Effects of human capital in developing countries Bc. Jan Mouček Abstract Improving education and health of people living in developing countries is an often discussed topic. We however know relatively little about the effects that investments into schooling and improving the nutrition and hygiene of people in those countries have on their productivity at work. This thesis investigates the effects of four variables representing investment into human capital on income of individuals from Bangladesh and Indonesia. The four studied variables are education, migration, height and Body Mass Index. The thesis aims at comparing results of estimation using instrumental variables estimator with previous similar research. It tries to observe possible differences in size of effects the human capital variables have. It finds however that the instrumental variables used are of insufficient quality for the estimation to yield reliable results. Because the instruments used were almost the same as in underlying works and their quality has not been previously tested the conclusion of this thesis is that further search for correct instrumental variables describing the human capital variables in various countries around the globe is necessary.

This master thesis focuses on factors concerning the quality of cooperation between municipalities and regions with emphasis on the influence of local actors. The case study focuses specifically on the Local Action Groups (LAG)s within the Český Krumlov region. We applied the concept of social capital as a tool to clarify the importance of endogenous conditions of regions, and endogenous factors that influence the quality of cooperation between personalities and institutions. The concept of social capital has gained the attention of foreign and Czech researchers during the last twenty years and it is considered to be an important element of comprehensive regional development. The research was held in two phases. The first phase was a pilot analysis based on publicly available sources. We compared scores of LAGs based on various factors including their success in grant applications. Based on information collected from this, we continued the research in the form of structured interviews with key actors in concerned LAGs. The structure of these interviews followed chosen aspects of social capital, such as social networking and cooperation between personalities. The research demonstrated the importance of social capital in the process of regional development. The impact of collective form of social...

La mesure et l'analyse d'éventuels effets établissement s'inscrivent dans le développement des pratiques d'évaluation des politiques publiques, à travers la construction d'indicateurs quantitatifs. Ainsi, on appelle effet établissement l'impact mesurable des caractéristiques d'une institution donnée sur un indicateur de résultat. Plus précisément, nous utilisons les modèles multiniveaux pour relier les informations dont on dispose au niveau des institutions à des indicateurs de résultat au niveau individuel. Dans un premier chapitre, nous étudions l'effet de caractéristiques des universités sur le salaire de leurs diplômés, en nous inscrivant dans le cadre de l'étude de la relation entre qualité de l'éducation et salaire. Il apparaît que deux éléments semblent jouer, d'une part l'orientation vers la professionnalisation des formations proposées, d'autre part la composition sociale de la population étudiante. Dans un second chapitre, nous discutons de la pertinence d'une modulation des dotations affectées aux universités suivant un critère d'insertion tel qu'il a été retenu par l'autorité de tutelle. En effet, nous avons retenu de la première partie que les caractéristiques propres des étudiants jouent le rôle le plus important. Dès lors, si on intègre les spécificités du marché du travail ainsi que la structure de l'offre de formation des établissements, il est délicat de distinguer un effet propre de l'université, et par conséquent d'envisager de les classer suivant le critère d'insertion considéré. / The question of measurement and analysis of schooling effects takes place in the development of public policy evaluation, through the construction of quantitative indicators. We call schooling effects the measurable influence of an institution's characteristics on an output indicator. More precisely, we use multilevel models to link data we have at the institutionnal level to output indicators at the individual level.In the first chapter, we study the effect of universities characteristics on the earnings of their graduates by considering the analysis of the relation between quality of education and earnings. We find two effects : student get higher wages when they graduate from a more vocationnally oriented university but students graduating from universities where the student population is less favoured get lower wages.In the second chapter, we discuss the relevance of a modulation of the government fundings to universities based on job market integration criteria. We know that the individual characteristics of graduates are the main component affecting their integration. If we take into account the state of the job market, and the composition of the disciplines taught in institutions, it is hard to detect a specific effect of a university, and so to rank them according to such a criteria.In the third chapter, we propose to add to the human capital theory a grasp of social capital. We provide an illustration of this concept in the framework of scientific production by researchers in economics. By building indicators describing the publication habits within the institutions, we extend the question of schooling effects to the field of scientific research.

The thesis deals with an actual topic which must be solved in connection with promotion of lifelong learning principle in educational policy and with the need of systematic support for head teachers such as education and development throughout their career. At this time the role of school leader is changing as a consequence of changing environment dependency. Therefore it seems to be necessary that school managements identify themselves with the ideas of lifelong learning. Research of this study is oriented in the same sense. Its main goal is to chart the actual state of attention which is paid by kindergarten leaders of the Plzeň Region to their professional development. The final study is elaborated in the context of human capital values increase as a tool for adaptation to changes brought by the contemporary world. The thesis flows from the studied theory, information got by a survey and the author's own experience, too. It brings an outline, how kindergarten directors in the Plzeň Region do perceive the actual development and educational support in the relation to managing all phases of their career, and it indicates that weaknesses remain in the professional head teachers' development and the development of school leaders itself is not conceived as a system.

