De Humani Corporis Fabrica, produit par André Vésale au XVIe siècle, est un ouvrage anatomique composé de sept livres incluant des textes et des images. Le présent mémoire est une analyse du frontispice de la Fabrica, où l'on voit une scène de dissection située dans un théâtre construit en bois où sont placés de nombreux spectateurs représentés dans des postures diverses. L'espace représenté est encadré par une architecture que l'on peut qualifier de monumentale et de théâtrale, englobant les activités complexes de personnages au centre de la composition. L'image apparaît comme complexe, à cause de la présence d'éléments architecturaux à la fois permanents et impermanents ; sa complexité tient aussi à la représentation de la dissection et aux personnages qui l'entourent : un imposant groupe de spectateurs se pressant autour du personnage central de Vésale en train de disséquer le cadavre. L'objet de ce travail est d'analyser les différents aspects du frontispice comme un tout, en identifiant les outils mnémoniques dont nous soulignons la part de violence. Différents aspects du frontispice sont analysés dans les quatre chapitres (chapitres 2 à 5) suivant la présentation de la fortune critique sur le sujet : l'architecture permanente, l'architecture théâtrale, les spectateurs et la dissection. L'analyse de ces quatre aspects, essentiels dans l'image, permet de présenter une lecture complexe qui révèle la visée pédagogique de ce livre anatomique; celle-ci consiste à donner à voir l'anatomie humaine - telle que définie par Vesalius - comme objet de mémorisation. Nous verrons aussi que l'imagerie de la Fabrica contient des éléments appartenant à des formes plus anciennes de représentations rhétoriques, mettant également en relation violence et art de la mémoire. Ces éléments sont en lien avec un concept pédagogique voulant que, pour être mémorisables, les images doivent contenir de la violence et impliquer l'observateur dans un processus de souvenir cathartique. En prenant en considération son insertion dans la Fabrica en tant que livre, nous serons attentif aux associations du frontispice avec le théâtre, l'architecture et la violence, ces éléments contribuant à créer une tension palpable dans l'image elle-même. ______________________________________________________________________________

Titus Andronicus is infamously Shakespeare’s first, and bloodiest, tragedy, but only a few scholars link this violence with the Renaissance culture of anatomy and dissection. Although scholars mention the anatomical language in Titus Andronicus, their analyses stop short of more fully developing the rich relationship between dissection and Shakespeare’s play. To remedy this oversight, this paper explores the debt that Titus Andronicus owes to contemporary anatomy and dissection culture by comparing Titus Andronicus (est. 1590) with Andreas Vesalius’s revolutionary anatomy textbook, De Humani Corporis Fabrica (1543). Specifically, this paper will identify four major intents of the Fabrica: 1) to display, 2) to instruct, 3) to interpret, and 4) to aestheticize the interior of the human body, and illustrate how these four traits figure in the representation of Lavinia’s body in the play. By mirroring the Fabrica’s four intents in both anatomy text and play, as well as examining the Fabrica’s images and text itself, this analysis reveals a pertinent difference. While in many ways Titus Andronicus celebrates the De Humani Corporis Fabrica, the play applies a heavy dose of skepticism to Vesalius’s underlying epistemological assumption that the body is knowable.

