CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Neste trabalho, a enzima β-galactosidase, que catalisa a hidrÃlise da lactose em glicose e galactose, foi produzida pelo cultivo do micro-organismo Kluyveromyces lactis NRRL Y1564 em soro de leite suplementado com extrato de levedura. A enzima à um metabÃlito intracelular, sendo a liberaÃÃo da enzima para o meio uma condiÃÃo essencial, por isso estudaram-se diferentes mÃtodos quÃmicos e mecÃnicos de extraÃÃo como, agitaÃÃo com pÃrolas de vidro, ruptura em ultrassom com pÃrolas de vidro, adiÃÃo de etanol e tolueno, observando tambÃm, seus efeitos na atividade enzimÃtica. Posteriormente, realizaram-se ensaios para estudar a influÃncia da temperatura (30, 34, 37 e 40 ÂC) na produÃÃo da enzima a partir do soro de queijo. Na extraÃÃo da enzima, o uso de esferas de vidro em vÃrtex foi o mÃtodo mais eficiente quando comparado com os outros avaliados. A enzima, nÃo sofreu inibiÃÃo ou desnaturaÃÃo quando incubadas com etanol, tolueno ou etanol-tolueno. A temperatura Ãtima de produÃÃo da enzima por K. lactis NRRL Y1564 foi 30 ÂC, com atividade enzimÃtica de 4418,37 U/g de cÃlulas em 12 h de fermentaÃÃo. A enzima produzida foi imobilizada em quitosana 2,0% m/v. Diferentes protocolos de ativaÃÃo usando glutaraldeÃdo, epicloridrina ou glicidol foram avaliados. Estudou-se tambÃm, o tempo de contato enzima-suporte (3, 5 e 10 horas) a fim de se obter um biocatalisador que apresentasse alto rendimento, atividade recuperada e tempo de meia-vida, visando a hidrÃlise da lactose em reator batelada e leito fixo. A influÃncia da temperatura e do pH na hidrÃlise da lactose foi avaliada, usando como substrato uma soluÃÃo sintÃtica (lactose 5,0% (m/v) e leite desnatado, contendo 4,3% m/v de lactose. O suporte que apresentou melhores resultados nos parÃmetros de imobilizaÃÃo foi a quitosana 2% reticulada com glutaraldeÃdo no tempo de imobilizaÃÃo de 5 horas. O biocatalisador produzido nesse estudo apresentou um fator de estabilidade de 17,37 vezes maior que a enzima solÃvel, com uma estabilidade de armazenamento de 100% quando armazenada a 4 ÂC por 90 dias. A temperatura Ãtima de hidrÃlise da lactose foi de 40 ÂC e o pH Ãtimo foi 7,0 . A conversÃo da lactose a 40 ÂC para este derivado (3,0 U/g) foi em mÃdia 53% em 10 ciclos (bateladas consecutivas). Em reator batelada, a conversÃo em glicose a partir da hidrÃlise da lactose, usando soluÃÃo sintÃtica, foi aproximadamente 86 % para a enzima solÃvel (3,8 U/mL) e 83 % para a enzima imobilizada (3,8 U/g). A conversÃo obtida na hidrÃlise do leite desnatado foi de 17 % para a enzima solÃvel e 20 % para a enzima imobilizada. / In this work, the enzyme β-galactosidase which catalyzes the hydrolysis of lactose to glucose and galactose, was produced by cultivating the micro-organism Kluyveromyces lactis NRRL Y1564 in whey supplemented with yeast extract. The enzyme is an intracellular metabolite, the release enzyme is very important, therefore were studied various chemical and mechanical methods of extraction and stirring with glass beads, sonication, addition of ethanol and toluene, noting also their effects on enzymatic activity. Subsequently, trials were carried out to study the influence of temperature (30, 34, 37 and 40  C) in the production of the enzyme from the cheese whey. In the enzyme extraction, using glass beads by a vÃrtex was more efficient method compared to others evaluated. The enzyme not presented inhibited or denatured when incubated with ethanol, toluene or ethanol-toluene. The optimum temperature for enzyme production by K. lactis NRRL Y1564 was 30 ÂC with enzymatic activity of 4418.37 U/g of cells at 12 h of fermentation. The enzyme produced was immobilized on chitosan 2.0% w/v. Different activation protocols using