O desenvolvimento de uma matriz de colágeno associado à gelatina tem potencial como biomaterial devido sua alta biocompatibilidade, capacidade de alterar suas propriedades físico-químicas e estruturais por modificações químicas e a habilidade de formar géis estáveis. Porém, um ponto negativo de sua aplicação está na biodegradabilidade. Desta forma, para reduzir esta degradação, agentes de reticulação, como a proantocianidina (PA), que age formando ligações de hidrogênio as quais estabilizam o complexo proteína-PA, podem ser empregados. Este trabalho teve como objetivo a obtenção de hidrogéis neutros de colágeno aniônico:gelatina:extrato de semente de uva. Para tanto, foram utilizadas duas proporções de extrato, 0,25 e 0,50% e três diferentes tempos de hidrólise alcalina do colágeno, 24, 72 e 120 horas, gerando nove diferentes biomateriais, incluindo os hidrogéis sem tratamento com o extrato. O colágeno foi extraído de tendão bovino e o agente reticulante foi o extrato de semente de uva cujo componente majoritário é a proantocianidina. A caracterização foi feita por termogravimetria (TG), calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC), espectroscopia de absorção no infravermelho (FTIR), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), cinética de absorção de água e ensaios de citotoxicidade in vitro, pelos métodos de difusão em ágar e difusão de extrato em solução (MTT). Estudos de TG mostraram a perda de água em um processo único, representando em média 95% do hidrogel. As curvas DSC mostraram que quanto maior a concentração de extrato, maior é a temperatura de desnaturação, aumentando em média 6,8°C com a adição de 0,50% de extrato, o que indica a eficácia da proantocianidina na reticulação do colágeno. Além disso, notaram-se temperaturas menores para maiores tempos de hidrólise alcalina do colágeno, sendo de 58,4°C, 49,7°C e 46,5°C para hidrogéis preparados com colágeno 24, 72 e 120 horas, respectivamente. A presença do extrato não causou alterações significativas nos espectros FTIR, apenas surgimento das bandas em 1118 e 1288 cm-1 referentes ao anel aromático da proantocianidina, mas gerou mudanças nas estruturas internas dos hidrogéis, visualizadas por MEV, como aumento do número de poros e interconectividade entre eles. A cinética de absorção de água mostrou que o equilíbrio é atingido em aproximadamente 10 minutos, indicando vantagem para a aplicação do hidrogel, já que é obtido rapidamente a partir de sua forma liofilizada, adequada para o armazenamento. Também foi observado que quanto menor é o tempo de hidrólise, maiores são as absorções, variando de 540 até 1360%. Com os ensaios de citotoxicidade foi possível concluir que o hidrogel C24GE50 mostrou-se mais adequado para uma aplicação como biomaterial, com um índice de 92,7% de sobrevivência celular. / The development of a collagen matrix associated with gelatin has potential as biomaterial due to its high compatibility, ability to change its physical-chemical and structural properties by chemical modifications and also the ability to form stable gels. However, a negative point of its application is the biodegradability. Thus, to reduce this degradation, crosslinking agents, such as proanthocyanidin (PA), which acts forming hydrogen bonds which stabilize the PA protein complex may be employed. This project aimed to obtain neutral hydrogels prepared by mixture of anionic collagen: gelatin: grape seed extract. It was used two extract proportions (0.25 and 0.50%) and three different periods of time for collagen alkaline hydrolysis (24, 72, 120 hours), giving nine different biomaterials, including hydrogels without treatment with the extract. The collagen was extracted from bovine tendon and the crosslinking agent was grape seed extract whose major component is the proanthocyanidin. The characterization was done by thermogravimetry (TG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), water absorption kinetics and in vitro cytotoxicity assays, by agar diffusion method and diffusion of extract in solution (MTT). TG results showed loss of water in a single process, representing about 95% of the hydrogel.DSC curves showed that the higher the concentration of the extract, the higher the melting temperature, increasing on average 6.8 °C with the addition of 0.50% extract, which indicates the effectiveness of the proanthocyanidin crosslinking of the collagen. Moreover, lower temperatures were observed for longer periods of alkaline hydrolysis of collagen, being 58.4°C, 49.7°C and 46.5°C for preparations with 24, 72 and 120 hours, respectively. The presence of the extract did not cause significant changes in the FTIR spectra, only appearance of bands at 1118 and 1288 cm-1 related to the aromatic ring of proanthocyanidin but led to changes in internal structures of the hydrogels viewed by SEM, showing increased number of pores and interconnectivity between them. The water absorption kinetics showed that the equilibrium is achieved in approximately 10 minutes, indicating advantages in using this hydrogel, which is quickly obtained from its lyophilized form, a suitable form for storage. It was also observed that the shorter the time of hydrolysis, the greater the absorptions, ranging from 540 to 1360%. It was possible to conclude from the cytotoxicity analysis that the C24GE50 is more suitable for application as a biomaterial, with an index of 92.7% cell survival.