<p><strong><em>Uvod:</em></strong>&nbsp; U novije vreme sve veći broj studija sugeri&scaron;e da se genotipske varijante humanih papiloma virusa (HPV),&nbsp; uprkos filogentskoj srodnosti, mogu razlikovati u patogenosti i&nbsp; različito doprineti razvoju cervikalnih neoplazija.&nbsp; Cilj ovog rada je bio da se defini&scaron;e zastupljenost različitih onkogenih tipova HPV kod ispitanica sa područja Južnobačkog okruga (AP&nbsp; Vojvodina) i&nbsp; odredi genotipska varijabilnost najprevalentnijih genotipova HPV, analizom DNK sekvenci i RFLP metodom.</p><p><strong><em>Materijal i metode:</em></strong>&nbsp; Istraživanje je sprovedeno u periodu od januara 2014. do novembra 2015.&nbsp;godine. Studija je obuhvatila 564 osobe ženskog pola, starosti od 18 do 69 godina. Genotipizacija 12 visokorizičnih tipova HPV izvr&scaron;ena je upotrebom komercijalnog kita&nbsp; HPV High Risk Typing Real-TM (Sacace Biotechnologies, Italy, CE, IVD). Automatsko&nbsp;sekvenciranje amplifikovanih fragmenata L1 gena HPV rađeno je na automatskom sekvenatoru ABI Prism BigDye 3.1 (PE Applied Biosystems, Foster, CA, SAD).&nbsp; Bioinformatičkom analizom utvrđene su genetičke distance i filogenetski odnosi HPV izolata dobijenih u AP Vojvodini u odnosu na izolate iz drugih geografskih područja za tipove: 16, 18, 31 i 33.&nbsp; PCR-RFLP metodom ispitivana je heterogenost unutar HPV tipa 51, na nivou E1, L1 i L2 gena 11 odabranih HPV DNK pozitivnih izolata, primenom restrikcionih enima DraI, TaqI i PstI.</p><p><em><strong>Rezultati</strong></em>:&nbsp; Prevalencija HPV infekcije kod&nbsp; testiranih žena je iznosila 51,8%. Učestalost različitih tipova vema je varirala, pri čemu su&nbsp; najprevalentniji bili: HPV16 (34,5%); HPV 31 (20,5%); HPV 51 (13%); HPV33 (11,6%); HPV52 (11%) i HPV18&nbsp; (11%). HPV tipovi&nbsp; 16&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; i 33 su&nbsp; najče&scaron;će dijagnostikovani u starosnoj grupi od 31-40 godina&nbsp; (25,5%&nbsp; i&nbsp; 6,21%), dok su&nbsp; HPV18 (8,16%), HPV31 (7,04%&nbsp; )&nbsp; i HPV51 (12,3%) &nbsp;najče&scaron;će dokazani kod žena mlađih od 30 godina.&nbsp; Određene&nbsp; su&nbsp; genetičke distance&nbsp; i filogenetski&nbsp; odnosi&nbsp; u&nbsp; okviru&nbsp; populacije&nbsp; izolata&nbsp; iz Južnobačkog&nbsp; okruga,&nbsp; AP Vojvodine,&nbsp; u&nbsp; odnosu&nbsp; na druge&nbsp; izolate&nbsp; čije&nbsp; su&nbsp; genomske&nbsp; sekvence dostupne&nbsp;u&nbsp; GenBank&nbsp; bazi&nbsp; podataka.&nbsp; Filogenetska analiza nukleotidnih sekvenci HPV tipa 16 je potvrdila da se najveći broj izolata iz područja AP Vojvodine grupi&scaron;e u liniju A, (podlinije A3 i A4 ) dok se jedan izolat izdvojio u liniju D (podlinija D1). Tri izolata HPV tipa 18 su grupisana&nbsp; u liniju A, a dva izolata kao posebna grupa. Utvrđeno&nbsp; je&nbsp; da genotipske varijante&nbsp; HPV 31 iz na&scaron;eg područja&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; pripadaju linijama A, B i C. Izolati HPV tipa 33 pripadali su liniji A (podlinije&nbsp; A1 i A2). Dobijene nukleotidne distance su pokazale da je razlika između analiziranih i referentnih sekvenci manja od 2%, &scaron;to&nbsp;potvrđuje sličnost na nivou varijante.&nbsp; Na osnovu PCR-RFLP analize u odabranim&nbsp; DNK pozitivnim na HPV tip 51, restrikcionom analizom PCR produkata na nivou&nbsp; L1, L2 i E1 gena, utvrđeno je da su prisutni samo genotipovi &nbsp;koji odgovaraju liniji A sa podlinijom A1.</p><p><strong><em>Zaključak</em></strong>:&nbsp; Rezultati studije predstavljaju prve dostupne&nbsp; podatke o rasprostranjenosti 12 visokorizičnih tipova HPV, kao i podatke o genomskoj&nbsp; arijabilnosti i filogenetskoj srodnosti najprevalentnijih HPV tipova kod žena sa&nbsp; područja Južnobačkog okruga.&nbsp; Najprevalentniji&nbsp; HPV&nbsp; tipovi na&scaron;eg regiona su&nbsp; pokazali usklađenost sa evropskim izolatima, ali su nađene i ne-evropske varijante.&nbsp;Nizak procenat genetičkih distanci u okviru istog HPV tipa je u skladu sa niskom stopom mutacija kod ovih virusa.&nbsp; Iako se u dana&scaron;nje vreme RFLP metoda primenjuje u manjoj meri zbog uspona tehnologija sekvenciranja DNK, ova tehnika se može koristiti kao brza i jeftinija metoda&nbsp; za određivanje pojedinih linija ovih virusa.