Approved for public release; distribution in unlimited. / The Littoral Combat Ship's (LCS) minimally manned core crew goal is 15 to 50 manpower requirements and the threshold, for both core and mission-package crews, is 75 to 110. This dramatically smaller crew size will require more than current technologies and past lessons learned from reduced manning initiatives. Its feasibility depends upon changes in policy and operations, leveraging of future technologies and increased Workload Transfer from sea to shore along with an increased acceptance of risk. A manpower requirements analysis yielded a large baseline (200) requirement to support a notional LCS configuration. Combining the common systems from the General Dynamics and Lockheed Martin designs with other assumed equipments (i.e. the combined diesel and gas turbine (CODAG) engineering plant) produce the notional LCS configuration used as the manpower requirements basis. The baseline requirement was reduced through the compounded effect of manpower savings from Smart Ship and OME and suggested paradigm shifts. A Battle Bill was then created to support the notional LCS during Conditions of Readiness I and III. An efficient force deployment regime was adopted to reduce the overall LCS class manpower requirement. The efficiency gained enables the LCS force to "flex" and satisfy deployment requirements with 25% to 30% fewer manpower requirements over the "one-forone" crewing concept. costs $60K. / Lieutenant, United States Navy

Thesis (M.B.A.: Business Studies Unit)-Durban University of Technology, 2008. xi, 96 leaves / The amalgamation of municipalities came into effect as a legislative requirement brought about a number of challenges for the local government. One such major challenge relates to the impact that these amalgamations will have on human resource practices of the various municipalities. Literature study reveals that during any merger or amalgamation, less attention is paid to the human element of a merger until the merger is almost complete. This lack of attention impacts negatively on the merger results. Like other municipalities, Ethekwini Municipality is a product of this legislative requirement. It was formed as a result of the amalgamation of different municipal entities that had different human resource practices. The problem facing eThekwini Municipality is the misalignment of human resources policies and their effect on the working environment. This study looks at the impact of this amalgamation on the human resources practices of the eThekwini Municipality. The sub-objectives of the study are: to ascertain employees’ perceptions of amalgamation; to determine whether employees believe that the human resources’ matters are handled in a manner that will bring about stability and equity in the workplace; and to establish whether different perceptions exist between employees of the former Durban Metro Central and those of the erstwhile entities. / M

The diploma thesis deals with education of employees in public service and it focuses on the differences between state administration and local government. Representative of the state administration is Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports and representative of local government is Office of Town District Prague 13. Educated employees present a valuable capital and the basic assumption for efficient administration of services and organizational stability too. The goal of diploma thesis is to classify the structure and utilization of employee's education methods in state administration and local government, to determinate the differences and to fix recommendations. The theoretical part focuses on the importance of education, education as a HR activity, the forms and methods of employee's education and it presents legislation, which governs the area of employee's education in public service. The practical part presents the present state of employee's education in public service and used education methods and employee's satisfaction. This is based on obtained results of expert interviews and questionnaire survey. Based on this information there are descriptions of the main differences between the state administration and local government in the area of employee's education and there are mentioned suitable recommendations.

[pt] A Teoria do Capital Humano defende que a educação formal é necessária para aumentar a capacidade de produção de uma população: uma população educada é uma população produtiva e dotada de maior nível de bem-estar social, o que, por sua vez, proporciona a diminuição da pobreza e da desigualdade de renda. Na década de 1970, Carlos Geraldo Langoni estudou, de forma pioneira e com o auxílio da Teoria do Capital Humano, a variação da desigualdade de renda no Brasil na década de 1960. Seu trabalho demonstrou que a variável educação possuía a maior correlação para explicar os resultados observados de desigualdade nos rendimentos do trabalho. Desníveis provenientes do sistema educacional brasileiro, envolvendo crianças e adolescentes, resultavam em desníveis salariais entre os trabalhadores no mercado de trabalho. Langoni contribuiu para a formação de um grupo de pesquisadores brasileiros que, influenciados por aquela perspectiva teórica, participaram a partir da década de 1990, do debate público envolvendo a formulação de programas de transferências de renda condicionadas à frequência escolar. Embora as teses baseadas na Teoria do Capital Humano apresentadas por Langoni, em 1973, fossem consistentes e representassem importante contribuição para a compreensão da desigualdade de renda, o ambiente político e acadêmico dos anos de 1970 terminou por inibir a repercussão e o reconhecimento de seu trabalho. Apenas a partir de 1990, tendo à frente seus seguidores, aquelas ideias e a própria Teoria do Capital Humano passaram a influenciar governos, políticas sociais, e, de alguma forma, as escolhas da própria sociedade brasileira. / [en] Human Capital Theory proposes that formal education is necessary to increase a population s productivity: an educated population tends also to be a productive one and to present a higher level of social well-being that provides reduction of poverty and income inequality. Based on Human Capital Theory, Carlos Geraldo Langoni pioneered, in the 1970s, a study on the variation of income inequality in Brazil during the 1960s. His work demonstrated that education was the variable that best correlated with future income inequality. The inequality gaps involving children and adolescents in the Brazilian educational system were reproduced in wage gaps among workers in the labor market. Langoni contributed to the formation of a group of Brazilian researchers who were influenced by this theory. As of the 1990s, these researchers were involved in the public debate regarding the issuance of cash transfers conditional on school attendance programs. Although these conclusions based on Human Capital Theory presented by Langoni in 1973 were consistent and represented an important contribution to the understanding of income inequality, the political and academic environment of the 1970s ended by inhibiting the impact and recognition of the work. Starting in the 1990s, headed by his followers, those ideas and Human Capital Theory influenced governments, social policies, and somehow the choices of Brazilian society.