"In situ polymerizing hydrogel systems play an important role in many tissue engineering applications. They have proven to be useful in biomedical applications that require conversion of liquid macromer solution to tissue compliant hydrogel under physiological conditions. A series of poly(ethylene glycol)-co-poly(lactate) diacrylate macromers were synthesized with variable PEG molecular weight and lactate content. The macromer compositions were confirmed by NMR spectroscopy and ion chromatography. These macromers were polymerized to form hydrogels by free radical polymerization using either redox or photochemical initiators. The current study focused on the optimization of polymerization conditions. Compressive modulus and residual acrylate analysis were used to evaluate polymerization efficiency. To characterize the network structure, the swelling ratio values were converted to the average molecular weight between crosslinks ( ) and mesh sizes (ξ) using Flory-Rehner theory. Current study suggested hydrophobic modification is desired to achieve high polymerization efficiency. Electrospinning is a developing technique to produce ultra fine fibrous structures from polymer solutions. Current research efforts have focused on understanding the effects of principal parameters such as molecular weight distribution (MWD) and polymer surfactant interactions on the morphology of the electrospun patterns. Fundamental understanding of the dilute solution rheology of the polydisperse polymer/solvent and polymer/solvent/surfactant systems was first established. Using viscometry, the on-set of entanglement concentrations could be obtained for various systems. Electrospinning was then carried out to evaluate the effects of polymer molecular weight, molecular weight distribution (MWD) and the polymer-surfactant interaction on the fiber formation and morphological features. The importance of increased chain entanglements due to high molecular weight component within the polydisperse system and the expansion of the coil dimension by binding the surfactant micelles have been recognized. The critical concentrations for incipient as well as stable fiber formation were determined. "

This thesis has investigated several complex situations that may be encountered in electrochemical studies. Three main situations have been examined, they include the formation of polymer films on electrode surfaces during measurements, a novel nanocatalyst modified electrode surfaces, and organised carbon nanotube (CNT) structures on electrode surfaces. These have been utilised for different electrochemical applications owing to their dissimilar properties. Voltammetric techniques of cyclic voltammetry (CV), square wave voltammetry (SWV) and Fourier transformed large amplitude ac voltammetry (FTACV) have been utilised to examine these reactions. Chapter 3 reports the investigation of catechol oxidation and subsequent polymerisation through crosslinking with D-glucosamine or chitosan. Hydrogel can be formed on the electrode surface during the process, which changes the viscosity of the solution and thus affects the diffusion of chemical species. This process has been examined by several voltammetric techniques. A further examination of the chemical system has also been conducted using FTACV for the first time. Chapter 4 describes the preparation of carbon microsphere supported molybdenum disulfide. The material has been utilised as electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in acidic media, and the performance tested by traditional linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and advanced FTACV techniques. The FTACV technique has been used for the first time for HER processes. In addition, the synthesised particles have also been used for thermal catalytic decomposition of hydrogen sulfide, which shows a significant improvement in the conversion rate over conventional examples. Chapter 5 demonstrates the direct growth of vertically aligned CNT forests on a gold electrode. The electrochemical response of the fabricated electrode has also been examined with ferrocyanide as the redox species. Furthermore, the immobilisation of anthraquinone onto CNT forest has been attempted. The fabricated electrode was utilised as a pH sensor via CV and SWV, and both indicates a well correlated pH-potential relationship in the pH range of 2 to 12. The sensor has also been assessed by the FTACV technique.