glutaraldehyde, epichlorohydrin or glycidol were evaluated. Was also studied, the contact time the enzyme-carrier (3, 5, and 10 hours) to obtain a biocatalyst to produce high yield, recovered activity and half-life in order to hydrolysis of lactose in batch reactor and fixed bed. The influence of temperature and pH on the hydrolysis of lactose was evaluated using as substrate a synthetic solution (lactose 5.0% (w/v) in potassium phosphate buffer 100 mM with 0.1 mM MnCl2) and skimmed milk containing 4.3% w/v lactose. The support shows better results in the parameters of immobilization was chitosan 2% actived with glutaraldehyde and contact time of 5 hours. The biocatalyst produced in this study showed a stability factor of 17.37 and a storage stability of 100% when stored at 4 ÂC for 90 days. Temperature optimum hydrolysis of lactose was 40 ÂC and the optimal pH 7.0. The conversion of lactose to 40 ÂC for this derivative (3.0 U/g) was on average 53% in 10 cycles (consecutive batches). In batch reactor, the conversion to glucose by the hydrolysis of lactose using synthetic solution was approximately 86% for the soluble enzyme (3.8 U/mL) and 83% of the immobilized enzyme (3.8 U/g). The conversion obtained in the hydrolysis of skim milk was 17% for the soluble enzyme and 20% for the immobilized enzyme.

<p>Valorizacija permeata kao sporednog proizvoda industrije mleka je od izuzetnog ekolo&scaron;kog, ekonomskog i tehnolo&scaron;kog značaja.<br />Cilj doktorske disertacije je razvoj tehnolo&scaron;kog procesa prerade permeata, kao sporednog proizvoda dobijenog nakon ultrafiltracije mleka tokom proizvodnje feta sira i svežeg (&bdquo;mladog&ldquo;) sira. Ispitana je mogućnost enzimske hidrolize laktoze u permeatu kori&scaron;ćenjem enzima &beta;-galaktozidaze izolovanog iz Kluyveromyces lactis u koncentraciji 0,1, 0,3 i 0,5 g/100g na temperaturama 20&ordm;, 30&ordm; i 40 &ordm;C. Praćene su promene sadržaja laktoze, D&ndash;galaktoze i D&ndash;glukoze u vremenskim intervalima tokom 60 minuta. Posebna faza istraživanja obuhvatila je matematičko modelovanje i kinetiku procesa hidrolize laktoze u permeatu pod dejstvom &beta; &ndash;galaktozidaze i primenu hidrolizovanog permeata u proizvodnji mlečnih napitaka po odabranoj formulaciji. Predložen je tehnolo&scaron;ki proces proizvodnje napitka na bazi hidrolizovanog permeata sa dodatkom voćnih baza. Utvrđeni su parametri kvaliteta i trajnosti napitaka tokom 60 dana skladi&scaron;tenja.<br />Na temperaturi 40&deg;C dodatkom enzima &beta; -galaktozidaze u koncentraciji 0,1g/100g za 60 minuta postiže se 100% stepen hidrolize prisutne laktoze u permeatu. Sa većom koncentracijom enzima, 0,3 g/100g odnosno 0,5g/100g, na istoj temperaturi, isti efekat se postiže za 20 minuta.<br />Ispitivanjem kinetike hidrolize laktoze potvrđena je kinetika prvog reda. Generalno posmatrano visoki koeficijenti determinacije pokazuju dobro poklapanje eksperimentalnih rezultata i matematičkog modela reakcije prvog reda. Vrednosti se kreću od 0,974 (temperatura 20&deg;C) do preko 0,990 (na temperaturama 30&deg;C i 40&deg;C) pri koncentraciji enzima 0,1g/100g.<br />Proizvedeni napici od hidrolizovanog permeata su delaktozirani i ne sadrže mlečnu mast. Od ukupnih &scaron;ećera u svim napicima vi&scaron;e od 50% čini glukoza: 50,16% - napitak &scaron;umsko voće, 50,42% - napitak pomorandža/&scaron;argarepa, 54,65% - napitak multivitamin, odnosno 55,13% - napitak crveno voće.<br />Najveći sadržaj vitamina C nakon proizvodnje imao je napitak sa dodatkom voćne baze multivitamin 0,3972 mg/100g, zatim &scaron;umsko voće 0,2887 mg/100g i pomo-randža/&scaron;argarepa 0,1999 mg/100g.