褚涓. / "2010年9月". / "2010 nian 9 yue". / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 99-106). / Abstract in Chinese and English. / Chu Juan. / 論文摘要 --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / Chapter 第一章 --- 導論 --- p.1 / Chapter 第一節 --- 研究背景與研究問題 --- p.1 / Chapter 第二節 --- 理論文獻綜述 --- p.4 / “碎片化的權威主義´ح與“多元化´ح --- p.5 / 中國環保NGO的政治闡釋 --- p.11 / Chapter 第三節 --- 研究設計 --- p.16 / 研究對象 --- p.16 / 研究意義 --- p.17 / 資料收集 --- p.20 / 文章結構 --- p.20 / Chapter 第二章 --- 水壩政治的制度環境變遷 --- p.21 / Chapter 第一節 --- 水電體制改革：行動者與利益 --- p.23 / 水電管理與投資體制改革 --- p.23 / 水電的規劃與決策 --- p.26 / Chapter 第二節 --- 官僚政治：環保總局分享決策權 --- p.29 / 環保總局的“升遷´ح之路 --- p.29 / 環評制衡水電開發 --- p.30 / Chapter 第三節 --- 公民社會政治：環保NGO結緣江河開發 --- p.33 / 都江堰“保衛戰´ح --- p.34 / 漫灣電站社會影響評估 --- p.36 / Chapter 第三章 --- “保留一條原始生態江´ؤ´ؤ怒江！ ´ح --- p.38 / Chapter 第一節 --- 怒江水電開發政策議題的開端 --- p.38 / 怒江水電項目的由來 --- p.38 / 環保總局發力 --- p.40 / Chapter 第二節 --- 環保NGO的初期動員 --- p.44 / 掀起媒體“風暴´ح --- p.44 / 遊說官員 --- p.47 / 尋求國際社會的支援 --- p.49 / NGO之間的聯盟 --- p.S1 / 深入怒江考察和調研 --- p.52 / 通過兩會提案保護怒江 --- p.54 / Chapter 第三節 --- 總理批示：“慎重研究、科學決策´ح --- p.55 / 政府内部的角力 --- p.55 / 爭論聲中叫停 --- p.57 / Chapter 第四節 --- 社區行動與政府的反應 --- p.59 / 綠色流域走進社區 --- p.59 / 遭到打壓 --- p.62 / Chapter 第四章 --- 新一輪的挑戰與動員 --- p.65 / Chapter 第一節 --- 轉折：總理再次批示 --- p.65 / “傳媒戰´ح受挫與院士考察團訪問怒江 --- p.65 / 地方政府遊說中央 --- p.67 / Chapter 第二節 --- 環保NGO的第二輪動員 --- p.69 / 呼吁知情权与参与权 --- p.69 / 啟動法律工具 --- p.71 / Chapter 第三節 --- 陷入膠著 --- p.72 / 官方的表態 --- p.72 / 環保NGO的後續倡導 --- p.75 / Chapter 第四節 --- 虎跳峽、小南海電站再掀波瀾 --- p.77 / Chapter 第五章 --- 結論：決策開放化的解讀 --- p.80 / 政府的“碎片化´ح與“權威´ح --- p.82 / 利益代表：有序的政治參與官僚包辦 --- p.85 / 公眾參與的“陷阱´ح --- p.92 / 參考文獻 --- p.99 / 附件：訪談對象 --- p.107

Orientador: Luiz Roberto Carrocci / Coorientador: José Antonio Perrella Balestieri / Banca: Eliana Vieira Canettieri / Banca: Daniela Helena Pelegrine / Resumo : Neste trabalho, é apresentada uma metodologia que permite avaliar a viabilidade técnica e econômica de empreendimentos de geração de energia com base em aproveitamentos hídricos ditos de baixa queda. A metodologia ora apresentada é também desenvolvida em formato de ferramenta computacional e tem por objetivo principal abordar os diversos aspectos relevantes neste processo de avaliação, que seja de fácil aplicação, rápida e automatizada e traga uma visão ampla das possibilidades de soluções para determinado estudo de caso. A dissertação aborda um assunto de amplo interesse para o atual mercado de geração de energia, pois é sabido que existe uma tendência de que cada vez mais exista a necessidade de explorar este tipo de aproveitamento hídrico, principalmente na região norte brasileira / Abstract: In this work, it is presented a methodology for assessing the technical and economical feasibility study of low head hydropower generation projects. The presented methodology is also developed in a computational tool way and has as a main goal to approach the various relevant aspects in this evaluation process, to be easy for use, fast and automated and bring a broad vision of the possibilities for solutions to a particular case study. The dissertation approaches a subject of broad interest to the current power generation market, because it is known that more and more there is a trend that this kind of water resources needs to be exploited, mainly in the northern Brazilian region / Mestre

Maintenance of power plants is aimed at extending the life and reducing the risk of sudden breakdown of power generating units. Traditionally, power generating units have been scheduled for maintenance in periods to ensure that the demand of the system is fully met and the reliability of the system is maximized. However, in a deregulated power industry, the pressure of maintaining generating units is also driven by the potential revenue received by participating in the electricity market. Ideally, hydropower generating units are required to operate during periods when electricity prices are high and to be able to be taken offline for maintenance when the price is low. Therefore, determination of the optimum time periods for maintenance of generating units in a power system has become an important task from both a system reliability and an economic point of view. Due to the extremely large number of potential maintenance schedules, a systematic approach is required to ensure that optimal or near-optimal maintenance schedules are obtained within an acceptable timeframe. Metaheustics are high-level algorithmic frameworks that aim to solve combinatorial optimisation problems with a large search space in a reasonable computational run time. Inspired by the foraging behavior of ant colonies, Ant Colony Optimisation (ACO) is a relatively new metaheuristic for combinatorial optimisation. The application of ACO to a number of different applications has provided encouraging results when applied to scheduling, including the job-shop, flow-shop, machine tardiness and resource-constrained project scheduling problems. In this thesis, a formulation is developed that enables ACO to be applied to the generalized power plant maintenance scheduling optimisation (PPMSO) problem. The formulation caters for all constraints generally encountered as part of real-world PPMSO problems, including system demands and reliability levels, precedence rules between maintenance tasks, public holidays and minimum outage durations in the case of shortening of maintenance tasks. As part of the formulation, a new heuristic and a new local search strategy have been developed. The new ACO-PPMSO formulation has been tested extensively on two benchmark PPMSO problems from the literature, including a 21-unit and a 22-unit problem. It was found that the ACOPPMSO formulation resulted in significant improvements in performance for both case studies compared with the results obtained in previous studies. In addition, the new heuristic formulation was found to be useful in finding maintenance schedules that result in more evenly spread reserve capacity and resource allocations. When tested using a modified version of the 21-unit and the 22-unit problems, the new local search strategy specifically designed for duration shortening was found to be effective in searching locally for maintenance schedules that require minimal shortening of outage duration. The ACO-PPMSO formulation was also successfully able to cater for all constraints as specified in both original and the modified versions of the two benchmark case studies. In order to further test the ACO-PPMSO formulation developed, it was first applied to a scaled-down version of the Hydro Tasmania hydropower system (five power stations) and then to the full system (55 generating units). As part of the studies, the ACO-PPMSO formulation was linked with the simulation model used by Hydro Tasmania to assess the impact of various maintenance schedules on the total energy in storage of the system at the end of the planning horizon, the total thermal generation, the total number of days where the reliability level is not met, as well as the total unserved energy throughout the planning horizon. A number of constraints were considered, including the anticipated system demands, a 30% capacity reliability level, the minimum and maximum durations between related maintenance tasks, the precedence constraints and the minimum outage duration of each task in the case of shortening of maintenance tasks. The maintenance schedule was optimised for the maximum end-of-horizon total energy in storage, the minimum thermal generation and the minimum total outage durations shortened and deferred, under 77 different inflow conditions. The optimal maintenance schedule obtained compared favourably with that obtained by Hydro Tasmania over many years based on experience. Specifically, the ACO-PPMSO schedule results in higher end-of-horizon total energy in storage and satisfies both hard and soft constraints, which overall equates to over $0.5 million dollars of savings when compared to the schedule obtained using the practitioners’ experience and engineering judgment. The ACO-PPMSO algorithm was also shown to be a useful decision-making tool for scheduling maintenance under different circumstances when tested with four scenarios commonly encountered in practical maintenance scheduling problems. In conclusion, the ACO-PPMSO formulation developed, tested and applied as part of this thesis research provides a powerful and flexible means of obtaining optimal or near-optimal maintenance schedules for power plants. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1294672 / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2007

Energy is increasingly becoming more important in today&rsquo / s world. Ascending of energy consumption due to development of technology and dense population of earth causes greenhouse effect. One of the most valuable energy sources is hydro energy. Because of limited energy sources and excessive energy usage, cost of energy is rising. There are many ways to generate electricity. Among the electricity generation units, hydroelectric power plants are very important, since they are renewable energy sources and they have no fuel cost. Electricity is one of the most expensive input in production. Every hydro energy potential should be considered when making investment on this hydro energy potential. To decide whether a hydroelectric power plant investment is feasible or not, project cost and amount of electricity generation of the investment should be precisely estimated. This study is about cost estimation of hydroelectric power plant projects. Many design parameters and complexity of construction affect the cost of hydroelectric power plant projects. In this thesis fifty four hydroelectric power plant projects are analyzed. The data set is analyzed by using regression analysis and artificial neural network tools. As a result, two cost estimation models have been developed to determine the hydroelectric power plant project cost in early stage of the project.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2007. / Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 272-296). Also available online in Scholars' Bank; and in ProQuest, free to University of Oregon users.