&nbsp; S obzirom da je&nbsp; u&nbsp; većini kliničkih laboratorija sekvenciranje DNK nedostupno,razvijena metoda se može koristiti za diferenciranje dve glavne linije HPV tipa 51, koje imaju različit onkogeni potencijal. Rezultati predstavljaju izuzetan doprinos epidemiolo&scaron;koj proceni realnih potreba uvođenja rutinske&nbsp; imunizacije protiv &nbsp;visokoprevalentnih genotipova prisutnih u prekanceroznim promena na grliću materice inficiranih žena sa na&scaron;eg područja. Tipizacija&nbsp; HPV virusa primenjenim metodama može biti od velike koristi u ranom otkrivanju maligne transformacije&nbsp;inficiranih ćelija i prevenciji karcinoma grlića materice.</p> / <p><strong><em>Introduction:</em></strong>&nbsp;In recent times increasing number of researches suggests that&nbsp; genotypic variants of human papillomavirus (HPV), in spite of phylogenic relations, could differ in virulence and contribute the development of cervical neoplasia. The aim of this work was to define the partition of different oncogenic HPV types in examined women from the area of Juznobacka&nbsp; district (AP Vojvodina) and to determine genotypic variability of the most prevalent HPV genotypes, by DNA sequences&rsquo; analysis and RFLP method.</p><p><strong><em>Material and methods:</em></strong>&nbsp;The research was&nbsp;conducted in period from January 2014 till November 2015. Study included 564 female persons, age from 18 to 69. The genotypization of 12 high-risk HPV types was performed with use of commercial kit HPV High Risk Typing Real-TM (Sacace Biotechnologies, Italy, CE, IVD). The automatic sequencing of amplified fragments of L1 HPV gene was performed on automatic sequencer ABI Prism BigDye 3.1&nbsp; (PE Applied Biosystems,Foster, CA, USA). By bioinformatic analysis genetic distances, as well as phylogenic relations of HPV isolates in AP&nbsp; Vojvodina were determined in relation with isolates from other regions for types 16,18, 31 and 33. By PCR-RFLP, the&nbsp; heterogeneity within HPV type 51, at the level of E1, L1 and L2 genes 11 selected HPV DNA positive isolates, by use of restriction enzymes DraI, TaqI and PstI.</p><p><strong><em>Results:</em></strong>&nbsp;The prevalence of HPV infection in tested women was 51,8%. The&nbsp; frequency of different types varied considerably, where the most prevalent types were: HPV16 (34,5%); HPV 31 (20,5%); HPV 51 (13%); HPV33 (11,6%); HPV52 (11%) and&nbsp; HPV18 (11%). The HPV types 16 and 33 are diagnosed the most in age group from 31-40 (25,5% and 6,21%), while HPV 18 (8,16%), HPV31 (7,04% ) and HPV51 (12,3%) are the most diagnosed in women younger than 30. The genetic distances and phylogenic relations within samples from population of Južnobacka region, AP Vojvodina,&nbsp; are determined in relation to other samples whose genomic sequences are available in&nbsp; GenBank&nbsp; data base. Phylogenetic analysis of nucleotide sequences&nbsp; of HPV 16 confirmed that the most of isolates from the area of AP Vojvodina are grouped in line A (sublines A3 and A4), while one isolate separated to the line D (subline D1). Three isolates of HPV type 18 are grouped in line A, and two&nbsp; isolates grouped as separate&nbsp; group. It was confirmed that genotypic variants of HPV&nbsp; 31 from our region belong to lines A, B and C. Isolates of HPV type 33 belonged to line A&nbsp; (sublines A1 and A2). Gained nucleotide distances showed that difference between analyzed and referent sequences is lower than 2%, which confirme the similarity at the level of variant.&nbsp; Based on PCR-RFLP analysis in selected DNA of persons positive on HPV type 51, by restriction analysis of PCR products on the level of L1, L2&nbsp; and E1 genes, it is confirmed that only genotypes that correspond to line A, subline&nbsp; A1 are present .</p><p><strong><em>Conclusions:</em></strong>&nbsp; The results of study present the first available data on abundance of 12 &nbsp;high-risk types, as well as data on genomic variability and phylogenic relations of the most prevalent HPV types in females from the Juznobacka region.&nbsp; The most prevalent HPV types of our region showed concordance with European isolates, but non-european variants were also found. Low percentage of genetic distances within the same HPV type is in concordance with low mutation rate of these viruses.