Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the Degree of Master of Technology: Biotechnology, Durban University of Technology, 2001. / Kluyveromyces sp. have adapted to existence in milk due to the evolution of permeabilisation and hydrolytic systems that allow the utilisation of lactose, the sugar most abundant in milk. Lactose hydrolysis, to equimolar units of glucose and galactose, is facilitated by a glycoside hydrolase, i.e., β-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23). The versatility of this enzyme allows its application in numerous industrial processes, amongst the most significant of which, is its role in the alleviation of lactose intolerance, one of the most prevalent digestive ailments, globally. In this study, β-galactosidase production by Kluyveromyces lactis UOFS y-0939 was initially optimised in shake flask culture with lactose as the sole carbon source, and thereafter, production was scaled up to batch, fedbatch and continuous culture. Shake flask studies revealed optimum conditions of 30°C, pH 7 and a 10% inoculum ratio, to be most favourable for β-galactosidase synthesis, producing a maximum of 0.35 ± 0.05 U.ml-1 when cell lysates were prepared by ultrasonication with glass beads. Batch cultivation in 28.2 and 40 g.L-1 lactose revealed that elevated levels of the carbon source was not inhibitory to β-galactosidase production, as maximum enzyme activities of 1.58 and 4.08 U.ml-1, respectively, were achieved. Cell lysates prepared by ultrasonication and homogenisation were compared and homogenised cell lysates were more than 3.5 fold higher that those prepared by ultrasonication, proving homogenisation to be the superior method for cell disruption. The lactose feed rate of 4 g.L-1.h-1 in fed-batch culture operated at ± 20.4% DO, appeared to be inhibitory to biomass production, as indicated by the lower biomass productivity in fed-batch (0.82 g.L-1.h-1) than batch culture (1.27 g.L-1.h-1). Enzyme titres, however, were favoured by the low DO levels as a maximum of 8.7 U.ml-1, 5.5 fold more than that obtained in batch culture, was achieved, and would be expected to increase proportionally with the biomass. Continuous culture operated at a dilution rate of 0.2 h-1, under strictly aerobic conditions, revealed these conditions to be inhibitory to the lactose consumption rate, however, the non-limiting lactose and high DO environment was favourable for β-galactosidase synthesis, achieving an average of 8 ± 0.9 U.ml-1 in steady state.

Halle, Wittenberg, Universiẗat, Diss., 2005.

Halle, Wittenberg, University, Diss., 2002.

Düsseldorf, Universiẗat, Diss., 2003.

Submitted by Marco Antônio de Ramos Chagas (mchagas@ufv.br) on 2017-07-17T16:04:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.PDF: 305457 bytes, checksum: 62f65ddfb7b0cad1f80dadfaef449290 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-17T16:04:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.PDF: 305457 bytes, checksum: 62f65ddfb7b0cad1f80dadfaef449290 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2001-09-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Foi isolado um mutante auxotrófico para uracila de Kluyveromyces lactis com potencial para ser hospedeiro em sistemas de expressão heteróloga de proteínas recombinantes. Uma população selvagem de K. lactis foi irradiada com luz ultravioleta e selecionada na presença de ácido 5 fluoro orótico (5FOA). Dez colônias auxotróficas para uracila e resistentes a 5FOA foram selecionadas. Todas cresceram em meio utilizando lactose como única fonte de carbono e exibiram atividade de β galactosidase normal em relação à célula selvagem. Os mutantes apresentaram velocidades específicas de crescimento inferiores a da célula selvagem em soro de queijo ultrafiltrado (SUF), o que indicou ser o soro de queijo um meio limitante em uracila, afetando o crescimento dos mutantes. O mutante M7 foi selecionado por apresentar uma freqüência de reversão baixa (1,7 x 10 -10 ). A complementação da auxotrofia na linhagem M7 mediante transformação com o plasmídeo PTG802 contendo o gene URA3 de S. cerevisiae foi analisada. Melhor eficiência de transformação de K. lactis foi obtida com o método de choque térmico com acetato de lítio, polietilenoglicol e DNA carreador fita simples. Um transformante mostrou viiiintegração do plasmídeo em um fragmento de 6,0 Kb. A velocidade de crescimento da célula mutante (0,04 h -1 ) em SUF foi inferior a da célula selvagem (0,26 h -1 ). Estes resultados sugerem que o SUF é limitante em uracila. Conseqüentemente a transformação dos mutantes, com o gene URA3, fisiologicamente causou aumento na velocidade especifica de crescimento (0,22-0,25h -1 ) quando cultivadas em SUF, atingindo os níveis da célula selvagem e evidenciando a complementação da auxotrofia. / A Kluyveromyces lactis uracil auxotrophic mutant was isolated with potential as host for heterologous recombinant protein expression systems. A wild-type K. lactis population was irradiated with ultraviolet light and mutants selected in the presence of 5-fluoroorotic acid (5FOA). Ten uracil auxotrophic colonies resistant to 5FOA were selected. All grew in medium with lactose as sole carbon source and exhibited β-galactosidase activity comparable to that of the wild-type cell. The mutants presented specific growth rates lower than the wild-type cell when grown in ultrafiltered cheese whey (SUF), indicating that cheese whey is uracil limited, thereby affecting mutant growth. Mutant M7 was selected since it presented a low reversion frequency (1.7 x 10 -10 ). Auxotrophic complementation of the M7 lineage, through transformation with the PTG802 plasmid containing the URA3 gene from S. cerevisiae was analyzed. Better K. lactis transformation efficiency was obtained with the thermal shock method with lithium acetate, polyethylene glycol and single stranded DNA carrier. One transformed cell presented a 6.0 kb fragment integrated into the plasmid. Transformed cells grown in SUF presented specific growth rates (0,22-0,25 h -1 ) similar to that of the wild-type cell. (0,26 h -1 ) and superior to that of the untransformed mutant cell (0,04 h -1 ). Consistent with this observation, transformation of the mutants with the URA3 gene physiologically causes an increase in specific growth, when grown in SUF, reaching levels of the wild-type cell and exhibiting auxotrophic complementation. / Dissertação importada do Alexandria

Les fromages au lait cru présentent un écosystème microbien complexe où chaque acteur interagit avec ses voisins et avec le milieu. Parmi ces interactions, l’une d’elle est particulièrement intéressante, l’antagonisme, autrement dit la capacité d’un individu à inhiber la croissance d’un autre. Ces interactions antagonistes sont particulièrement étudiées dans les écosystèmes bactériens fromagers et ont conduit à l’identification de bactéries lactiques productrices de bactériocines. Parmi elles, certaines souches ont révélé des propriétés probiotiques et présentent ainsi un fort potentiel dans la lutte contre les résistances aux antibiotiques. D’un autre côté, l’écosystème fongique des fromages est encore peu étudié. Ce dernier est cependant prometteur, notamment par la possibilité d’abriter des levures productrices de mycocines et/ou possédant des propriétés probiotiques. Dans ce cadre, les présents travaux ont porté sur l’étude d’un fromage du terroir des Hauts-de-France, la Tomme d’Orchies. Ils ont permis la mise en évidence de deux levures antagonistes non-Saccharomyces, présentant un potentiel probiotique. L’écosystème microbien de la Tomme d’Orchies sera décrit et la recherche et la caractérisation de levures antagonistes seront effectuées au sein de son écosystème fongique. Deux souches de Kluyveromyces (K. marxianus S-2-05 et K. lactis S-3-05) seront mises en évidence. Ces dernières présentant un pouvoir antagoniste large, contre des bactéries à Gram positifs et négatifs et contre une levure pathogène. De plus, un haut potentiel d’utilisation comme agents probiotiques a été observé, complété par une activité antioxydante d’intérêt médical, observé chez K. marxianus. / Raw milk cheeses show a complex microbial ecosystem, where each actor interacting with its neighbor and with its environment. Among these interactions, one is particularly interesting, the antagonism, in other words the capacity of an individual to inhibit the growth of another. Antagonistic interactions are massively studied in bacterial cheese ecosystems and lead to the identification of bacteriocin-producing lactic acid bacteria. Among these strains, some revealed probiotics properties and a high potential in the fight against antibiotics resistances. Additionally, cheese fungal ecosystems were poorly studied. However, this ecosystem is promising as it might contain mycocin-producing yeasts and/or showing probiotic properties. In this frame, our work focused on a local French cheese, the “Tomme d’Orchies”. Two non Saccharomyces antagonistic yeasts, with a probiotic potential, were identified in this cheese. Microbial ecosystems of the “Tomme d’Orchies” will be described before presenting the research and the characterization of antagonistic yeast in the fungal ecosystem. Two strains of Kluyveromyces (K. marxianus S-2-05 and K. lactis S-3-05) will be highlighted, with broad antagonistic properties, against Gram positive and negative bacteria, but also against pathogenic yeast. A high potential to be used as probiotic agents could be observed, in addition to antioxidative properties for K. marxianus, with medical relevance.