abstract: Characterization and modeling of deformation and failure in metallic materials under extreme conditions, such as the high loads and strain rates found under shock loading due to explosive detonation and high velocity-impacts, are extremely important for a wide variety of military and industrial applications. When a shock wave causes stress in a material that exceeds the elastic limit, plasticity and eventually spallation occur in the material. The process of spall fracture, which in ductile materials stems from strain localization, void nucleation, growth and coalescence, can be caused by microstructural heterogeneity. The analysis of void nucleation performed from a microstructurally explicit simulation of a spall damage evolution in a multicrystalline copper indicated triple junctions as the preferred sites for incipient damage nucleation revealing 75% of them with at least two grain boundaries with misorientation angle between 20-55°. The analysis suggested the nature of the boundaries connecting at a triple junction is an indicator of their tendency to localize spall damage. The results also showed that damage propagated preferentially into one of the high angle boundaries after voids nucleate at triple junctions. Recently the Rayleigh-Taylor Instability (RTI) and the Richtmyer-Meshkov Instability (RMI) have been used to deduce dynamic material strength at very high pressures and strain rates. The RMI is used in this work since it allows using precise diagnostics such as Transient Imaging Displacement Interferometry (TIDI) due to its slower linear growth rate. The Preston-Tonks-Wallace (PTW) model is used to study the effects of dynamic strength on the behavior of samples with a fed-thru RMI, induced via direct laser drive on a perturbed surface, on stability of the shock front and the dynamic evolution of the amplitudes and velocities of the perturbation imprinted on the back (flat) surface by the perturbed shock front. Simulation results clearly showed that the amplitude of the hydrodynamic instability increases with a decrease in strength and vice versa and that the amplitude of the perturbed shock front produced by the fed-thru RMI is also affected by strength in the same way, which provides an alternative to amplitude measurements to study strength effects under dynamic conditions. Simulation results also indicate the presence of second harmonics in the surface perturbation after a certain time, which were also affected by the material strength. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Mechanical Engineering 2016

As expectativas dinâmicas de um mundo de inovações tecnológicas, consubstanciados por explorações menos agressivas ao meio ambiente, dirigidas a um mercado consumista emergente, representam desafios para soluções de problemas de engenharia dirigidos para diversos segmentos da sociedade. Com o desenvolvimento do concreto compactado com rolo (CCR), a partir dos anos 70, o emprego de vertedouros em degraus em barragens de gravidade tornou-se uma solução atrativa, visto que, proporciona, simultaneamente, o aumento da dissipação da energia do escoamento e a redução do tempo e dos custos de implantação dessas obras. Atualmente, têm-se usado como restrições ao seu emprego de vertedouros em degraus valores máximos de vazões específicas que, sem um limite consensual, vêm tolhendo suas potencialidades. A macrorugosidade da calha acelera o processo de aeração do escoamento, se comparado com um vertedouro de soleira lisa, protegendo, para a zona aerada, os degraus contra erosão por cavitação. Entretanto, para o trecho não aerado do escoamento, existem riscos desse processo se estabelecer. As descontinuidades da fronteira sólida propiciam a sucessiva separação da camada limite nos cantos externos dos degraus. Nessa região são geradas pressões muito baixas. O presente estudo, realizado no Instituto de Pesquisas Hidráulicas, objetivou, através de medições experimentais, descrever, caracterizar e modelar pressões hidrodinâmicas nas soleiras dos degraus, estabelecendo limites para incipiência à cavitação no trecho não-aerado do escoamento. Três calhas escalonadas com declividade 1V:0,75H e alturas de degraus iguais a 0,03 m; 0,06 m e 0,09 m foram projetadas e construídas para a investigação. As amostras de pressões registradas com transmissores de pressão a 50 Hz e duração de 3minutos e 12 horas possibilitaram caracterizar o campo de pressão identificando zonas críticas, bem como, avaliando o comportamento estatístico dessas solicitações. As maiores flutuações de pressões foram registradas nas extremidades externas dos degraus e na seção de afloramento da camada limite, chegando a valores negativos de 0,69 vezes a distância vertical entre a crista e a seção analisada. Determinaram-se freqüências dominantes compreendidas entre 7-18 Hz, com valores máximos situados nos patamares dosdegraus. Os números adimensionais de Strouhal, calculados com as freqüências predominantes e as profundidades equivalente do escoamento, diminuíram de 0,40 a 0,04 no sentido do fluxo. Quanto aos limites de incipiência à cavitação, as vazões especificas mais restritivas