Les hydrogels moléculaires avec un réseau de fibres auto-assembles sont utilisés dans différents domaines dont le relargage de médicaments, les senseurs, l’ingénierie tissulaire et la nano-modélisation. Les hydrogels moléculaires à base d’acides biliaires, qui sont une classe de biocomposés d’origine naturelle, montrent une biocompatibilité améliorée et sont de bons candidats pour des applications dans le domaine biomédical. Ces hydrogels présentent une bonne bio-dégradabilité et une diversité fonctionnelle grâce aux faibles interactions supramoléculaires et aux structures chimiques précisément contrôlées. Dans cette thèse, des nouveaux hydrogels moléculaires à base des acides biliaires et leurs dérivés ont été étudiés pour mieux comprendre la relation entre la structure chimique du gélifiant et la formation de gels moléculaires. Un dimère de l'acide cholique avec un groupe diéthylènetriamine est insoluble dans l'eau. Par contre, il peut former des hydrogels grâce à un réseau tri-dimensionnel de fibres en présence de certains acides carboxyliques. L'addition d'acide carboxylique peut protoner le groupe amine secondaire et défaire les interactions intermoléculaires entre les dimères et favoriser la formation des liaisons hydrogènes acide-dimère. Seuls les acides carboxyliques faibles et hydrophiles causent la gélation des dimères. La résistance mécanique des hydrogels formés peut être modifiée par un choix judicieux d'acides. Les interactions hydrophobes et les liaisons hydrogènes entre les chaînes latérales d'acides carboxyliques peuvent améliorer les propriétés mécaniques des hydrogels. La solubilité marginale du complexe acide-dimère a été considérée comme un facteur critique pour la formation d'hydrogels. Un autre système d’hydrogélation à base d’acides biliaires a été développé par l’introduction de dioxyde de carbone (CO2) dans des solutions aqueuses de certains sels d’acides biliaires, qui donne un hydrogel composé de molécules biologiques entièrement naturelles et fournit un réservoir commode du CO2 dans l’eau. Le groupement carboxylate des sels d’acides biliaires peut être partiellement protoné dans les solutions aqueuses, ce qui amène la dissolution marginale dans l’eau et la formation d’hydrogels avec une structure fibreuse. L’aspect et les propriétés mécaniques des hydrogels dépendent de la concentration de CO2. Le bullage avec CO2 pendant une ou deux secondes génère un hydrogel transparent avec des nanofibres. Le bullage supplémentaire forme des hydrogels plus forts. Mais réduit la transparence et la force mécanique des hydrogels. D’ailleurs, les hydrogels transparents ou opaques redeviennent des solutions transparentes quand ils sont chauffés avec bullage de N2. La transition sol-gel est réversible et reproductible. La force mécanique et la transparence des hydrogels peuvent être améliorées par l’addition de sels inorganiques comme NaCl par l’effet de relargage. Toutes les composantes de ces hydrogels sont naturelles, donnant des hydrogels biocompatibles et potentiellement utiles pour des applications dans le domaine biomédical. Le dimère mentionné ci-dessus possède des propriétés d’auto-assemblage dépendamment de sa concentration. Ceci a été étudié en utilisant un sel organique de dimère/acide formique avec un rapport molaire 1/1. Le sel du dimère s’auto-assemble dans l’eau et ainsi forme des nanofibres isolées et mono-dispersées à des concentrations faibles. Les fibres enchevêtrées donnent des réseaux fibreux 3D bien dispersés de façon aléatoire à des concentrations plus élevées. Quand la concentration du sel du dimère est supérieure à la concentration critique de gélation, le réseau fibreux est assez fort pour immobiliser la solution, qui provoque la formation d’un hydrogel isotrope. L’augmentation supplémentaire de la concentration du sel du dimère peut augmenter l’anisotropie de l’hydrogel et former ainsi un hydrogel nématique. La formation de domaines ordonnés des nanofibres alignées donne ces propriétés optiques à l’hydrogel. L’agitation de systèmes aqueux du sel de dimère favorise aussi la formation de nanofibres alignées. / Molecular