The sediment accumulation is an important characteristic in the ageing process of integrated constructed wetlands (ICW). Retained nutrient and other contaminants in wetland sediments have the potential to be remobilized and released to the overlying water column when environmental conditions change. In this study, mesocosms which filled with saturated sediments and planted with Phragmites australis and Agrostis stolonifera were set up to examine nutrient and other contaminants retention and/or release by wetland sediment and substrates. The effects of physico-chemical parameters on sediment-water contaminant exchange were also investigated through the application of multiple regression models, principal component analysis (PCA), redundancy analysis (RDA), and self-organizing map (SOM) model. The results demonstrated an average net release of chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonianitrogen (NH3-N), nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) and molybdate reactive phosphorus (MRP) to the overlying water column, indicating that the ICW sediment and substrates acted as new contaminant sources. According to statistical analysis, electrical conductivity (EC) and redox potential (RP) values affected COD treatment efficiency. Chloride (Cl) concentration and RP value had an impact on NH3-N treatment performance. NO3-N removal was influenced by dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration and RP value. MRP treatment efficiency was related to DO concentration and EC value. The SOM model was selected as prediction tool to provide numerical estimations for the performance of ICW mesocosms. The model was validated, indicating that NH3-N, NO3-N, MRP, and COD treatment efficiencies could be predicted by input variables which are quick and cost-effective to measure. The SOM model can be seen as an appropriate method for monitoring the performance of mature ICWs. The type of vegetation played a minor role in releasing nutrients and other contaminants. However, the mesocosm planted with Phragmites australis outperformed the one planted with Agrostis stolonifera. No water reached bottom outlet of the mesocosm suggesting that there was little potential risk to contaminate groundwater. The clay liner and the biogeochemical processes taking place within sediments proved to be effective in preventing surface water from infiltration. Although no reduction in the overall performance has been observed for the full-scale ICW sites 7 and/or 11, this laboratory-scale study provided valuable warning signs regarding the loss of contaminant sequestration which may contribute to decline in wetland treatment performance over time. The impacts of hydraulic loading rate (HLR) and seasonal temperature fluctuations on contaminant removal efficiencies of a new ICW system receiving domestic wastewater were also assessed. The system showed good overall treatment performance in terms of effluent quality and removal efficiency. The influence of ICW removal efficiencies of the hydraulic loading rate, which was based on overall water balance, was negligible due to large footprint and multi-cellular configuration of the studied system. Relatively low temperature in autumns and winters resulted in decreased biological activities and lower contaminant removal efficiency. The long-term trends in nutrient removal have been investigated to five Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust constructed wetland systems. The results showed less effective removal even release of NO3-N, total oxidised nitrogen (TON), orthophosphate- phosphorus (PO4-P) and total phosphorus (TP) in many of the systems as a result of wetland aging and lack of sediment management.

Water and wastewater treatment solutions incorporating biofilm systems are becoming increasingly popular due to more stringent regulations pertaining to drinking water and wastewater effluent discharge in Canada and in other parts of the world. As a major component of biofilm, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) have been considered as an important factor affecting the physical and chemical properties of biofilm. Further, the selected method of EPS extraction and the methods of detecting the composition of the EPS have shown to affect the results of EPS measurements. In this research, protocols for EPS extraction and EPS composition analysis were investigated and optimized for nitrifying moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) biofilm. In addition, the confocal Raman microscopy (CRM) spectra of EPS in nitrifying MBBR biofilm and the protein, polysaccharide and extracellular DNA (eDNA) percent concentrations of the EPS were investigated at various operating temperatures. Further, the CRM spectra and the protein, polysaccharide and eDNA percent concentration of EPS in nitrifying MBBR biofilm along with the biofilm morphology and thickness and the viability of the embedded cells were investigated at various hydraulic retention times (HRTs). The EPS was characterized at various temperatures and HRTs in order to investigate potential correlation between the EPS components of the nitrifying biofilm and the ammonia removal kinetics. The biofilm morphology and thickness along with the bacterial viability of the biofilm were also investigated at various HRTs. Biofilm morphology images and thickness measurements were acquired using a variable pressure scanning electron microscope (VPSEM). The percentages of viable embedded cells in the biofilm were quantified using live/dead staining in combination with confocal laser microscopy (CLSM) imaging. The research demonstrates that an increase in protein content and subsequently a decrease in polysaccharides and eDNA contents in the EPS of nitrifying MBBR biofilm were observed at the lowest operational HRT and the highest temperature in this work. In particular, the EPS protein to polysaccharide (PN/PS) ratio of nitrifying MBBR systems was shown to significantly decrease below a value of 3 when the system was underloaded (observed at the highest operational temperature in this study) or hydraulically overloaded (observed at the lowest HRT in this study). As such, data obtained at lower operational temperatures, with the system no longer underloaded, and at longer HRTs, with the system no longer hydraulically overloaded, all demonstrate an EPS PN/PS ratio of approximately 3. Correlations were observed between the chemically measured EPS PN/PS ratios and the measured Raman spectra intensity ratios; supporting the concept of higher PN/PS ratios of EPS in more optimal nitrifying MBBR operations. Further, the ammonia removal kinetics and EPS response at HRT values of 0.75 and 1.0 h indicate that nitrifying MBBR systems may be optimized to operate at HRTs as low as 0.75 to 1.0 hour as opposed to conventional HRTs of 2.0 to 6.0 h.