ao emprego de vertedouros em degraus ficaram na faixa entre 11,3 e 15,6 m²/s com velocidades médias da ordem de 17 m/s, obtidas para a seção de afloramento da camada limite. / Hydraulic researchers have to accomplish the technological and construction materials innovations to new security design project criteria compatible to low costs requirement. At 70’s years, with the development of the Roller Compact Concrete (RCC), the use of stepped spillways has become an attractive solution for gravity dams. In steeply sloping stepped spillways, the large step macro-roughness promotes the occurrence of negative pressures on the step cavity, particularly near the external edge of the vertical step face. Consequently one may expect the occurrence of sub-atmospheric pressure conditions capable to induce cavitation for velocities lower than those observed in smooth chute spillways. Predicting cavitation damage is more complex than predicting cavitation inception. Flow conditions leading to the onset of cavitation are generally conservative in predicting damage. The severity of damage that may be expected is related both to intensity of cavitation and time of exposure. There is still no consensus on the maximum unit discharge or flow velocity which assures cavitation safe design of stepped spillways.The study carried through in the Institute of Hydraulic Research (UFRGS - Brazil), had the main goal: described, characterized and modeled experimental measurements of hydrodynamic pressures on the faces of the steps and established limits of incipient cavitation. Three stepped chutes with declivity 1V:0.75H and 0.03 m; 0.06 m and 0.09 m steps heights were projected. The samples of pressures were registered with pressure transmitters with 50 Hz and 3 minutes duration. Long-duration test were also conducted (12 hours sample size) that permitted characterize the pressure field, identifying critical zones, as well as, evaluating its statistical behaviour. The largest fluctuating pressures had been registered in the outer corner on the steps and at the inception point of air entrainment. At this last position can be expected negative pressure values close to 0.69 times the vertical distance between the crest and the analyzed section. The dominant frequencies found varied between 7-18 Hz. The dimensionless number of Strouhal calculated with the predominant frequencies and the clear equivalent depth, had diminished of 0.40 the 0.04 in the direction of the flow. The pressure measurements indicated specific discharge between 11.3-15.6 m²/s and average velocity in order of 17 m/s to inception cavitation process near the inception point.

Orientador: Teresa Massako Kakuta Ravagnani / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T11:49:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Moraes_MarcioJosede_M.pdf: 836200 bytes, checksum: 68455f8118790f77c4f050ebcdd84455 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: O propósito deste trabalho é a comparação, no âmbito experimental, das operações de uma coluna de destilação convencional e uma coluna de configuração alternativa denominada paradestilação. Enquanto que na destilação convencional, uma corrente de vapor ascendente contata com uma corrente de líquido descendente, na paradestilação, a corrente de vapor é dividida em duas correntes que percorrem paralelamente toda a extensão da coluna. Estas correntes contatam, em estágios alternados, com uma única corrente de líquido descendente. Ambas as colunas de destilação e de paradestilação foram construídas em escala laboratorial. As colunas possuíam seis pratos com vertedores circulares. O objetivo foi a comparação entre ambas as colunas variando a velocidade superficial do vapor, fração de área livre de escoamento, concentração de etanol e razão de refluxo. Os experimentos foram realizados utilizando o sistema etanol-água a pressão atmosférica. Um programa computacional foi desenvolvido para resolver o sistema de equações de balanço de massa e de energia em ambas as colunas. Estes cálculos forneceram os valores das velocidades das fases vapor e líquida, da composição da fase vapor, da temperatura e da eficiência de Murphree em cada estágio, e a eficiência global da coluna. Análises das variáveis que afetam a altura e o tipo da dispersão formada sobre os pratos, o perfil de concentração e eficiência de separação foram realizadas. Verificou-se que a faixa de operação é diferente em ambas as colunas. Observou-se que a paradestilação apresenta maior altura média de dispersão e maior incidência de dispersões tipo espuma celular e ¿froth¿ homogêneo. A paradestilação obteve melhor desempenho de separação na maioria das operações, e mostrou-se menos sensível à variação da razão de refluxo. Constatou-se também que a eficiência de Murphree na paradestilação sofre maior influência da composição da fase líquida. A paradestilação apresentou também melhor eficiência global que a destilação convencional / Abstract: In this work the hydrodynamics and mass transfer performances of a conventional distillation column were compared to those of a parastillation column. While in the conventional