&nbsp; Although today RFLP method is applied at lower scale because of rise of DNA&nbsp; technologies,this technique could be used as fast and efficient method for determination of particular lines of these viruses. Regarding that DNA sequencing is unavailable&nbsp; to the most of clinical laboratories,developed technique could be used for discrimination of two main lines of HPV type 51 that have different oncogenic &nbsp;potential. The results present considerable contribution to the epidemiological assessment of real needs for implementation of routine immunization against the high prevalent genotypes, present in precancerous alterations on the cervix of infected women from our area. Typization of HPV viruses by applied methods could be of great&nbsp; benefit in early detection&nbsp; of malignant transformations of infected cells and prevention of cancer of cervix.</p>

<p>Uvod: Virusni gastrointestinalni sindrom je aktuelni zdravstveni problem u celom svetu. To važi kako u razvijenim zemljama, tako i u zemljama u razvoju, a posebno u nerazvijenim zemljama, gde je drugi po redu uzrok mortaliteta. Nagli početak bolesti, praćen pojavom velikog broja tečnih stolica, mukom, povraćanjem, bolovima u stomaku, temperaturom, malaksalo&scaron;ću, ima za posledicu dehidrataciju. U svim starosnim grupama obolelih, a naročito kod sasvim male dece, starih i imunodeficitarnih osoba može da dođe do smrtnog ishoda, ukoliko se brzo ne postavi tačna etiolo&scaron;ka dijagnoza bolesti i ne pristupi se odmah nadoknadi vode i elektrolita, kao i primeni svih ostalih mera simptomatske terapije. Brzo postavljena tačna dijagnoza, &scaron;to se najbolje postiže real-time PCR testom, sprečava pojavu komplikacija, pa i fatalnog ishoda bolesti. Istovremeno, omogućava primenu odgovarajućih epidemiolo&scaron;kih mera da se spreči nastanak epidemija i njihovo &scaron;irenje. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je da se tačno utvrdi incidenca virusnog gastrointestinalnog sindroma u Vojvodini i učestalost pojave epidemijskog i sporadičnog javljanja ove bolesti. Cilj je bio i postavljanje algoritma za primenu real-time PCR testa u dijagnostici virusnog gastrointestinalnog sindroma u budućem radu. Isto tako, cilj je bio da se molekularnom analizom, sekvenciranjem delova genoma pozitivnih uzoraka stolice, izvr&scaron;i genetska tipizacija i odredi filogenetska pripadnost virusa. Materijal i metode: Tokom petogodi&scaron;njeg istraživanja molekularnim real-time PCR testom pregledane su 1003 obolele osobe sa simptomima virusnog dijarealnog sindroma, starosti od mesec dana do preko 90 godina. Pregledani su na rota, noro, astro i enterične adenoviruse. Na osnovu podataka iz anketnih upitnika i istorija bolesti, detaljno su analizirani svi klinički pokazatelji (javljanje bolesti tokom godine, trajanje bolesti, simptomi). Procena težine kliničke slike vr&scaron;ena je prema Vesikari skali. Svi podaci su upoređivani prema vrsti virusnog uzročnika, prema starosti obolelih, godinama trajanja istraživanja i epidemijskom i sporadičnom javljanju oboljenja. Dobijeni podaci su statistički obrađeni, tabelarno i grafički prikazani. Rezultati: U petogodi&scaron;njem periodu real-time PCR testom pregledan je uzorak od 1003 obolele osobe različite starosti na 4 virusna uzročnika dijarealnog sindroma (rota, noro, astro i enterične adenoviruse). Virusni dijarealni sindrom dokazan je kod 709 obolelih (70,69%). Najče&scaron;će su dokazane rotavirusne infekcije u 28,81%. Statistički značajno najče&scaron;će rotavirusi su bili utvrđeni kod dece do 5 godina (38,90%), ali u visokom procentu i kod dece uzrasta 6 do 14 godina (24,83%). Deca mlađa od 5 godina imala su statistički značajno najtežu kliničku sliku, bila su če&scaron;će hospitalizovana i imala su statistički značajno vi&scaron;u temperaturu. Pored vi&scaron;e temperature kod obolelih od rotavirusa, klinička slika je kod ovih bolesnika bila teža i bolest je duže trajala nego kod obolelih od drugih virusa. Norovirusna infekcija je dokazana u 23,03% obolelih i to statistički značajno če&scaron;će kod odraslih osoba, starijih od 20 godina. Od kliničkih simptoma kod ovih bolesnika statistički značajno če&scaron;će su dokazani muka, povraćanje i bolovi u stomaku, nego kod obolelih od drugih virusa. Norovirusi su značajno če&scaron;će