Dans les systèmes mettant en jeu des biofilms, le temps de séjour hydraulique (TSH) peut être un élément clé pour le développement du biofilm. Nous avons cherché à caractériser l'influence de ce paramètre sur le développement du biofilm et la compétition entre les bactéries fixées et les bactéries planctoniques. Des Réacteurs Annulaires Rotatifs (RAR) ont été mis en œuvre afin d'estimer expérimentalement la répartition de la biomasse totale entre le liquide et le biofilm. Puis à l'aide d'outils moléculaires (PCR-SSCP) et de traitements statistiques des empreintes moléculaires obtenues, les structures des communautés microbiennes libres et attachées ont été estimées et reliées aux paramètres opératoires. Dans un troisième temps, un modèle microbien simple à une dimension (1D) a été adapté pour intégrer une certaine diversité microbienne (10 espèces). La confrontation entre les données expérimentales et les simulations permet d'expliquer l'évolution de la diversité entre le liquide et le biofilm suivant différentes valeurs du TSH. Les résultats obtenus confirment l'importance du TSH sur la formation du biofilm et l' évolution de la diversité dans le biofilm et la flore planctonique. Si le temps de séjour est élevé (8 heures), alors la croissance dans la phase liquide est importante au détriment de celle du biofilm. Pour des temps de séjour courts (0,3 et 1 heure), la croissance du biofilm est favorisée. La biomasse planctonique est principalement issue du détachement du biofilm. Les sorties du modèle indiquent que la diversité diminue durant la croissance du biofilm. / In biofilm systems, hydraulic retention time (HRT) may have a significant impact on biofilm development. The influence of this parameter on biofilm development and competition between planktonic and attached bacteria has been investigated. Rotating Annular Reactors (RAR) have been used to determine biomass distribution between the bulk phase and the biofilm. Molecular tools (PCR-SSCP) and statistical treatment of molecular fingerprints have been applied to evaluate the impact of operating parameters on the structure of fixed and attached microbial communities. Then, a simple biofilm model (1D) has been adapted to include microbial diversity (10 species). Comparing experimental data and simulation results, it is possible to explain the evolution of diversity at different HRTs. At high HRT, (8 hours) planktonic bacteria are favoured compared to biofilm microorganisms. At low HRT, biofilm growth is favoured by planktonic bacteria wash-out. Simulat ions indicate a decrease of diversity over biofilm growth period.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T19:24:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Osvaldo Kuczman.pdf: 473345 bytes, checksum: b3778df4351e601c96e945da1cf28c16 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-07-18 / The grouping of cassava starch production factories at northwest/west Paraná regions, Mato Grosso do Sul and São Paulo region has led to a million daily income of wastewater, which, treated at stabilization lagoons, generates greenhouse gases, unpleasant odors and landscape s degradation. The current research has evaluated the anaerobic digestion of waste cassava starch in one-phase horizontal reactor, having a 16,2 L volume, operated at 33 ± 1°C with manipueira having organic load rates of 1,28, 1,57, 2,68 and 1,18 g COD L- 1reactor day-1 for the Hydraulic Retention Times (HRT) being the experiment realization order of 12,96, 8,27 6,59 and 15,00 days, respectively. The feeding has been continuous, approaching to the real production s conditions. The cycle evaluation, for each HRT, lasted 15 days, revealing that the time didn t interfere, within 5%. The average removal in Total Solids (TS) is 98 and 77 %, Volatile Solids (VS) 99 and 90%, organic loads 96 and 95%, having as biogas yielding 0,817 and 0,604 L gas g-1 COD removed at the 8, 27 and 6,59 days, respectively. However, the most homogeneous removals in TS and VS occurred at the 12,96 and 8,27 days, not following the COD removals. The best average specific production for biogas ranged from 0,654 to 0,627 L