distillation, the up flowing vapor stream contacts the down flowing liquid stream, in parastillation, the vapor stream is divided into two parts that run in parallel along the entire column. These two vapour streams are contacted, in alternative stages, with a single down flowing liquid stream. Both distillation and parastillation columns were built in laboratorial scale. The columns had six trays with circular downcomers. The purpose was to compare both columns performances when varying the vapor superficial velocity, tray free area, feed concentration and reflux ratio. The experiments were carried out with ethanol-water system, at atmospheric pressure. A computer program was developed to solve the mass and energy balance equations for both columns. These calculations provided the velocity of the vapor and liquid phases, the composition of the vapor phase, the temperature and the tray Murphree efficiency in each stage, and the global column efficiency. The influence of the operation conditions on the height and the type of the dispersion formed on the trays, on the concentration profile and on the separation efficiency were analyzed in detail. It was verified that the tray operation range is different for both columns. It was observed that the parastillation column shows higher dispersions height and higher incidence of cellular foam and homogeneous froth dispersion types. The parastillation presented a better separation performance for most of the operation range, and showed to be little influenced by reflux ratio variation. It was noticed that the Murphree efficiency in parastillation was more influenced by the liquid phase composition. The parastillation also showed better global efficiency than the conventional distillation / Mestrado / Sistemas de Processos Quimicos e Informatica / Mestre em Engenharia Química

Orientador: Edvaldo Sabadini / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T15:29:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Guersoni_VanessaCristinaBizotto_D.pdf: 3480518 bytes, checksum: 90d693157249a652dfd8cc9e674e7ad2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Quando pequenas quantidades (da ordem de ppm) de polímeros de elevada massa molecular são dissolvidos num solvente submetidos a um escoamento turbulento, elevados níveis de redução de atrito hidrodinâmico (RA) podem ser obtidos. Quando o fluido entra em regime turbulento, ocorrem flutuações de velocidade, perturbações conhecidas por vórtices, com ampla distribuição de tamanhos. As perturbações de pequena dimensão são associadas com a perda de energia viscosa do líquido sob escoamento, sendo que os agentes redutores de atrito atuam nestas estruturas. Uma teoria bastante interessante foi desenvolvida por De Gennes para explicar o fenômeno de redução de atrito hidrodinâmico. Segundo esta teoria, deve haver uma ressonância entre a freqüência de desenvolvimento de vórtices com a freqüência de estiramento da macromolécula (dissolvida na solução) para que ocorra o truncamento da cascata de vórtices, diminuindo a dissipação de energia viscosa e, consequentemente, reduzindo o atrito hidrodinâmico. Assim, a flexibilidade da macromolécula que promove a redução de atrito é muito significativa. Neste estudo, foram usados dois polímeros flexíveis, poli(óxido de etileno), PEO e poliacrilamida, PAM, e empregadas duas técnicas para se investigar a teoria de De Gennes: impacto de gotas (¿splash¿) e reometria. No ¿splash¿, a redução de atrito foi estudada pela rápida deformação do líquido durante o impacto da gota, usando as imagens obtidas em uma câmera de alta velocidade. A porcentagem de RA foi determinada com base na altura do jato Rayleigh (uma das estruturas do ¿splash¿). Estes estudos permitiram estabelecer correlações entre a dinâmica de deformação do líquido e da cadeia polimérica. A redução de atrito estudada por reometria se baseia na mudança do esforço (torque) para manter o líquido em determinada rotação. Os resultados obtidos no reômetro são bastante reprodutíveis e permitiram a determinação de efeitos de redução de atrito para concentrações do agente de apenas 2 ppm. A degradação mecânica sofrida pelos polímeros, ao serem submetidos a intenso cisalhamento, também foi avaliada no reômetro rotacional. Um modelo cinético foi proposto para comparar a estabilidade de PEO e PAM frente a degradação mecânica. Observou-se que intrinsecamente os dois polímeros degradam na mesma taxa. Os estudos desenvolvidos no reômetro também permitiram avaliar os efeitos elásticos do agente redutor de atrito (de acordo com a teoria de de Gennes). Estes foram desenvolvidos adicionando-se pequenas concentrações (menores de 1%) de partículas rígidas de sílica em soluções aquosas contendo sistemas flexíveis (PEO). A adsorção de PEO sobre as partículas de sílica levam a formação de sistemas semi-flexíveis, afetando significativamente a capacidade de redução de atrito hidrodinâmico / Abstract: When a very small amount (in the range of ppm) of a polymer with high-molecular weight is added in turbulent flow, it can cause drastic reduction of frictional drag. In turbulent flow, the velocity fluctuation (vortices) with large size distribution is observed. The small fluctuations are associated with the loss of kinetic energy of the liquid, due to its viscosity, and the drag reducing agents act in these structures. An interesting theory was developed by de Gennes to explain the drag reduction phenomenon. According to this theory, the frequencies in which the vortices are created and the stretching of the polymer chain must be in resonance, in order to avoid the growing of the cascade of vortices, decreasing the loss of the energy (due to the viscosity), and consequently promoting the drag reduction. Therefore, the flexibility of the macromolecule is very important. In this study two flexible polymers, poly(ethylene oxide), PEO, and polyacrylamide, PAM, were used, and two techniques: the impact of drops (splash) and rheometry were employed to investigate the theory of de Gennes. For splash, the drag reduction was studied using the images of the liquid deformation during the drop impact (in range of some mili-seconds) obtained in a very fast digital camera. The percentage of drag reduction was determined using the maximum height of the Rayleigh jet (one of the splash structures). This study allows us to correlate the dynamic of the liquid deformation and the stretching of the polymer chain. The drag reduction using rheometry is based on the torque necessary to keep the liquid in a specific rotation. The results using the rheometer are very reproducible, allowing the determination of drag reduction even in very low polymer concentration (such as 2 ppm). The polymer mechanical degradation, due to the high shear, was also investigated in the rotational rheometer. A kinetic model was proposed to compare the mechanical stability of both polymers. It was observed that intrinsically, the two polymers undergo degradation in the same rate. The studies in the rheometer also allow the investigation of the elastic effect of the drag reducer agents (according to the theory of de Gennes). They were developed by adding small amounts of colloidal silica particles (less than 1%). The adsorption of the PEO chain at the surfaces of the particle, results in a semi-flexible system, affecting the capability of the particle to promote drag reduction / Doutorado / Físico-Química / Doutor em Ciências

A cochlear implant is a prosthetic device that can provide severe-to-profoundly deaf individuals with partially restored hearing. It emulates the function of a normal cochlea through combined functioning of externally situated electronics and an electrode array surgically implanted into the cochlea. Speech coding strategies implemented in speech processors aim to stimulate the auditory nerve in a way similar to that of a normal working cochlea by modelling the way the cochlea processes sound. Current speech processing strategies rely on the tonotopicity of the cochlea, i.e. the relation between distance from the base of the cochlea and the specific frequency that causes the highest amplitude of deflection at the specific point. The phenomenon of the travelling wave on the basilar membrane is thus reduced to its point or points of maximal deflection. In this study, the behaviour along the full length of the basilar membrane will be investigated in the time domain, i.e. the deflection along the whole membrane for any point in time, in order to evaluate the relevance of the travelling wave in coding sound in a cochlear implant system. The additional information acquired by emulating the motion of the fluid and the basilar membrane in the cochlea, will be transmitted to the recipient in electrical stimulus patterns, to assess whether it provides recipients of cochlear implants with better pitch perception. It will be shown that for the individuals that partook in the experiments, improvement of discrimination around 100 Hz were obtained when compared to current speech coding strategies like the advanced combination encoder (ACE) speech coding strategy in the same recipient. / Dissertation (MEng (Bio-Engineering))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering / unrestricted

In this study, a three-dimensional two-phase (air and water) numerical solver is applied to investigate free surface flows. The first component aims to improve the overall understanding of the underlying physical mechanisms that occur during the interaction between turbulent hydraulic bores and simple structures. Data collected during large-scale physical experiments based on generating dam-break waves in a horizontal rectangular channel is used for comparing to the numerical results. An extensive sensitivity analysis on numerical parameters including spatial discretization and turbulence models is presented. Quantitative comparisons of numerical and experimental time series of water surface elevations, pressure, and net streamwise force exerted on the structure are used to validate the model. In the in-depth analysis, it is demonstrated that the model is able to simulate the pertinent aspects of the flow behaviour that occur during the interaction with good agreement. The numerical impulsive force generated at