hydrogels are soft materials formed by the self-assembly of small molecules in aqueous solutions via supramolecular interactions. Although much effort has been made in the past several decades in the study of these hydrogels, the mechanism of their formation remains to be understood and the prediction of their formation is a challenge. The main purpose of this thesis is to develop novel molecular hydrogels derived from bile acids, which are naturally occurring biocompounds, and to find the relationship between the gelator structure and the gelation ability. Two new molecular gelation systems based on bile acids and their derivatives have been developed, which may be useful in biomedical applications. The marginal solubility of the solute in water has been found to be a prerequisite for the formation of such molecular hydrogels. The alignment of the nanofibers in the gels leads to the formation of nematic hydrogels. The first gelation system is based on a cholic acid dimer as a gelator, which has two cholic acid molecules covalently linked by a diethylenetriamine spacer. This dimer is insoluble in water, but it forms hydrogels with 3-D fibrous networks in the presence of selected carboxylic acids. The carboxylic acids protonate the dimer, making it marginally soluble in water to yield hydrogels. Only weak and hydrophilic carboxylic acids were capable of inducing the gelation of the dimer and the mechanical strength of the hydrogels could be varied by judicious choice of the acids. Hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonding between the side chains of carboxylic acids improve the mechanical properties of hydrogels. The marginal solubility of the acid-dimer complex is regarded to be the critical factor for the formation of hydrogels. Another hydrogelation system was developed by purging to the aqueous solutions of a series of bile salts with carbon dioxide (CO2), yielding hydrogels made of entire natural biological molecules and providing a convenient storage reservoir of CO2 in water. Bile salts are well dissolved in water, while the solubility of bile acids is limited. The carboxylate group of bile salts may be partially protonated in aqueous solutions by bubbling CO2, making them only marginally soluble in water. This forms fibrous structures. Both the appearance and mechanical properties of the hydrogels depend on the amount of CO2 purged. Bubbling CO2 initially induced the formation of transparent hydrogels with nanofibers. Continued purging with CO2 strengthened the hydrogel mechanically, while further addition of CO2 reduced the transparency and mechanical strength of the hydrogel. Both the transparent and opaque hydrogels reverted to transparent solutions when heated and bubbling N2. The sol-gel transition process was reversible and repeatable. The mechanical strength and transparency of the hydrogels could be improved by adding inorganic salts such as NaCl via a salting-out effect. All the hydrogel components are naturally biological compounds, making such hydrogels biocompatible and potentially useful in biomedical applications. The cholic acid dimer linked with a diethylenetriamine spacer was able to assemble in water and form isolated nanofibers in the presence of certain carboxylic acids at a much lower concentration than the CMC of sodium cholate. These nanofibers entangle with each other to yield well-dispersed and randomly-directed 3-D fibrous networks at higher concentrations. When the concentration of dimer salt is above the minimum gelation concentration, the fibrous network is strong enough to immobilize the solution, leading to the formation of an isotropic hydrogel. Further increase of the dimer salt concentration may transit the hydrogels to be anisotropic, thus the formation of nematic hydrogels. The formation of ordered domains of the aligned nanofibers led to anisotropic optical properties of the hydrogels. Stirring the aqueous systems of dimer salt also promoted the alignment of the nanofibers. These molecular hydrogels with ordered aggregates may be useful in applications such as cell culture and mechano-optical sensing.

