed the efficacy of supplementation strategies post-insemination. Unlike the first two experiments, the third study focused on reproductive failure that occurs after insemination. The overarching goal remained the same, increasing the reproductive efficiency within our nulliparous heifer herd. A common practice for beef producers in the United States is to use estrous synchronization, and immediately turn heifers out to lush spring pasture immediately following FTAI. The fresh forage is high in water content which lowers dry matter intake (DMI) and creates a negative energy balance. Ultimately, this reduced energy intake can result in a reduction in reproductive performance. In the Chapter 4 our laboratory formulated a supplementation strategy utilizing the SmartFeed™ technology to deliver soybean hulls to our treatment group following insemination for 45 days. The utilization of the SmartFeed® technology provided the opportunity to analyze the efficacy of the supplementation strategy using each individual animal as an experimental unit. Sixty-two nulliparous crossbred heifers were fed in drylot to obtain moderate body condition prior to breeding at d 0 via FTAI and trained to utilize the SmartFeed™ system.Heifers were blocked by weight and body condition score to either the soybean hull supplementation group (SOY) or the non-supplemented control group (CON). . Heifers in the treatment group received their supplementation by entering the SmartFeed™ system, allowing for RFID controlled release of 2.27 kg. per head each day for 45 days. Scales located beneath each feed pan sent real time weight data for regulation and analysis on individual animal feeding behavior. On study d 6, a subset of the nulliparous crossbred heifers (n = 12; n = 6/ treatment) were transported by trailer from the Feldun Purdue Agricultural Center to Purdue West Lafayette main campus (approximately 217.74 km.). The subset of heifers had embryos flushed and evaluated for embryo quality and number of live/dead cells. Ultrasonography was utilized to monitor ovarian activity throughout the duration of the study and to determine pregnancy status 30 days after FTAI and 30 days after the 45-day breeding season. Though conception rates were not statistically (P=0.17) different (SOY 16/25; 64% vs. CON 11/25; 44%) when comparing treatment groups, the numerical differences suggest there is potential in pursuing a similar supplementation strategy following breeding in nulliparous beef heifers. The supplementation of SBH resulted in greater weight gain over time (P = 0.04), potentially explaining the numeric improvement in conception rate. The two pre-synchronization studies from Chapters 2 and 3 resulted in numerical improvements in conception rate as a result of exposing replacement heifers to a source of progestin prior to the initiation of their synchronization protocol. The implementation of progesterone priming mitigates the occurrence of short cycles and immature oocyte maturation at the time of ovulation. Based on results from previous studies conducted by our laboratory, the source of progestin greatly determines the timing and concentration of P4 circulating in replacement heifers immediately following treatment. Additionally, the 7 & 7 estrous synchronization protocol has grown in popularity and implementation. This protocol when broken down is very similar to the pre-synchronization protocol our laboratory utilized for the first two studies. Several studies have been conducted to analyze the efficacy of the 7 & 7 and the conception data was comparable to the MGA derived protocol. Thus, one potential direction for the future would be to formulate a research study that compares the two protocols. Since the conception rates were similar, it may be hypothesized that the MGA protocol could be more widely accepted as there is a reduction number of times animals are handled.</p>