gás L-1r d-1, verified in TRH 8,27 and 6,59 days. The average biogas methane content, come from the 15,00 days HRT, was 58,85%. The average relation Volatile Acidity/Total Alkalinity situated from 0,14 to 0,30. By the obtained results, it was concluded that it is possible to reduce the organic load of waste cassava starch through anaerobic digestion in one-phase horizontal reactor for the conditions established at the present study. / A concentração de indústrias processadoras de mandioca, nas regiões noroeste e oeste do Paraná e sul dos estados de Mato Grosso do Sul e São Paulo, produz diariamente milhões de litros de manipueira diluída que, tratada em lagoas de estabilização, geram gases de efeito estufa, maus odores e impactam a paisagem. Esse estudo avaliou a digestão anaeróbia em reator horizontal de fase única com volume de 16,2 L à temperatura de 33 ± 1 °C, alimentado com manipueira de fecularia e cargas orgânicas de 1,28, 1,57, 2,68, e 1,18 g DQO L-1r d-1 para os tempos de retenção hidráulica (TRH), sendo a ordem de realização dos experimentos de 12,96, 8,27, 6,59 e 15 dias, respectivamente. A alimentação foi contínua, aproximando-se das reais condições de geração de manipueira nas fecularias, sem correção de pH ou nutrientes. O período de avaliação diária, para cada TRH, foi de 15 dias, onde o fator tempo não interferiu ao nível de 5% de significância. As reduções médias de sólidos totais foram de 98 e 77%, sólidos voláteis de 99 e 90%, cargas orgânicas em DQO de 96 e 95% e produções de 0,817 e 0,604 L gás g- 1 DQOc nos TRH s de 8,27 e 65,9 dias, respectivamente. Porém, as reduções mais homogêneas para sólidos totais e voláteis ocorreram nos TRH s de 12,96 e 8,27 dias, não acompanhando a redução de DQO, semelhante apenas no TRH de 12,96 dias. A melhor produção específica média de biogás foi de 0,654, seguida de 0,627 L gás L-1r d-1 verificada no TRH de 8,27 e 6,59 dias e cargas orgânicas médias aplicadas de 1,57 e 2,68 g DQO L-1r d-1, respectivamente. O teor médio de metano no biogás, produzido no TRH de 15 dias, foi de 58,85%. A relação média da acidez volátil versus alcalinidade total, nos TRH s avaliados, permaneceu entre 0,14 e 0,30. A estabilização anaeróbia de manipueira em reator horizontal de fase única mostrou-se eficaz para as condições estabelecidas no presente estudo.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:47:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Osvaldo Kuczman.pdf: 473345 bytes, checksum: b3778df4351e601c96e945da1cf28c16 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-07-18 / The grouping of cassava starch production factories at northwest/west Paraná regions, Mato Grosso do Sul and São Paulo region has led to a million daily income of wastewater, which, treated at stabilization lagoons, generates greenhouse gases, unpleasant odors and landscape s degradation. The current research has evaluated the anaerobic digestion of waste cassava starch in one-phase horizontal reactor, having a 16,2 L volume, operated at 33 ± 1°C with manipueira having organic load rates of 1,28, 1,57, 2,68 and 1,18 g COD L- 1reactor day-1 for the Hydraulic Retention Times (HRT) being the experiment realization order of 12,96, 8,27 6,59 and 15,00 days, respectively. The feeding has been continuous, approaching to the real production s conditions. The cycle evaluation, for each HRT, lasted 15 days, revealing that the time didn t interfere, within 5%. The average removal in Total Solids (TS) is 98 and 77 %, Volatile Solids (VS) 99 and 90%, organic loads 96 and 95%, having as biogas yielding 0,817 and 0,604 L gas g-1 COD removed at the 8, 27 and 6,59 days, respectively. However, the most homogeneous removals in TS and VS occurred at the 12,96 and 8,27 days, not following the COD removals. The best average specific production for biogas ranged from 0,654 to 0,627 L gás L-1r d-1, verified in TRH 8,27 and 6,59 days. The average biogas methane content, come from the 15,00 days HRT, was 58,85%. The average relation Volatile Acidity/Total Alkalinity situated from 0,14 to 0,30. By the obtained results, it was concluded that it is possible to reduce the organic