O desenvolvimento de uma matriz de colágeno associado à gelatina tem potencial como biomaterial devido sua alta biocompatibilidade, capacidade de alterar suas propriedades físico-químicas e estruturais por modificações químicas e a habilidade de formar géis estáveis. Porém, um ponto negativo de sua aplicação está na biodegradabilidade. Desta forma, para reduzir esta degradação, agentes de reticulação, como a proantocianidina (PA), que age formando ligações de hidrogênio as quais estabilizam o complexo proteína-PA, podem ser empregados. Este trabalho teve como objetivo a obtenção de hidrogéis neutros de colágeno aniônico:gelatina:extrato de semente de uva. Para tanto, foram utilizadas duas proporções de extrato, 0,25 e 0,50% e três diferentes tempos de hidrólise alcalina do colágeno, 24, 72 e 120 horas, gerando nove diferentes biomateriais, incluindo os hidrogéis sem tratamento com o extrato. O colágeno foi extraído de tendão bovino e o agente reticulante foi o extrato de semente de uva cujo componente majoritário é a proantocianidina. A caracterização foi feita por termogravimetria (TG), calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC), espectroscopia de absorção no infravermelho (FTIR), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), cinética de absorção de água e ensaios de citotoxicidade in vitro, pelos métodos de difusão em ágar e difusão de extrato em solução (MTT). Estudos de TG mostraram a perda de água em um processo único, representando em média 95% do hidrogel. As curvas DSC mostraram que quanto maior a concentração de extrato, maior é a temperatura de desnaturação, aumentando em média 6,8°C com a adição de 0,50% de extrato, o que indica a eficácia da proantocianidina na reticulação do colágeno. Além disso, notaram-se temperaturas menores para maiores tempos de hidrólise alcalina do colágeno, sendo de 58,4°C, 49,7°C e 46,5°C para hidrogéis preparados com colágeno 24, 72 e 120 horas, respectivamente. A presença do extrato não causou alterações significativas nos espectros FTIR, apenas surgimento das bandas em 1118 e 1288 cm-1 referentes ao anel aromático da proantocianidina, mas gerou mudanças nas estruturas internas dos hidrogéis, visualizadas por MEV, como aumento do número de poros e interconectividade entre eles. A cinética de absorção de água mostrou que o equilíbrio é atingido em aproximadamente 10 minutos, indicando vantagem para a aplicação do hidrogel, já que é obtido rapidamente a partir de sua forma liofilizada, adequada para o armazenamento. Também foi observado que quanto menor é o tempo de hidrólise, maiores são as absorções, variando de 540 até 1360%. Com os ensaios de citotoxicidade foi possível concluir que o hidrogel C24GE50 mostrou-se mais adequado para uma aplicação como biomaterial, com um índice de 92,7% de sobrevivência celular. / The development of a collagen matrix associated with gelatin has potential as biomaterial due to its high compatibility, ability to change its physical-chemical and structural properties by chemical modifications and also the ability to form stable gels. However, a negative point of its application is the biodegradability. Thus, to reduce this degradation, crosslinking agents, such as proanthocyanidin (PA), which acts forming hydrogen bonds which stabilize the PA protein complex may be employed. This project aimed to obtain neutral hydrogels prepared by mixture of anionic collagen: gelatin: grape seed extract. It was used two extract proportions (0.25 and 0.50%) and three different periods of time for collagen alkaline hydrolysis (24, 72, 120 hours), giving nine different biomaterials, including hydrogels without treatment with the extract. The collagen was extracted from bovine tendon and the crosslinking agent was grape seed extract whose major component is the proanthocyanidin. The characterization was done by thermogravimetry (TG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), water absorption kinetics and in vitro cytotoxicity assays, by agar diffusion method and diffusion of extract in solution (MTT). TG results showed loss of water in a single process, representing about 95% of the hydrogel.DSC curves showed that the higher the concentration of the extract, the higher the melting temperature, increasing on average 6.8 °C with the addition of 0.50% extract, which indicates the effectiveness of the proanthocyanidin crosslinking of the collagen. Moreover, lower temperatures were observed for longer periods of alkaline hydrolysis of collagen, being 58.4°C, 49.7°C and 46.5°C for preparations with 24, 72 and 120 hours, respectively. The presence of the extract did not cause significant changes in the FTIR spectra, only appearance of bands at 1118 and 1288 cm-1 related to the aromatic ring of proanthocyanidin but led to changes in internal structures of the hydrogels viewed by SEM, showing increased number of pores and interconnectivity between them. The water absorption kinetics showed that the equilibrium is achieved in approximately 10 minutes, indicating advantages in using this hydrogel, which is quickly obtained from its lyophilized form, a suitable form for storage. It was also observed that the shorter the time of hydrolysis, the greater the absorptions, ranging from 540 to 1360%. It was possible to conclude from the cytotoxicity analysis that the C24GE50 is more suitable for application as a biomaterial, with an index of 92.7% cell survival.