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:52:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 609136 bytes, checksum: bfac4beb809c8b3d58b49895dc0cc2d1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-03-09 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The high affinity interaction streptavidin-biotin provides an excellent system for industrial enzyme separation or immobilization involving a fused streptavidin-enzyme and a biotinylated support. In order to produce proteins with affinity to biotin, we have modified the commercial K. lactis system, pKLAC1 (New England Biolabs), a LAC4 promoter-driven integration vector for protein expression, with the gene coding streptavidin. The codifying sequence for biotin binding domain of streptavidin (cStp) was amplified by PCR from pSTP4, purified and subcloned to the pCR2.1TOPO (Invitrogen). The fragment has revealed 100% identity with streptavidin gene according to Gene Bank and it was inserted into Xho I / Bgl II pKLAC1 in frame with mating-α-factor signal peptide. The pKLAC1/cStp cut by Ahd I enzyme was used to transform the strains K. lactis MW 98.8C and CB S2359. The transformants selected in Yeast Carbon Base (YCB) containing 5 mM acetamide and confirmed by PCR were mitotically stable. A high cell biomass (OD 600 = 18), obtained in shake-flask 50 mL YPD medium, was centrifuged and transferred to an induction medium, containing 2% of lactose. The cell free medium was qualitatively analyzed for streptavidin and proteins by SDS PAGE. The samples were collected in each 24 hours during 6 days of bath culture. The biotin binding activity of streptavidin in the culture supernatant was determined by HABA test. The medium YPL and YNB with 0,5% of yeast extract have exhibited the best yields for streptavidin extracellular protein production. / A forte interação da proteína estreptavidina pela molécula de biotina constitui um excelente sistema para a separação e/ou imobilização de proteínas e de enzimas de interesse industrial. Com a intenção de produzir proteínas com propriedades de adsorção biosseletiva, nós temos modificado a seqüência do plasmídeo pKLAC1 pela inserção do domínio de afinidade da estreptavidina pela biotina. Utilizando a técnica da Reação da Polimerase em cadeia (PCR), a seqüência de cerca de 355pb foi amplificada a partir do vetor pSTP4 que contém toda seqüência de nucleotídeos referente à proteína estreptavidina. O Fragmento amplificado apresentou 100% de identidade com a seqüência de nucleotídeos da proteína estreptavidina depositada no Gene Bank. O fragmento foi inserido no vetor pKLAC1 nos sítios Xho I e Bgl II em fase com a seqüência do peptídeo sinal do mating-α-factor. O plasmídeo pKLAC1/cStp foi linearizado com enzima Ahd I e foi utilizado para a transformação das linhagens de K. lactis MW 98.8C e CBS 2359. Os transformantes selecionados em meio YCB (Yeast Carbon Base) contendo 5 mM de acetamida como única fonte de nitrogênio e confirmados por PCR foram mitoticamente estáveis. A alta biomassa celular (DO600 = 18) obtida em erlenmeyer de 250 mL contendo 50 mL de meio YPD foi centrifugada e transferida para meio de indução contendo 2% (p/v) de lactose. O sobrenadante das culturas foi analisado qualitativamente para estreptavidina pela técnica de SDS PAGE. As proteínas totais foram determinadas pelo método de BRADFORD utilizando BSA (Albumina Bovina Sérica) como padrão. As amostras foram coletadas a cada 24 horas durante 6 horas de cultivo sob regime de batelada. A atividade da proteína estreptavidina presente no sobrenadante das culturas recombinantes foi determinada pelo teste do reagente HABA. Os meios YPL e YNB contendo 0,5% de extrato de levedura exibiram os melhores resultados quanto à produção extracelular de estreptavidina ativa e de proteínas totais.

Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the Degree of Master of Technology: Biotechnology, Durban University of Technology, 2001. / Kluyveromyces sp. have adapted to existence in milk due to the evolution of permeabilisation and hydrolytic systems that allow the utilisation of lactose, the sugar most abundant in milk. Lactose hydrolysis, to equimolar units of glucose and galactose, is facilitated by a glycoside hydrolase, i.e., β-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23). The versatility of this enzyme allows its application in numerous industrial processes, amongst the most significant of which, is its role in the alleviation of lactose intolerance, one of the most prevalent digestive ailments, globally. In this study, β-galactosidase production by Kluyveromyces lactis UOFS y-0939 was initially optimised in shake flask culture with lactose as the sole carbon source, and thereafter, production was scaled up to batch, fedbatch and continuous culture. Shake flask studies revealed optimum conditions of 30°C, pH 7 and a 10% inoculum ratio, to be most favourable for β-galactosidase synthesis, producing a maximum of 0.35 ± 0.05 U.ml-1 when cell lysates were prepared by ultrasonication with glass beads. Batch cultivation in 28.2 and 40 g.L-1 lactose revealed that elevated levels of the carbon source was not inhibitory to β-galactosidase production, as maximum enzyme activities of 1.58 and 4.08 U.ml-1, respectively, were achieved. Cell lysates prepared by ultrasonication and homogenisation were compared and homogenised cell lysates were more than 3.5 fold higher that those prepared by ultrasonication, proving homogenisation to be the superior method for cell disruption. The lactose feed rate of 4 g.L-1.h-1 in fed-batch culture operated at ± 20.4% DO, appeared to be inhibitory to biomass production, as indicated by the lower biomass productivity in fed-batch (0.82 g.L-1.h-1) than batch culture (1.27 g.L-1.h-1). Enzyme titres, however, were favoured by the low DO levels as a maximum of 8.7 U.ml-1, 5.5 fold more than that obtained in batch culture, was achieved, and would be expected to increase proportionally with the biomass. Continuous culture operated at a dilution rate of 0.2 h-1, under strictly aerobic conditions, revealed these conditions to be inhibitory to the lactose consumption rate, however, the non-limiting lactose and high DO environment was favourable for β-galactosidase synthesis, achieving an average of 8 ± 0.9 U.ml-1 in steady state.