bili uzročnici epidemijskog javljanja bolesti. Astrovirus je dokazan kod znatno manjeg broja obolelih (u 2,29%) i to samo kod dece do 5 godina i dece uzrasta 6 do 14 godina. Infekcija izazvana enteričnim adenovirusima dokazana je kod 13,36% bolesnika. Njače&scaron;će je utvrđena kod dece uzrsta do 5 godina i 6 do 14 godina. Oboleli od adenovirusa imali su statistički značajno blažu kliničku sliku bolesti. Dva virusna uzročnika u uzorku stolice dokazana su u 3,19% osoba, obično u toku epidemijskog javljanja bolesti. Ovi bolesnici su imali bitno težu kliničku sliku. Najvi&scaron;e obolelih od dijarealnog sindroma bilo je u hladnim mesecima, mada su dijagnostikovani i tokom cele godine. U petogodi&scaron;njem periodu utvrđene su 22 epidemije u kolektivima i 9 porodičnih epidemija. Epidemijsko javljanje bolesti bilo je statistički značajno najče&scaron;će kod najstarijih bolesnika (starijih od 50 godina), a sporadično javljanje bilo je statističko značajno najče&scaron;će kod dece. U cilju potvrde tačnosti dijagnostike virusa u ispitivanim uzorcima real-time PCR testom, genotipizacije, kao i detaljnije molekularne analize, izabrani su reprezentativni uzorci pozitivni na rota, noro, astro ili adenoviruse. Delovi genoma ovih uzoraka su amplifikovani, a zatim sekvencirani. Sekvencirani izolati rotavirusa pripadali su grupi A i tipovima G1P[8], G2P[4], G3P[8] i G9P[8]. Sekvencirani izolati norovirusa pripadali su genogrupi I tipu 2, zatim genogrupi II tipovima 1, 2, 4 i 17. Sekvencirani izolati astrovirusa pripadali su grupi klasičnih astrovirusa i tipovima 1, 4 i 5. Sekvencirani izolati adenovirusa pripadali su grupi F i tipovima 40 i 41, kao i grupi C tipu 2. Pripadnost dobijenih sekvenci u ovom istraživanju, dodatno je potvrđena izradom filogenetskog stabla za sekvence pozitivne na rota, noro, astro ili adenoviruse. Zaključak: Incidenca virusnog dijarealnog sindroma u Vojvodini (70,69%) vrlo je visoka i vi&scaron;a je nego &scaron;to je bilo pretpostavljeno prilikom prijave teze (u hipotezi). Real-time PCR test treba da bude redovno kori&scaron;ćen u budućem dijagnostičkom radu, jer dovodi do brze dijagnostike, čak i ako su virusi prisutni u malom broju u uzorcima tečnih stolica, &scaron;to je utvrđeno tokom ovog dijagnostičkog rada. Ispitivani virusi treba da budu redovno dijagnostikovani kod obolelih od dijarealnog sindroma i to u svim starosnim grupama, tokom epidemijskog i sporadičnog javljanja oboljenja.</p> / <p>Introduction: Viral gastrointestinal syndrome is a current ongoing health problem worldwide. This is true of both developed and developing countries, especially underdeveloped ones where it is the second leading cause of mortality. Sudden onset of the disease&mdash;accompanied by the occurrence of large numbers of liquid stools, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, fever, and exhaustion&mdash;leads to dehydration. A fatal outcome can occur in all age groups of patients, especially very young children, the elderly, and the immuno-deficient, unless an accurate etiological diagnosis of the disease is quickly established, followed by a prompt institution of fluid and electrolyte placement, and implementation of other symptomatic therapy measures. Quick establishment of an accurate diagnosis, which is best achieved using the real-time PCR test, prevents the onset of complications, including a potentially fatal outcome of the disease. Simultaneously, it enables the implementation of appropriate epidemiological measures to prevent epidemic outbreaks and their spread. The aim of this study was to accurately determine the incidence of viral gastrointestinal syndrome in Vojvodina and the frequency of epidemic and sporadic occurrence of this disease. The aim was also to set up an algorithm for the application of the real-time PCR test in diagnostics of viral gastrointestinal syndrome in future work. Likewise, the aim was to carry out genetic typing and determine phylogenetic affiliation of the virus using molecular analysis and sequencing of parts of genomes from positive stool samples. Material and Methods: During a five-year study, 1003 patients with symptoms of viral diarrheal syndrome, aged from one month to more than 90 years old, were examined using molecular real-time PCR test. They were screened for