Orientador: Silvio Jorge Coelho Simões / Coorientadora: Isabel Cristina de Barros Trannin / Banca: Luiz Fernando Costa Nascimento / Banca: Tatiana Sussel Gonçalves Mendes / Banca: Marcelo dos Santos Targa / Banca: Humberto Gallo Junior / Resumo: O acesso à energia elétrica é requisito básico de cidadania e de desenvolvimento econômico e, no Brasil, a principal fonte de geração de energia são as hidrelétricas. Entende-se que a geração de energia hidrelétrica através de centrais geradoras de pequeno porte é sustentável, porém, para averiguar essa sustentabilidade se faz necessário avaliar as situações de vulnerabilidade socioambiental na área de influência do empreendimento. O principal objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar as áreas em situação de vulnerabilidade socioambiental na área de influência de uma central geradora de pequeno porte hipotética na bacia hidrográfica do rio do Chapéu, localizada no município de São Luiz do Paraitinga, Estado de São Paulo como área de estudo de caso para compreensão das inter-relações das vulnerabilidades socioambientais. A metodologia empregada utilizou ferramentas de análise espacial de dados ambientais e sociais da área de estudo e aborda uma análise multicriterial baseada na classificação contínua e na técnica de comparação pareada AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process), incorporados ao SIG completo denominado SPRING v. 4.3.3 (Sistema de Processamento de Informações Georreferenciadas), para a obtenção do mapa de Índice de Vulnerabilidade Socioambiental - IVSA. Concluiu-se que há fortes coincidências entre os espaços susceptíveis a processos de vulnerabilidade físico-ambiental e os espaços que apresentam os piores indicadores sociais, que são agravados por um fator antrópico, o uso d... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The access to electricity is a basic requirement of citizenship and economic development, and in Brazil, the main source of energy is from hydroelectric stations. It is understood that the hydroelectric energy generation through small-scale power is sustainable, however, to verify this sustainability it is necessary to assess the socio-environmental vulnerability situations in the influence area of the enterprise. The main objective of this work was to analyze the socioenvironmental vulnerability in the influence area of a hypothetical small power generating station in the hydrographic water parting of the Chapéu river, located in the city of São Luiz do Paraitinga, State of São Paulo, as an area of a study case to understand the interrelationships of socio-environmental vulnerabilities. The methodology used spatial analysis tools of environmental and social data of the study area and addresses a based multicriteria analysis on continuous classification, the AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process) and the paired comparison technique, incorporated into the complete GIS called SPRING v. 4.3.3 (Georeferenced Information Processing System), to obtain the Socio-Environmental Vulnerability Index Map - IVSA. It was concluded that there are strong coincidences between the susceptible spaces to processes of physical-environmental vulnerability and spaces that present the worst social indicators, which are aggravated by an anthropic factor, the ground use. The results of this work express the starting point for deep analyzes of the socio - environmental vulnerability at the influence area of small - scale generating stations, being necessary the planning of mitigating actions of this vulnerability, in sense of achieving the enterprise's sustainability / Doutor

Este trabalho tem como objetivo compreender o comportamento térmico da excitatriz estática da Usina Hidrelétrica Derivação do Rio Jordão (UHEDRJ), empregando redes de Bragg em fibra ótica como sensor de temperatura. São apresentados os componentes da excitatriz estática, com foco na ponte retificadora trifásica controlada a tiristores. Com a calibração pôde-se conhecer os erros e incertezas dos sensores, tendo as maiores contribuições de incerteza devidas à dispersão das amostras e ajuste das curvas pelo método dos mínimos quadrados. A instrumentação da excitatriz estática permite que sejam realizados ensaios em diversas condições de operação da unidade geradora: partida da unidade, excitação a vazio, ou seja, com o gerador energizado, mas sem estar conectado ao sistema elétrico; excitada e sincronizada, ou seja, gerador energizado e sincronizado com o sistema elétrico; rampa de carga até a carga nominal e parada da unidade. Os ensaios realizados permitem estimar o comportamento térmico da ponte retificadora, variações de temperatura de cada tiristor no painel e como ocorrem as dissipações térmicas. / This work aims to study the static exciter thermal behavior of the hydroelectric power plant Rio Jordão (UHEDRJ) using fiber Bragg gratings as temperature sensor. The components of the static exciter are presented, with a focus on three-phase thyristor controlled bridge rectifier. The calibration allows knowing the errors and uncertainties of the sensors and the greatest uncertainty contributions due to dispersion of the samples and adjusting the curves by the method of minimun squares. The static exciter instrumentation allows performed the tests in various operating conditions of the generating unit: starting unit, excitation empty (with the generator energized but not connected to the grid); excited and synchronized (energized and synchronized with the power grid), ramp load to rated load and the unit stopped. The tests allow to estimate the thermal behavior of the bridge rectifier, temperature variations of each thyristor in the panel and how occur the thermal dissipation.