<br />Najveću vrednost antioksidativne aktivnosti nakon proizvodnje pokazali su uzorci napitka sa multivitaminom i &scaron;umskim voćem. Tokom perioda skladi&scaron;tenja dolazi do smanjenja DPPH vrednosti. Najmanji pad je u napitku sa pomorandžom / &scaron;argarepom (smanjenje za 17%), a najveći u napitku sa &scaron;umskim voćem (za 39%). Analizirani uzorci sadrže ukupnih polifenola u intervalu od 47,84 do 120,38 mg GAE/l u zavisnosti od vrste napitka, odnosno dodatih voćnih baza.<br />Generalno može se zaključiti da se prime-njenim tehnolo&scaron;kim procesom dobijaju napici stabilnog fizičko-hemijskog sastava tokom 60 dana skladi&scaron;tenja, visoke nutritivne i niske energetske vrednosti.</p> / <p>Valuation of the permeate as a by-product of the dairy industry is of great ecological, economic and technological importance.<br />The aim of the PhD thesis is the development of the technological process of refining permeate, as a by-product obtained after ultrafiltration of milk during the production of feta cheese and fresh cheese. The possibility of enzymatic hydrolysis of the lactose in the permeate using the enzyme &beta;-galactosidase isolated from Kluyveromyces lactis in a concentration of 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 g / 100 g at a temperature of 20&deg;, 30&deg; and 40&deg; C was examined. Changes in the content of lactose, D-galactose and D-glucose at intervals of 60 minutes were monitored. A special stage of the research included mathematical modeling and kinetics of lactose hydrolysis in the permeate under the influence of &beta;-galactosidase and application of hydrolyzed permeate in the production of dairy products under the selected formulation. A technological process of producing a beverage on the basis of hydrolyzed permeate with the addition of fruit bases was suggested. Quality and durability parameters were determined for drinks during the 60 days of storage.<br />Addition of the enzyme &beta;-galactosidase at a concentration of 0.1 g / 100 g for 60 minutes at a temperature of 40 &deg; C a 100% degree of hydrolysis of lactose is achieved, present in the permeate. With a higher concentration of enzyme, 0.3 g / 100 g or 0.5 g / 100g, at the same temperature, the same effect can be achieved in 20 minutes.<br />By examining the kinetics of lactose hydrolysis the first order kinetics was confirmed. Generally high coefficients of determination show good correspondence between the experimental results and the mathematical model of the first order reaction. Values range from 0.974 (at a temperature of 20&deg; C) up to over 0.990 (at temperatures 30&deg; C and 40&deg; C) at a an enzyme concentration of 0.1g / 100g.<br />Beverages produced from hydrolyzed permeate are lactose-free and fat-free products. More than half of the total sugar content in all beverages consists of glucose: 50.16%-forest fruit beverage, 50.42%-beverage orange/carrot, 54.65% beverage multivitamin and 55.13% - beverage red fruit.<br />The highest vitamin C content after production was in a beverage with the addition of fruit base multivitamin (0.3972 mg/100g), followed by forest fruit (0.2887 mg/100g) and orange/carrot (0.1999 mg/100g).<br />Beverage samples with multivitamin and forest fruits showed the highest value of antioxidant activity after production. During the storage period there is a reduction of DPPH values. The smallest decrease was in the beverage with orange/carrot (decreased 17%), and the biggest in the beverage with forest fruit (39%). The content of polyphenols in analyzed samples ranges from 47.84 to 120.38 mg GAE/L depending on the type of beverage and added fruit base.<br />Overall it can be concluded that the applied technological process gives beverages of stable physical and chemical content during the 60 days of storage, of high nutritional value and low energy.</p>

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