rota, noro, astro, and enteric adenoviruses. Based on the data from survey questionnaires and medical case history, all clinical indicators were meticulously analyzed (disease occurrence during the year, disease duration, symptoms). The assessment of the clinical severity was carried out according to the Vesikari Clinical Severity Scoring scale. All data were compared according to the type of the viral causing agent, age of the patients, duration of research in years, and epidemic and sporadic occurrence of the disease. Obtained data were statistically analyzed, tabulated, and graphically displayed. Results: In a five-year period, a sample of 1003 patients of different ages was screened for four different viral causing agents of diarrheal syndrome (rota, noro, astro, and enteric adenoviruses) using the real-time PCR test. Viral diarrheal syndrome was confirmed in 709 patients (70.69%). The most commonly found were rotavirus infections in 28.81% of the cases. Rotaviruses were statistically significantly most common in children younger than 5 years old (38.90%), but were also found in high percentage in children aged 6-14 years old (24.83%). Children under 5 years of age had statistically significantly highest clinical severity and fever, and were more frequently hospitalized. In addition to higher fever in patients with rotavirus, clinical severity in these patients was also higher, and the disease lasted longer than in patients with other viruses. Norovirus infections were reported in 23.03% of the subjects, statistically significantly more frequently in adults over 20 years of age. Regarding the clinical symptoms in these patients, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain were statistically significantly more common than in patients with other viruses. Noroviruses were significantly more common as causing agents of epidemic disease outbreaks. Astrovirus was found in a significantly smaller number of patients (in 2.29%), and only in children under 5 years of age and children aged 6-14 years old. Enteric adenovirus infections were reported in 13.36% of the subjects. They were most commonly found in children younger than 5, and those aged 6- 14 years old. Adenovirus sufferers had statistically significantly milder clinical disease. Two viral causing agents in the stool sample were found in 3.19% of the subjects, usually during an epidemic disease outbreak. These patients had a significantly more severe clinical disease. Highest numbers of sufferers from diarrheal syndrome occurred during the cold months, although they were diagnosed throughout the year. In a five-year period, 22epidemics in collective groups and 9 family epidemics were identified. Epidemic outbreaks of the disease were statistically significantly most frequent in the elderly patients (older than 50), while sporadic occurrences were statistically significantly most frequent in children. Representative samples positive for rota, noro, astro, or adenoviruses were selected in order to confirm the accuracy of virus diagnostics in samples tested by the real-time PCR test, and perform genotyping as well as more detailed molecular analyses. Parts of the genomes of these samples were amplified and then sequenced. Sequenced rotavirus isolates belonged to group A and types G1P[8], G2P[4], G3P[8], and G9P[8]. Sequenced norovirus isolates belonged to genogroup I type 2, and genogroup II types 1, 2, 4, and 17. Sequenced astrovirus isolates belonged to the group of classical astroviruses and types 1, 4, and 5. Sequenced adenovirus isolates belonged to group F and types 40 and 41, as well as group C type 2. The affiliation of the obtained sequences in this study was further confirmed by creating a phylogenetic tree for sequences positive for rota, noro, astro, or adenoviruses. Conclusion: The incidence of viral diarrheal syndrome in Vojvodina (70.69%) is very high&mdash;higher than what was assumed at the time of the thesis submission (in the hypothesis). The real-time PCR test should be regularly used in future diagnostic work, since it leads to rapid diagnostics even if viruses are present in small numbers in liquid stool samples, as determined in the course of this diagnostic study. The investigated viruses should be regularly tested in patients with diarrheal syndrome belonging to all age groups during both epidemic and sporadic occurrences of the disease.</p>