Cuidar de feridas é um processo dinâmico e complexo que requer atenção especial principalmente quando se refere a uma lesão crônica. A lesão por pressão (LPP) é uma ferida crônica localizada na pele ou no tecido subjacente, geralmente sobre uma proeminência óssea, resultante de pressão isolada ou pressão combinada com fricção ou cisalhamento. O objetivo foi avaliar a aplicabilidade das membranas de hidrogel com nanopartículas de prata no tratamento de lesões por pressão (LPPs) em usuários do SUS, por meio de protocolo clínico. O projeto da pesquisa foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da UFT/TO sob nº 161/2013, e foram seguidos todos os preceitos éticos conforme Resolução 466/12 do CNS do Ministério da Saúde. Trata-se de um estudo de intervenção terapêutica, do tipo ensaio clínico não controlado, sobre a avaliação do uso da membrana de hidrogel com nanopartículas de prata (NPAg) produzida pelo Instituto de Pesquisa em Energia Nuclear (IPEN). A população do estudo foi composta por 19 pacientes, que por critérios de inclusão e exclusão foi constituída por uma amostra de 6 (seis) pacientes de ambos os gêneros, internados no Hospital de Referência de Porto Nacional, no período de janeiro de 2014 a dezembro de 2015, acometidos por lesões por pressão categoria 3, 4 e não classificável. O estudo apresentou como limitações o restrito número de pacientes por amostra, por se tratar de pesquisa clínica experimental, com um grupo investigado altamente selecionado pelos critérios de exclusão e inclusão. Os hidogéis com NPAg, produzidos pelo IPEN, mostraram-se eficazes no tratamento das LPPs, pois proporcionaram a ferida condições para a epitelização. Houve diminuição do odor, dos tecidos desvitalizados e da dor, itens estes que quando presentes retardam a cicatrização. Porém são necessários novos estudos, envolvendo estes curativos com um número maior de pacientes. / Wound\'s care is a dynamic and complex process that requires special attention especially when referring to a chronic injury. Pressure injury (PI) is a chronic wound located on the skin or underlying tissue, usually on a prominent bone, resulting from isolated pressure or pressure combined with friction or shear. The objective of this work is to evaluate the applicability of hydrogel membranes with silver nanoparticles in the treatment of pressure lesions in SUS users, through a clinical protocol. The research project was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of UFT / TO under No. 161/2013, and all ethical precepts were followed according to Resolution 466/12 of the CNS of the Ministry of Health. It is a therapeutic intervention\'s study, an uncontrolled clinical trial on the evaluation of the use of hydrogel membrane with silver nanoparticles produced by the Nuclear Energy Research Institute (IPEN). The study population consisted of 19 patients, who, by inclusion and exclusion criteria, consisted of a sample of 6 (six) patients of both genders admitted to the National Reference Hospital of Porto Nacional from January 2014 to December of 2015, affected by category 3, 4 and non-classifiable injuries. The study presented as limitation the restricted number of patients per sample, since it was an experimental clinical research, with a highly selected by the exclusion and inclusion criteria investigated group. The hydrogels with NPAg, produced by IPEN, were effective in the treatment of PI, as they provided the wound conditions for epithelization. There was a decrease in odor, devitalized tissues and pain, which, when present, delays healing. However, new studies are necessary, involving these dressings with a larger number of patients.

abstract: When air is supplied to a conditioned space, the temperature and humidity of the air often contribute to the comfort and health of the occupants within the space. However, the vapor compression system, which is the standard air conditioning configuration, requires air to reach the dew point for dehumidification to occur, which can decrease system efficiency and longevity in low temperature applications. To improve performance, some systems dehumidify the air before cooling. One common dehumidifier is the desiccant wheel, in which solid desiccant absorbs moisture out of the air while rotating through circular housing. This system improves performance, especially when the desiccant is regenerated with waste or solar heat; however, the heat of regeneration is very large, as the water absorbed during dehumidification must be evaporated. N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm), a sorbent that oozes water when raised above a certain temperature, could potentially replace traditional desiccants in dehumidifiers. The heat of regeneration for NIPAAm consists of some sensible heat to bring the sorbent to the regeneration temperature, plus some latent heat to offset any liquid water that is evaporated as it is exuded from the NIPAAm. This means the NIPAAm regeneration heat has the potential to be much lower than that of a traditional desiccant. Models were created for a standard vapor compression air conditioning system, two desiccant systems, and two theoretical NIPAAm systems. All components were modeled for simplified steady state operation. For a moderate percent of water evaporated during regeneration, it was found that the NIPAAm systems perform better than standard vapor compression. When compared to the desiccant systems, the NIPAAm systems performed better at almost all percent evaporation values. The regeneration heat was modeled as if supplied by an electric heater. If a cheaper heat source were utilized, the case for NIPAAm would be even stronger. Future work on NIPAAm dehumidification should focus on lowering the percent evaporation from the 67% value found in literature. Additionally, the NIPAAm cannot exceed the lower critical solution temperature during dehumidification, indicating that a NIPAAm dehumidification system should be carefully designed such that the sorbent temperature is kept sufficiently low during dehumidification. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Mechanical Engineering 2019