Submitted by Reginaldo Soares de Freitas (reginaldo.freitas@ufv.br) on 2015-11-09T08:55:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1029951 bytes, checksum: 361758ed3d2e0d1b698e70ceef444093 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-09T08:55:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1029951 bytes, checksum: 361758ed3d2e0d1b698e70ceef444093 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-08-06 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / O peptídeo denominado SBm 7462 (Sintético Boophilus microplus 7462) é uma vacina desenvolvida a partir da seqüência da proteína intestinal do carrapato B. microplus denominada Bm 86 apresentando ação imunogênica contra o mesmo. O carrapato B. microplus é um importante artrópode da medicina veterinária devido a perdas econômicas e problemas de saúde causados pelo referido parasita no gado da América Central e do Sul, bem como da Austrália. Este trabalho descreve a obtenção de linhagens de Kluyveromyces lactis recombinantes produtoras do referido peptídeo. Dois vetores de expressão integrativos foram construídos a partir do vetor pKLAC1: pKLAC1-seq1, contendo a seqüência 1 constituída por três cópias da seqüência de nucleotídeos que codifica para o SBm 7462 e o pKLAC1-seq4, contendo a seqüência 4 constituída por uma única cópia da seqüência de nucleotídeos que codifica o SBm 7462. As construções foram confirmadas por sequenciamento. O cassete de integração obtido pela clivagem do vetor com a enzima SacII foi utilizado na transformação da linhagem selvagem de K. lactis CBS2359. A integração dos cassetes por recombinação homóloga no locus LAC4 foi confirmada por PCR. A análise dos recombinantes de K. lactis por RT-PCR e a detecção do peptídeo, utilizando anticorpos monoclonais contra SBm 7462, comprovaram a transcrição e a expressão extracelular dos peptídeos. Os recombinantes foram cultivados em regime de batelada em YPGlicerol, alcançando uma concentração de biomassa de 10 g·L-1. A biomassa obtida foi transferida para o meio YNB com 4% (p/v) de lactose para induzir o promotor LAC4 e a síntese de SBm 7462 recombinante. Amostras foram analisadas quanto à concentração de proteína extracelular, por eletroforese em SDS-PAGE e detecção do imunógeno. A indução da síntese dos peptídeos foi testada sob duas condições: sem pulso adicional de lactose e com pulso de lactose, a cada 24 horas, durante 144 horas de indução. A concentração de proteínas extracelulares na segunda condição foi maior quando comparada com a condição sem pulso adicional de lactose. Atividade proteolítica não foi detectada no sobrenadante. O perfil eletroforético em SDS-PAGE revelando três bandas de aproximadamente 6, 10 e 21 kDa relacionadas ao peptídeo de interesse é discutido. A detecção do peptídeo vacinal com anticorpos monoclonais comprovou a presença extracelular do rSBm 7462. / The peptide designated SBm 7462 (Synthetic Boophilus microplus 7462) induces an immunogenic response against the tick B. microplus, an important arthropods in veterinary medicine due to the economic losses and the health problems caused in cattle production in Central and South America and Australia. Here we describe the construction of recombinant Kluyveromyces lactis yeast strains expressing the gene for rSBm 7462. Two integrative expression cassettes harboring one or three copies of the nucleotide sequence coding for the SBm 7462 were built from the vector pKLAC1. The construction of the expression vectors was confirmed by sequencing. The transformation of wild type K. lactis CBS2359, was performed and the integration of the cassettes by homologous recombination into the LAC4 locus of the transformed K. lactis genomes was verified by PCR. The transcription and extracellular expression of the peptides have been confirmed in recombinants K. lactis strains by RT-PCR and monoclonal antibodies against SBm 7462. The recombinants were cultured in shake-flask YPGlycerol medium generating 10 g·L-1 biomass. The biomass obtained was transferred to mineral medium with lactose 4% (w/v) to induce the LAC4 promoter and the synthesis of recombinant SBm 7462. Samples were analyzed for total protein, SDS-PAGE and immunogenic detection. The peptide production was investigated under two conditions: with additional lactose pulse at 24 hours intervals during 144 hours of induction and with no additional lactose pulse. The extracellular protein concentration in the first condition was higher compared to the condition with no additional pulse of lactose. Proteolytic activity was not detected into the medium. Three major protein bands of approximated 6, 10 and 21 kDa related to the desired peptide were detected by SDS-PAGE.