load of waste cassava starch through anaerobic digestion in one-phase horizontal reactor for the conditions established at the present study. / A concentração de indústrias processadoras de mandioca, nas regiões noroeste e oeste do Paraná e sul dos estados de Mato Grosso do Sul e São Paulo, produz diariamente milhões de litros de manipueira diluída que, tratada em lagoas de estabilização, geram gases de efeito estufa, maus odores e impactam a paisagem. Esse estudo avaliou a digestão anaeróbia em reator horizontal de fase única com volume de 16,2 L à temperatura de 33 ± 1 °C, alimentado com manipueira de fecularia e cargas orgânicas de 1,28, 1,57, 2,68, e 1,18 g DQO L-1r d-1 para os tempos de retenção hidráulica (TRH), sendo a ordem de realização dos experimentos de 12,96, 8,27, 6,59 e 15 dias, respectivamente. A alimentação foi contínua, aproximando-se das reais condições de geração de manipueira nas fecularias, sem correção de pH ou nutrientes. O período de avaliação diária, para cada TRH, foi de 15 dias, onde o fator tempo não interferiu ao nível de 5% de significância. As reduções médias de sólidos totais foram de 98 e 77%, sólidos voláteis de 99 e 90%, cargas orgânicas em DQO de 96 e 95% e produções de 0,817 e 0,604 L gás g- 1 DQOc nos TRH s de 8,27 e 65,9 dias, respectivamente. Porém, as reduções mais homogêneas para sólidos totais e voláteis ocorreram nos TRH s de 12,96 e 8,27 dias, não acompanhando a redução de DQO, semelhante apenas no TRH de 12,96 dias. A melhor produção específica média de biogás foi de 0,654, seguida de 0,627 L gás L-1r d-1 verificada no TRH de 8,27 e 6,59 dias e cargas orgânicas médias aplicadas de 1,57 e 2,68 g DQO L-1r d-1, respectivamente. O teor médio de metano no biogás, produzido no TRH de 15 dias, foi de 58,85%. A relação média da acidez volátil versus alcalinidade total, nos TRH s avaliados, permaneceu entre 0,14 e 0,30. A estabilização anaeróbia de manipueira em reator horizontal de fase única mostrou-se eficaz para as condições estabelecidas no presente estudo.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo principal equacionar uma variaÃÃo de concentraÃÃo entre o afluente e o efluente em um sistema biofÃsico ou fÃsico-quÃmico. O referencial teÃrico utilizado se embasou em uma equaÃÃo diferencial de escoamento estacionÃrio, envolvendo uma cinÃtica quÃmica e uma dispersÃo longitudinal, em que haja nÃmero de dispersÃo e eficiÃncia suficientemente baixo, relacionadas a reatores. As cinÃticas quÃmicas abordadas foram do tipo Monod, de primeira ordem, de uma ordem qualquer e uma criada semelhante à de tipo Monod. Elaborou-se um novo modelo de decaimento molecular, que propiciou gerar novas equaÃÃes de escoamento estacionÃrio. Obtiveram-se relaÃÃes entre parÃmetros volumÃtricos e uma cinÃtica quÃmica de uma mistura perfeita ou de escoamento estacionÃrio. Neste estudo, foram obtidas algumas similaridades em relaÃÃo à literatura de uma cinÃtica quÃmica em escoamento estacionÃrio. TambÃm foi desenvolvido um estudo visando a permitir melhor dimensionamento do tempo de detenÃÃo hidrÃulico real, razoavelmente comprovado pelas fontes pesquisadas. / The main aim of this research is to evaluate a variation of concentration between the affluent and effluent in a biophysical or physicochemical system. The theoretical system of references used here was based upon a differential equation of steady flow, involving a chemical kinetics and a longitudinal dispersion, in which there is a number of sufficiently low dispersion and efficiency, related to reactors. The chemical kinetics approached was of the Monod type, first order, any order and one which was set up similar to a Monod. We developed a new model of molecular decay which allowed the generation of new equations for steady flow. We obtained relationships between volumetric parameters and chemical kinetics of a perfect mixture of steady flow. In this study we found out about some similarities concerning the literature of chemical kinetics in a steady flow. It was also designed a study aiming to allow better scaling of the actual hydraulic retention time, reasonably proven by the surveyed sources.