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management, University of the Witwatersrand, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters in Management: Entrepreneurship and New Venture Creation Johannesburg, 2015 (March 2015) / The purpose of this research is to investigate human capital and social capital as determinants to access to finance for women SMME owners in South Africa. The study focuses on Human capital which encompasses social capital and looks at access to finance within the South African context. It does not include all other factors discussed in entrepreneurship theory. The major theories underlying this research are Social Network theory and Human capital theory. Human capital theory is viewed as formal education, skills attained and knowledge gained through informal knowledge such as prior work experience, industry experience and apprenticeship opportunities. These variables are assessed to see if they determine access to finance; which is a barrier to entrepreneurship in South Africa for SMME owners. This constraint is stressed in all The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) reports from 2009 to 2014. This paper focuses on a single gender; females and assesses these capital factors as determinants to access finance for their entrepreneurial activity. Social capital as a factor is studied as a component of Human capital and two variables are assessed: strong ties and weak ties. Access to finance is evaluated as both debt and equity for entrepreneurs. Bivariate analysis was used to test the theories for results. The results showed an importance of human and social capital for entrepreneurs in running their businesses however not all human and social capital factors were confirmed to entirely determine access to finance for the women entrepreneurs. This study can potentially assist SMME owners within South Africa, financial institutions, policy makers and support organisations for women-owned businesses with insight into what determines accessing finance for business. / MT2016

La relation entre capital humain et employabilité bien que clairement démontré d'un point de vue théorique n'est cependant pas toujours vérifiée de façon empirique. On peut ainsi constater un paradoxe de l’éducation dans les pays MENA où le taux de chômage augmente avec le diplôme et où les taux d'activité et plus particulièrement les taux d'activité des femmes sont faibles. Nous cherchons donc, à travers trois études empiriques, à mettre en évidence les éléments pouvant contrarier cette relation entre accumulation du capital humain et employabilité. Nous portons tout d'abord notre attention sur la Tunisie et le Maroc où le taux de chômage des diplômés du supérieur est particulièrement important. Nous menons dans un premier temps une analyse macroéconomique concernant ces pays avant de mener une analyse microéconomique en nous focalisant sur la région de Marrakech-Tensift-Al Haouz où nous analysons la relation entre le niveau d’éducation et l’accès à un emploi rémunéré. Notre seconde étude se positionne sur le marché du travail français où nous analysons l’accès à l’emploi ainsi que le différentiel salarial afin de déterminer si l’existence de « discriminations » peut contrarier la relation entre capital humain et employabilité. Enfin, notre troisième étude complète notre précédente approche concernant l’accès à l’emploi en prenant en compte des parcours scolaires des jeunes et plus seulement de plus haut diplôme obtenu. / The relationship between human capital and employability is clearly demonstrated by the review of the theoretical literature however, not always verified empirically. We can thus see a paradox of education in MENA countries where the unemployment rate increases with the degree and where participation rates and especially female activity rates are low. So we’re looking through three empirical studies to bring out the elements that can upset the relationship between accumulation of human capital and employability. First we bring your attention to Tunisia and Morocco where university graduates unemployment rate is particularly important. We lead initially macroeconomic analysis for these countries before leading a microeconomic analysis by focusing on the region of Marrakech-Tensift-Al Haouz where we analyze the relationship between the level of education and access to paid employment. Our second study is positioned on the French labor market where we analyze the access of employment and the wage differential to determine whether the existence of “discriminations” can upset the relationship between human capital and employability. Finally, our third full study our previous approach regarding access to employment, taking into account the educational pathways of young people and not the highest degree obtained