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo desenvolver um sistema de conexão entre unidades de geração trifásica e uma rede de distribuição de energia elétrica rural monofásica. O sistema proposto baseia-se em um conversor CA/CA. Este conversor é composto por um retificador trifásico modulado por largura de pulso e um inversor monofásico. O controle do sistema é realizado através de um controlador digital de sinais (DSC). Atualmente o custo para conexão de mini e micro centrais hidrelétricas às redes de distribuição das concessionárias é bastante elevado, principalmente pelo custo de implantação das redes de distribuição trifásicas, e isso gera impacto principalmente nos pequenos empreendimentos. Para os empreendimentos maiores, este custo é diluído no custo total da obra, não impactando de forma significativa na viabilidade do negócio. Este trabalho visa desenvolver um sistema de conexão que atenda os requisitos técnicos e as exigências legais e que ao mesmo tempo consiga reduzir os custos para a conexão de pequenos agentes geradores no sistema elétrico nacional, em localidades onde somente a rede monofásica esteja disponível. Com isso, pretende-se viabilizar economicamente a inserção de pequenos produtores no cenário de geração e comercialização de energia elétrica. / The objective of this work is to develop a connection system between three-phase generation units and a single phase rural distribution electricity network. The proposed system is based on an AC/AC converter. This converter consists in a threephase PWM rectifier and a single-phase PWM inverter. System control is performed by a Digital Signal Controller (DSC). Currently, the cost for connecting mini and micro hydropower plants to distribution networks of utilities is very high, especially because of the three phase distribution networks deployment cost, which generates impact mainly in small businesses. For larger businesses, this cost is diluted within the total work costs, not significantly impacting business viability though. This work aims at developing a system that meets the technical and legal connection requirements and, at the same time, will be capable of reducing costs for connecting small generating agents in the national power system in locations where only a single-phase network is available. Therefore, we intend to make economically viable insertion of small producers in the generation and sale electricity scenario.

CAPES / Este trabalho tem como objetivo desenvolver um sensor a fibra óptica para a monitoração de temperatura em mancais de hidrogeradores de usinas hidrelétricas. Foi apresentado o projeto gráfico, modelagem térmica, processo de montagem e testes realizados. Por tratar-se de uma inovação, é difícil a comparação com outros sensores ópticos desenvolvidos especificamente para monitorar temperatura em mancais de hidro geradores. Inicialmente, foram realizados ensaios preliminares com um protótipo para determinação da dinâmica térmica no interior dos mancais em situações diversas de operação. A partir dessa medição, foi idealizado um sensor óptico que possui duas fibras ópticas, com 3 redes de Bragg gravadas em cada uma delas. Essas redes são encapsuladas por uma haste de alumina coberta com anéis de material com elevada condutividade térmica onde as redes de Bragg se localizam, e baixa condutividade térmica no restante da haste. O procedimento, para calibrar as redes de Bragg do sensor, consistiu em varias a temperatura em degraus de 10°C desde 10°C até 80°C. Cada valor de temperatura permaneceu estável durante 20min, permitindo que o comprimento de onda refletido de cada sensor pudesse ser estimado mediante um histograma. A partir da calibração foram determinados os coeficientes de correlação e o coeficiente de sensibilidade térmica de cada sensor, bem como a incerteza padrão combinada dos mesmos. As incertezas foram divididas em dois tipos, A e B. As incertezas do tipo A, são relativas à dispersão amostral e são determinadas a partir da média, variância e desvio padrão das amostras realizadas durante a calibração. As incertezas do tipo B são obtidas de manuais e certificados de calibração. Foram realizados testes em laboratório com o objetivo de submeter o novo sensor a grandes variações térmicas, entre 15°C e 75°C e checar se as incertezas determinadas correspondiam na prática. Os resultados obtidos apresentam erro máximo de aproximadamente 0,9°C entre o sensor óptico