The Cannibal system, comprised of an activated sludge process integrated with a side stream anaerobic bioreactor, is capable of reducing excess sludge up to 60% compared to the conventional activated sludge process. The hydraulic retention time (HRT) in the Cannibal bioreactor and the interchange rate (the percent of sludge by mass interchanged between the activated sludge system and the bioreactor on daily basis) are the two important operational parameters in the optimization of the Cannibal process. This research was designed to investigate the effect of the Cannibal bioreactor hydraulic retention time and the interchange rate on the solids destruction in the system. The first phase of this study has looked at the effect of three different HRTs, 5 day, 7 day and 10 day. The interchange rate during phase I was 10%. The results showed that the 7 day HRT can be recommended as the minimum retention period for the Cannibal process. The 5 day HRT Cannibal system had some settling problems and high volatile fatty acid content compared to the 7 day HRT Cannibal system. The protein and polysaccharide tests showed that the Cannibal bioreactor is primarily involved in the release of biopolymers which are degraded in the aerobic environment. The second part of this study focused on the effect of the interchange rate (IR) on the solids destruction in the system. The interchange rates that were applied in the system were 15%, 10%, 7%, 5% and 4%.The HRT in the Cannibal bioreactor was 7 day. The results showed that the 10% interchange rate gave maximum solids destruction than the other interchange rates. This implies that 10% is an optimum IR for the Cannibal system. Apart from higher solids wastage, the 4% and 5% IR Cannibal systems had higher volatile fatty acid production. / Master of Science

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T19:24:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Elisangela_texto_completo.pdf: 1937716 bytes, checksum: 8866fb537e08ee2dff81046a562d5d7e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-07-07 / The liquid effluent of the starch factories causes serious damage to the environment if discharged without being previously treated, due to the high organic loads and to the presence of cyanide and hydrocyanic acid, which interfere with the respiratory chain of living beings. One alternative treatment for this residue is the implementation of anaerobic reactors, which may enable increase in commercial value through the production of biogas. To provide a high retention of biomass in the system and increase the contact area of the microorganisms with the effluent, inert support means are used, which allow the application of higher loads and reduce the hydraulic detention time. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the performance of anaerobic treatment of starch wastewater, using two reactors with different support means, bamboo and PVC rings. The experiment was conducted in the Laboratory of Environmental Sanitation of the Western Paraná State University Campus Cascavel, using wastewater from the starch in the city of Toledo (PR). Two reactors used PVC with a diameter of 15 cm and 90 cm of length, resulting in a 1:6 ratio. As a conduit, 52 bamboo support rings were used, with an average of 10 cm in length, in one reactor and 325 rings of conduit with 4 cm of average length, resulting in a working volume of 6.00 and 7.98 L, respectively. All thirteen applied loads were gradually increased from 1.675 to 15.158 gL-1.d-1, until reaching the maximum load bearable by the reactors. When the system was stabilized, for each condition of applied load, the collecting of data was carried out for a period of fifteen days, through daily sampling at the entrance and at the exit of the reactors. The samples were analyzed for parameters: COD, total solids, pH, alkalinity, volatile acidity and biogas production. To determine the parameters COD and total, fixed and volatile soils, the methods described in the 2540B and 5220D Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (1998) were used; volatile acids and alkalinity was assessed according to the methodology proposed by Silva (1997). Five sampling points were installed along the length of the reactors to evaluate the process of digestion in the reactor. At these points, samples were collected in duplicate at the end of the period of data collection for each condition of applied load, as well as being analyzed according to parameters such as COD, acetic acid, propionic, and butyric acid, which were determined by high performance liquid chromatography, according to the methodology proposed by Leong & Shui (2002). Some instability in the system