<p>U ovoj doktorskoj disertaciji je uspe&scaron;no izvr&scaron;eno izolovanje&nbsp;opijatnih alkaloida iz humanih biolo&scaron;kih uzoraka (moždanog&nbsp;tkiva, krvi, urina i žuči) kao i biolo&scaron;kih uzoraka&nbsp;<br />eksperimentalnih životinja (moždanog tkiva i krvi) primenom&nbsp;postupka čvrsto-tečne ekstrakcije (SPE-Solid Phase Extraction).&nbsp;Modifikovan je postupak za kvalitativnu i kvantitativnu GC-MS&nbsp;(Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry) analizu biolo&scaron;kih&nbsp;<br />uzoraka.&nbsp;Utvrđena je distribucija opijatnih alkaloida: morfina, kodeina,&nbsp;acetilkodeina, 6-acetilmorfina i heroina u humanim biolo&scaron;kim&nbsp;uzorcima moždanog tkiva (moždanoj kori, moždanom stablu,&nbsp;amigdali i bazalnim jedrima), pri čemu je najveći sadržaj&nbsp;<br />opijata određen u moždanoj kori i bazalnim jedrima,&nbsp;podjednako kod mu&scaron;kih i ženskih osoba.&nbsp;Utvrđena je distribucija opijatnih alkaloida: morfina, kodeina,&nbsp;acetilkodeina, 6-acetilmorfina i heroina u biolo&scaron;kim uzorcima&nbsp;moždanog tkiva (moždanoj kori, moždanom &nbsp;stablu, amigdali i&nbsp;bazalnim jedrima) i krvi eksperimentalnih životinja (pacova), u&nbsp;<br />različitim vremenskim periodima (5, 15, 45 i 120 minuta) od&nbsp;tretiranja životinja heroinom.&nbsp;Najveći sadržaj opijata je određen u moždanoj kori i bazalnim&nbsp;jedrima, podjednako kod mužjaka i ženki pacova ali u različitim&nbsp;vremenskim periodima. U uzorcima krvi je najveći sadržaj&nbsp;opijata određen u istom vremenskom periodu kod životinja oba&nbsp;pola, pri čemu su kod mužjaka određene znatno veće vrednosti&nbsp;koncentracija, &scaron;to ukazuje na bržudistribuciju opijata iz krvi u&nbsp;mozak kod ženki u &nbsp;odnosu na mužjake pacova.&nbsp;Utvrđeno je da je distribucija opijata u humanom moždanom&nbsp;tkivu kod pripadnika suprotnih polova kao i moždanom tkivu&nbsp;mužjaka i ženki pacova (nakon 120 minuta od tretiranja&nbsp;heroinom), identična.&nbsp;Ispitivanjem uticaja opijata &nbsp;na markere oksidativnog stresa u&nbsp;jetri eksperimentalnih životinja suprotnih polova, utvrđeno je&nbsp;smanjenje aktivnosti enzima: katalaze (CAT), glutation-peroksidaze (GSH- Px), peroksidaze (Px) i ksantin-oksidaze&nbsp;(XOD).</p> / <p>Opiate alkaloids were successfully isolated from human biological samples (brain tissue, blood, urine, and bile) as well as from biological samples of experimental animals (brain tissue and blood) by applying procedure of solid-phase extraction (SPE). A modified procedure was worked out for qualitative and quantitative analysis of biological samples by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The distribution of opiate alkaloids:morphine, codeine, acetylcodeine, 6-acetylmorphine, and heroine in human biological samples of brain tissue (cortex, brain stem, amigdala and basal nuclei) was established, showing the highest content of opiates &nbsp; in the cortex and basal nuclei, equal with male and female persons. It was established how the opiatealkaloids: morphine codeine, acetylcodeine, 6-acetylmorphine&nbsp; and heroine are distributed in biological samples of brain tissue (cortex, brain stem, amigdala and basal nuclei) and blood of experimental animals&nbsp; (rats) in different time periods (5, 15, 45 and 120 min) after the animal treatment with&nbsp;heroine. The highest content of opiates was found in the cortex and basal nuclei,&nbsp;equal in the male and female rats, but in different time periods. In blood samples, the highest content of opiates was measured in the same period with animals of both sexes, the concentration in the males being significantly higher, indicating a faster passage of the opiates from blood to brain in the female compared to male rats.&nbsp;Identical distribution of opiates was found in human brain tissue of both male and female subjects as in rats of both sexes (120 min after treatment with heroine).&nbsp;Study of the effect of opiates on the markers of oxidative stress in the liver of tested animals of opposite sexes showed a lowered activity of the following enzymes: &nbsp;catalase (CAT), glutathion-peroxidase (GSH-Px), peroxidase (Px) and xanthine-xidase &nbsp;(XOD).</p>