initial impact shows excellent agreement with the experimental results, particularly for the larger magnitudes bores considered. Since the numerical model treats the air as an incompressible media, the level of agreement observed between the experimental and numerical results suggests that the compressibility of the air in the leading edge of the bore during the physical testing had no significant effect on the measured impulsive force. The two-phase model was also able to capture the occurrence of a second transient spike in the force exerted on the structure when the initial runup collapsed back onto the incoming flow, trapping a pocket of air in the process. The model was further applied to investigate the effect of an initially quiescent layer of water in the downstream channel section on bore propagation characteristics and the subsequent interaction with the structure. It is demonstrated that for small nonzero values of initial downstream depth a substantial increase in bore depth occurs. However, further increases in the downstream depth did not appear have any significant effects. For the greatest downstream depth simulated, a considerable reduction in the hydrodynamic force is observed as a result of a more rapid closing of the wake that develops on the leeside of the structure. The second component of the study applies the same numerical solver to investigate a novel long wave generation technique for producing laboratory-scale tsunami waves. The concept is based on removing the air from the inside of a tank with a submerged outlet at the upstream end of the basin and releasing the water in a controlled manner. A similar procedure as described above was used to calibrate the numerical parameters to experimentally-measured wave heights and periods. To model the influence of the pneumatic valves mounted on top of the upstream chamber, time-varying pressure boundary conditions are developed to regulate and control the pressure inside the tank. Quantitative and qualitative comparisons of the numerical and experimental results show good agreement and a high potential for the solver to be used for similar investigations. An analysis is performed to improve the existing understanding of the wave formation process. The model is also applied to modify test configurations that influence the waveform for which the results may be used to aid in making operating decisions for future tests or in the design of similar wave generating devices.

Cette thèse est consacrée à l’étude en microfluidique de la fabrication de fibres. Les deux étapes critiques sont : - la mise en forme du matériau : nous avons étudié des instabilités qui peuvent se déclencher dans des coécoulements coeur/écorce faisant intervenir des fluides complexes (polymères, suspensions concentrées), celles-ci peuvent empêcher un contrôle de cette étape ; - le figeage de cette forme : nous avons étudié la gélification de l’alginate (un biopolymère formant un gel par l’ajout d’ions calcium) sous écoulement. Nous avons étudié des phénomènes de diffusion-réaction sous écoulement pour comprendre les points de fonctionnement de nos dispositifs. Une fois ces étapes contrôlées, nous nous sommes intéressés à la fabrication des fibres d’alginates fortement chargées en cellules pour l’ingénierie tissulaire. / Abstract

The work presented in this thesis concerns the theoretical analysis of the motion of floating rectangular cross-section bodies in single-frequency harmonic waves. When a conventional laterally symmetric ship is modelled by such a body, the computation of strip-theory coefficients (derived from the solution of Laplace's equation for the fluid surrounding the ship) is simplified. This technique is used here to model a typical barge, with actual cross-sections very close to the assumed rectangular shapes. In particular, slamming motions are investigated using two conventional linear slamming criteria. The rectangular section model is also applied to the investigation of slamming motions by use of 'quasi-harmonic' slamming criteria, which are developed from an updating technique used with conventional strip theory coefficients. Results are presented for an example. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Mechanical Engineering, Department of / Graduate

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第22374号 / 医博第4615号 / 新制||医||1043(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 武藤 学, 教授 松田 道行, 教授 小西 靖彦 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Cavitating flow through five perforated plates with different number of holes with preserved constant flow cross-section area in sum were experimentally examined. Dynamic characteristics such as dependence of pressure amplitudes and dominant frequencies on cavitation number in all regimes of cavitating flow: incipient cavitation, partial cavitation, fully developed cavitation and supercavitation are obtained. For determination of dominant frequencies several pressure transducers in two regimes of measurement were used. Results were validated with frequency spectra obtained from picture analysis based on high-speed camera records.