was observed in load 12 (12.394 gL-1.d-1), with values of AV / AT above 0.5 and a reduction in pH, but the system started showing signs of stability in the next load. The COD removal did not differ between the two reactors, reaching values of 99.72%. The reactor filled with bamboo had a higher biogas production, with a total production of up to 1.57 LL-1.d-1 and the reactor filled with PVC presented higher removal of total solids: 87.40%. Through the identification of volatile fatty acids from the samples collected along the the reactor, only acetic and propionic acid were found. / O efluente líquido das fecularias causa sérios danos ao meio ambiente quando lançado sem tratamento, devido às elevadas cargas orgânicas e à presença de cianeto e ácido cianídrico, que interferem na cadeia respiratória dos seres vivos. Uma das alternativas de tratamento para esse resíduo é a implantação de reatores anaeróbios, que podem permitir a agregação de valor através da produção de biogás. Para proporcionar uma elevação da retenção da biomassa no sistema e aumentar a área de contato dos microorganismos com o efluente, são utilizados meios suportes inertes, que permitem a aplicação de cargas mais elevadas e a redução do tempo de detenção hidráulico. Desta forma, este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o desempenho do tratamento anaeróbio de efluente líquido de fecularia, utilizando dois reatores com meios suportes diferentes, de anéis de bambu e de PVC. O experimento foi realizado no laboratório de Saneamento Ambiental da Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná Campus Cascavel, utilizando água residuária proveniente de fecularia localizada no município de Toledo (PR). Foram utilizados dois reatores de PVC com diâmetro de 15 cm e comprimento de 90 cm, resultando em uma relação entre largura e comprimento de 1:6. Como meios suportes foram utilizados 52 anéis de bambu, com média de 10 cm de comprimento, em um dos reatores e 325 anéis de PVC com 4 cm de comprimento médio, resultando em volume útil de 6,00 e 7,98 L, respectivamente. As 13 cargas orgânicas volumétricas aplicadas foram aumentadas gradativamente, de 1,675 a 15,158 g.L-1.d-1, até se atingir a carga máxima suportável pelos reatores. Observada a estabilização do sistema, para cada condição de carga aplicada foi iniciada a coleta de dados por um período de 15 dias, através de amostragens diárias na entrada e saída dos reatores. As amostras foram analisadas quantos aos parâmetros: DQO, sólidos totais, fixos e voláteis, pH, alcalinidade total, acidez volátil e produção de biogás. Para a determinação dos parâmetros DQO e sólidos totais, fixos e voláteis foram utilizados os métodos 2540B e 5220D descritos no Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (1998), ácidos voláteis e alcalinidade foram determinados de acordo com metodologia proposta por Silva (1997). Foram instalados cinco pontos de amostragem ao longo do comprimento dos reatores para avaliar o processo de digestão no perfil do reator. Nestes pontos foram coletadas amostras em duplicata, no final do período de coleta de dados de cada condição de carga aplicada, sendo os mesmos analisados quanto aos parâmetros DQO, ácido acético, propiônico e butírico, que foram determinados através da cromatografia líquida de alto desempenho, conforme metodologia proposta por Shui e Leong (2002). Foi observada uma instabilidade no sistema na carga 12 (12,394 g.L- 1.d-1), com valores de AV/AT acima de 0,5 e redução do pH; porém, o sistema voltou a mostrar sinais de estabilidade na carga seguinte. A remoção de DQO não apresentou diferença entre os dois reatores, chegando a valores de 99,72%. O reator preenchido com bambu apresentou maior produção de biogás, com produção de até 1,57 L.L-1.d-1 e no reator preenchido com PVC foi observada maior remoção de sólidos totais: 87,40%. Na identificação de ácidos graxos voláteis das amostras coletadas ao longo do perfil do reator, somente foram identificados o ácido acético e propiônico.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:48:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Elisangela_texto_completo.pdf: 1937716 bytes, checksum: 8866fb537e08ee2dff81046a562d5d7e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-07-07 / The liquid effluent of the starch factories causes serious damage to the environment if discharged without being previously treated, due to the high organic loads and to the presence of cyanide and hydrocyanic acid, which interfere with the respiratory chain of living beings. One alternative treatment for this residue is the implementation of anaerobic reactors, which may enable increase in commercial value through the production of biogas. To provide a high retention of biomass in the system and increase the contact area of the microorganisms with the effluent, inert support means are used, which allow the application of higher loads and reduce the hydraulic detention time. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the performance of anaerobic treatment of starch wastewater, using two reactors with different support means, bamboo and PVC rings. The experiment was conducted in the Laboratory of Environmental Sanitation of the Western Paraná State University Campus Cascavel, using wastewater from the starch in the city of Toledo (PR). Two reactors used PVC with a diameter of 15 cm and 90 cm of length, resulting in a 1:6 ratio. As a conduit, 52 bamboo support rings were used, with an average of 10 cm in length, in one reactor and 325 rings of conduit with 4 cm of average length, resulting in a working volume of 6.00 and 7.98 L, respectively. All thirteen applied loads were gradually increased from 1.675 to 15.158 gL-1.d-1, until reaching the maximum load bearable by the reactors. When the system was stabilized, for each condition of applied load, the collecting of data was carried out for a period of fifteen days, through daily sampling at the entrance and at the exit of the reactors. The samples were analyzed for parameters: COD, total solids, pH, alkalinity, volatile acidity and biogas production. To determine the parameters COD and total, fixed and volatile soils, the methods described in the 2540B and 5220D Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (1998) were used; volatile acids and alkalinity was assessed according to the methodology proposed by Silva (1997). Five sampling points were installed along the length of the reactors to evaluate the process of digestion in the reactor. At these points, samples were collected in duplicate at the end of the period of data collection for each condition of applied load, as well as being analyzed according to parameters such as COD, acetic acid, propionic, and butyric acid, which were determined by high performance liquid chromatography, according to the methodology proposed by Leong & Shui (2002). Some instability in the system was observed in load 12 (12.394 gL-1.d-1), with values of AV / AT above 0.5 and a reduction in pH, but the system started showing signs of stability in the next load. The COD removal did not differ between the two reactors, reaching values of 99.72%. The reactor filled with bamboo had a higher biogas production, with a total production of up to 1.57 LL-1.d-1 and the reactor filled with PVC presented higher removal of total solids: 87.40%. Through the identification of volatile fatty acids from the samples collected along the the reactor, only acetic and propionic acid were found. / O efluente líquido das fecularias causa sérios danos ao meio ambiente quando lançado sem tratamento, devido às elevadas cargas orgânicas e à presença de cianeto e ácido cianídrico, que interferem na cadeia respiratória dos seres vivos. Uma das alternativas de tratamento para esse resíduo é a implantação de reatores anaeróbios, que podem permitir a agregação de valor através da produção de biogás. Para proporcionar uma elevação da retenção da biomassa no sistema e aumentar a área de contato dos microorganismos com o efluente, são utilizados meios suportes inertes, que permitem a aplicação de cargas mais elevadas e a redução do tempo de detenção hidráulico. Desta forma, este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o desempenho do tratamento anaeróbio de efluente líquido de fecularia, utilizando dois reatores com meios suportes diferentes, de anéis de bambu e de PVC. O experimento foi realizado no laboratório de Saneamento Ambiental da Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná Campus Cascavel, utilizando água residuária proveniente de fecularia localizada no município de Toledo (PR). Foram utilizados dois reatores de PVC com diâmetro de 15 cm e comprimento de 90 cm, resultando em uma relação entre largura e comprimento de 1:6. Como meios suportes foram utilizados 52 anéis de bambu, com média de 10 cm de comprimento, em um dos reatores e 325 anéis de PVC com 4 cm de comprimento médio, resultando em volume útil de 6,00 e 7,98 L, respectivamente. As 13 cargas orgânicas volumétricas aplicadas foram aumentadas gradativamente, de 1,675 a 15,158 g.L-1.d-1, até se atingir a carga máxima suportável pelos reatores. Observada a estabilização do sistema, para cada condição de carga aplicada foi iniciada a coleta de dados por um período de 15 dias, através de amostragens diárias na entrada e saída dos reatores. As amostras foram analisadas quantos aos parâmetros: DQO, sólidos totais, fixos e