Volumetric muscle loss (VML) is a debilitating injury which results in full or partial loss of function. Current clinical options utilize tissue grafts and bracing to restore function. Tissue graft implantation oftentimes leads to serious complications, some of which end in graft rejection and thereby necessitate further surgeries and procedures. Polymeric scaffolds show promise as scaffolding systems due to their mechanical properties and overall degradation profiles. Scaffolds need appropriate mechanical properties, 10-60 kPa modulus, and overall degradation times, five days to two weeks, to initiate tissue regeneration. Poly(β-amino ester)s (PBAE), a class of synthetic polymers, act as a safe biocompatible material with overall degradation times that are suitable for healing; however, due to harmful ultraviolet light (UV) irradiation from common crosslinking methods, these scaffold systems cannot be synthesized in vivo. This research presents the development and characterization of blue light (BL) crosslinked PBAEs. BL PBAEs showed vastly higher swelling ratios, 300-400% increase; decreased mechanical strength, an average decrease of 877 kPa in compressive modulus and 431 kPa in tensile modulus; and prolonged degradation patterns, 22% average mass retention. BL PBAEs show mechanical properties and degradation profiles that could be used as a skeletal muscle scaffolds.

Injectable hydrogels are important for use in tissue engineering due to their permeability and biocompatibility. Those that have shear thinning properties allow for minimally-invasive surgical procedures and a way to administer bioactive agents, and therapeutic cells by injection. Currently available injectable hydrogels have a single or dual input/stimulus for crosslinking which limits the range of mechanical properties and often utilize potentially toxic ultraviolet radiation that reduces viability of injected cells. To overcome these shortcomings, a tri-stimuli-responsive alginate-based injectable hydrogel was developed based on: 1) supramolecular complex formation between β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) conjugated alginate and thermo-responsive tri-block Pluronic® copolymers, 2) visible light crosslinking via acrylate conjugation, and 3) ionic crosslinking of the alginate backbone via exposure to calcium chloride. The capabilities of the novel multi-stimuli injectable hydrogel were demonstrated with a custom microfluidic devices (MFDs) to create microspheres encapsulating human mesenchymal stem cell (MSCs). These experiments proved that the new hydrogel was capable of serving as a stimuli responsive material for MSC cell delivery in the therapeutic range of 10-1000 µm in diameter. In order to enhance the drug delivery capabilities of the hydrogel, heparin sodium was conjugated onto the alginate backbone. The affinity of the growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), to the heparin helped to prevent denaturing of the protein and improved vascularization. This new tri-crosslinking hydrogel with conjugated heparin allows the end-user to control the final physicomechanical and biochemical properties of the hydrogel using different external stimuli. The tri-crosslinking hydrogel is a versatile material that has great promise for a variety of soft tissue repair applications.

Tissue sealants of a liquid based formulation are widely studied in biomedical research with many starting to gain FDA approval. To date, little investigation has been put toward methods of application for tissue sealant materials, more specifically a powder based formulation. The focus of this research was to develop and prototype a powder spray device capable of administering powder based formulations with a long-term goal of integrating the device within the clinical setting. Powders can be administered in a variety of dry forms. These forms can range from non-homogenous nanoscale particles to homogeneous micro and nano-scale spheres. Incorporation of therapeutics within the powder makes this method of application favorable for the prevention or maintenance of disease. Pneumatic conveying is the transport of granulated solids using gas and is the principal basis from which the powder spray gun was designed. Fluidization aids were added to the device in order to increase powder flow properties. Analysis of spray field, spray rate, characterization of powder and ex-vivo testing was performed. All results suggest that the powder spray device is applicable for the deposition of powder based tissue sealants in a clinical setting.