e o sensor de referência PT100. Esse resultado situa-se dentro da faixa de valores de incerteza calculada para os sensores da fibra óptica 1, respectivamente 1,7°C, 1°C e 0,7°C para os sensores 1, 2 e 3. Assim como para a fibra 2, foram observados os valores de incerteza de 0,98°C e 0,71°C respectivamente para as FBG 1, 2 e 3. O desenvolvimento deste sensor possibilita a criação de novos sistemas de monitoração de temperatura ópticos aplicáveis em geradores de grande porte, bem coma interligação destes sistemas visando no futuro o mapeamento térmico total de um gerador utilizando sensoriamento óptico. / This work aims to develop a fiber optic probe for temperature monitoring in bearings of generators hydro power plants. Graphic design, thermal modeling, assembly and testing process is presented. Once it is innovation, it is difficult to compare with other optical transducers developed specifically for monitoring temperature in bearing hydro generators. Initially experiments were performed with a prototype for determination of the thermal dynamics inside the bearings in various operating situations. From this measurement, an optical transducer was designed which was two optical fibers with 3 Bragg gratings recorded in each of them. These gratings are encapsulated by a rod made of alumina and covered with rings of material with good thermal conductivity where the Bragg grating is located, and low thermal conductivity in the remainder of the rod. The procedure for calibrating the Bragg gratings of the transducer consisted of steps of 10°C in the temperature range from 10°C to 80°C. Each temperature value remained stable during 20 min, allowing the mean wavelength reflected from each sensor might be estimated by a histogram. Were determined from the calibration the correlation coefficient and the coefficient of thermal sensitivity of each sensor, and the combined standard uncertainty thereof. The uncertainties were divided into two types: Type A uncertainties are related to the sample dispersion and are determined from the mean, variance and standard deviation of the samples taken during calibration, and type B where uncertainties are obtained from manuals and certificates of calibration. Tests were conducted in laboratory with the aim to submit the new transducer to large temperature variations, ranging between 15°C and 75°C and to check if the uncertainties corresponded in practice. The results presented the maximum error of about 0.9°C between the optical sensor and the reference sensor PT100. This result is within the range of uncertainty values calculated for the fiber optical fiber 2, uncertainty values of 0.98°C, 0.85°C to 0.71°C respectively for the FBG 1, 2 and 3 were observed. The development of this transducer enables the creation of new systems for monitoring temperature optical applicable in generators, as well as the interconnection of these systems to the future the total thermal mapping of a generator using optical sensing. / 5000

Este trabalho tem como objetivo compreender o comportamento térmico da excitatriz estática da Usina Hidrelétrica Derivação do Rio Jordão (UHEDRJ), empregando redes de Bragg em fibra ótica como sensor de temperatura. São apresentados os componentes da excitatriz estática, com foco na ponte retificadora trifásica controlada a tiristores. Com a calibração pôde-se conhecer os erros e incertezas dos sensores, tendo as maiores contribuições de incerteza devidas à dispersão das amostras e ajuste das curvas pelo método dos mínimos quadrados. A instrumentação da excitatriz estática permite que sejam realizados ensaios em diversas condições de operação da unidade geradora: partida da unidade, excitação a vazio, ou seja, com o gerador energizado, mas sem estar conectado ao sistema elétrico; excitada e sincronizada, ou seja, gerador energizado e sincronizado com o sistema elétrico; rampa de carga até a carga nominal e parada da unidade. Os ensaios realizados permitem estimar o comportamento térmico da ponte retificadora, variações de temperatura de cada tiristor no painel e como ocorrem as dissipações térmicas. / This work aims to study the static exciter thermal behavior of the hydroelectric power plant Rio Jordão (UHEDRJ) using fiber Bragg gratings as temperature sensor. The components of the static exciter are presented, with a focus on three-phase thyristor controlled bridge rectifier. The calibration allows knowing the errors and uncertainties of the sensors and the greatest uncertainty contributions due to dispersion of the samples and adjusting the curves by the method of minimun squares. The static exciter instrumentation allows performed the tests in various operating conditions of the generating unit: starting unit, excitation empty (with the generator energized but not connected to the grid); excited and synchronized (energized and synchronized with the power grid), ramp load to rated load and the unit stopped. The tests allow to estimate the thermal behavior of the bridge rectifier, temperature variations of each thyristor in the panel and how occur the thermal dissipation.