voláteis, pH, alcalinidade total, acidez volátil e produção de biogás. Para a determinação dos parâmetros DQO e sólidos totais, fixos e voláteis foram utilizados os métodos 2540B e 5220D descritos no Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (1998), ácidos voláteis e alcalinidade foram determinados de acordo com metodologia proposta por Silva (1997). Foram instalados cinco pontos de amostragem ao longo do comprimento dos reatores para avaliar o processo de digestão no perfil do reator. Nestes pontos foram coletadas amostras em duplicata, no final do período de coleta de dados de cada condição de carga aplicada, sendo os mesmos analisados quanto aos parâmetros DQO, ácido acético, propiônico e butírico, que foram determinados através da cromatografia líquida de alto desempenho, conforme metodologia proposta por Shui e Leong (2002). Foi observada uma instabilidade no sistema na carga 12 (12,394 g.L- 1.d-1), com valores de AV/AT acima de 0,5 e redução do pH; porém, o sistema voltou a mostrar sinais de estabilidade na carga seguinte. A remoção de DQO não apresentou diferença entre os dois reatores, chegando a valores de 99,72%. O reator preenchido com bambu apresentou maior produção de biogás, com produção de até 1,57 L.L-1.d-1 e no reator preenchido com PVC foi observada maior remoção de sólidos totais: 87,40%. Na identificação de ácidos graxos voláteis das amostras coletadas ao longo do perfil do reator, somente foram identificados o ácido acético e propiônico.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-07-01T15:18:35Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação de Mestrado Versão Final Completa - Gabriela Valones Rodrigues de Araújo.pdf: 2764512 bytes, checksum: 6abd4e4eb59a8eaec35b37f1ac434ba8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-01T15:18:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação de Mestrado Versão Final Completa - Gabriela Valones Rodrigues de Araújo.pdf: 2764512 bytes, checksum: 6abd4e4eb59a8eaec35b37f1ac434ba8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-28 / CNPq / A remoção de carbono e nitrogênio foi avaliada através de um sistema inovador de reatores anaeróbio, aeróbio e anóxico em série de fluxo contínuo. Foram testadas diferentes condições operacionais quanto ao Tempo de Detenção Hidráulica (TDH) por reator (anaeróbio, aeróbio e anóxico) na Fase 1, Fase 2, Fase 3 e Fase 4 que foi de 7h, 10h, 10h e 5h, respectivamente; e Oxigênio Dissolvido (OD) nas concentrações de 0,5-1,2 mg O2.L-1, 0,5-1,5 mg O2.L-1, 1,1-2,1 mg O2.L-1 e 1,1-2,5 mg O2.L-1 no reator aeróbio, nas respectivas fases. O reator anaeróbio promoveu uma excelente remoção de matéria orgânica (85%), bem como, atuou como pré-tratamento na redução da competição entre os micro-organismos heterotróficos e nitrificantes autotróficos no reator aeróbio. A maior eficiência da nitrificação foi obtida quando a concentração de OD foi mantida entre 1,1 e 2,5 mg L-1. No entanto, foi observada uma diminuição na eficiência da desnitrificação, que pode estar relacionada com uma diminuição da razão DQO / NTK. A eficiência alcançada pelo sistema para DQO (bruta/filtrada) e NTK foi de 88 e 52%, respectivamente. O sistema foi operado sem adição de fonte externa de carbono no reator anóxico. As análises de Biologia Molecular constataram a presença de Bactérias Oxidantes do Nitrito (Nitrospira), Bactérias Oxidantes de Amônia, Bactérias Desnitrifcantes e Anammox. / Removal of carbon and nitrogen was assessed through an innovative system of anaerobic , aerobic and anoxic reactors streaming series. Different operating conditions were tested for hydraulic retention time (HRT ) per reactor (anaerobic, aerobic and anoxic) in Phase 1 , Phase 2 , Phase 3 and Phase 4 which was 7h , 10h , 10h and 5h , respectively; and Dissolved Oxygen (DO) concentrations of 0.5-1.2 mg O2.L-1, 0.5-1.5 mg O2.L-1, 1.1-2.1 mg O2.L-1 and 1.1-2.5 mg O2.L-1, were tested. The anaerobic promoted an excellent removal of organic matter (85% ) and served as pretreatment to reduce the competition between heterotrophic and autotrophic nitrifying microorganisms in the aerobic reactor. The highest efficiency of nitrification was obtained when the concentration of DO was maintained between 1.1-2.5 mg O2.L-1. However, it was observed a decrease in the efficiency of denitrification, which can be related to a decrease in the ratio COD / TKN. The efficiency achieved by the system for COD and TKN was 88 and 52%, respectively. The system was operated without addition of external carbon source in the anoxic reactor. The molecular biology analysis found the presence of Oxidizers Nitrite Bacteria (Nitrospira), Oxidizers Ammonia Bacteria, Desnitrifcantes Bacteria and Anammox.