A levedura Kluyveromyces marxianus, apesar de apresentar propriedades fisiológicas vantajosas para a produção heteróloga de proteínas, foi utilizada apenas poucas vezes como hospedeira na síntese dessa classe de moléculas. Em contrapartida, a sua congênere Kluyveromyces lactis possui mais de 40 sistemas de expressão desenvolvidos, inclusive comerciais. Além disso, não há literatura disponível sobre glicosilação de proteínas em K. marxianus. Levando-se isso em consideração, este trabalho visou a desenvolver sistemas para a expressão heteróloga da enzima glicose oxidase (GOX) de Aspergillus niger e de uma esterase termófila (EST) de Thermus thermophilus em K. marxianus. A linhagem K. lactis CBS 2359 foi utilizada como parâmetro de comparação em todos os sistemas de expressão construídos. Primeiramente, foi realizado um estudo fisiológico com a finalidade de selecionar, dentre três linhagens de K. marxianus pré-selecionadas a partir de informação da literatura, a que apresentasse as melhores características fisiológicas para se tornar uma hospedeira de expressão heteróloga. A linhagem selecionada foi a CBS 6556, baseando-se numa combinação das seguintes características: velocidade específica de crescimento, formação de metabólitos, rendimento de substrato em biomassa e secreção da enzima homóloga inulinase. Após, foram construídos dois sistemas de expressão epissomais. No primeiro, o gene era expresso sob controle do promotor PGK de S. cerevisiae e no segundo, sob controle de INU1 de K. marxianus. Um sistema integrativo foi utilizado, no qual a expressão era dirigida pelo promotor INU1. Estudos bioquímicos e de glicosilação foram realizados nas enzimas produzidas. Em relação aos sistemas para expressão de GOX, foram alcançados níveis de produção de 1722 U/gMS (unidades por grama de biomassa seca) em K. marxianus transformado com o sistema epissomal no qual a expressão era controlada pelo promotor INU1. As caracterizações bioquímicas da enzima mostraram que a molécula produzida apresentava propriedades semelhantes à enzima homóloga de A. niger. Além disso, os estudos de glicosilação mostraram uma menor tendência de hiperglicosilação de K. marxianus quando comparada com K. lactis. Já em relação à esterase, K. lactis apresentou maiores níveis de expressão (294 U/gMS), porém a enzima produzida em K. marxianus apresentou temperatura ótima de atividade (50 °C) ligeiramente superior à enzima produzida por sua congênere (45 °C), temperaturas abaixo da qual ocorre maior atividade da enzima homóloga (65 °C). Isso pode ser explicado pela glicosilação exercida por ambas espécies de leveduras sobre a proteína, ao contrário da homóloga, não glicosilada. Além disso, os produtos das leveduras apresentaram três padrões de glicosilação. Dessa forma, o trabalho desenvolvido alcançou seu objetivo de desenvolver esses sistemas de expressão, bem como de avaliar a síntese heteróloga de proteínas nessa levedura de destacado potencial. Os resultados obtidos devem servir à comunidade científica, no sentido de estimular e orientar futuros trabalhos que objetivem a síntese heteróloga de proteínas em microrganismos. / In spite of the advantageous physiological properties of the yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus to produce heterologous proteins, this species has not been widely explored for the synthesis of these biomolecules. On the other hand, more than 40 heterologous expression systems, including commercial ones, were developed for Kluyveromyces lactis. Moreover, there is no available literature concerning heterologous protein glycosylation in K. marxianus. Taking these facts into account, this work aimed at developing systems for the heterologous production of Aspergillus niger glucose oxidase (GOX) and of a thermophilic esterase (EST) from Thermus thermophilus in K. marxianus. The strain K. lactis CBS 2359 was utilized as a reference throughout the whole work. First, a physiological study was carried out in order to select one K. marxianus strain, out of three which had been chosen based on literature information, that exhibited the best physiological traits to be a heterologous expression host. The chosen strain was CBS 6556, based on a combination of the following properties: specific growth rate, metabolites formation, biomass yield on substrate, and secretion of the homologous enzyme inulinase. Subsequently, two episomal systems were constructed. In one of them, the heterologous gene was expressed under control of the S. cerevisiae PGK promoter, whereas in the other system, heterologous gene expression occurred under control of the K. marxianus INU1 promoter. An integrative expression system was also constructed, in which the KmINU1 promoter drove foreign gene expression. Both heterologous enzymes were characterized biochemically and also with respect to their glycosylation. The results attained with GOX led to an expression level of 1722 U/g DW (unit per gram of dry cell weight) in K. marxianus transformed with the episomal INU1-based system. The biochemical studies showed that the enzyme was very similar to the A. niger GOX. Furthermore, analysis of the glycosylation pattern showed a lower tendency of K. marxianus to hypermannosylate proteins, when compared to K. lactis. Higher levels of esterase (294 U/gDW) were obtained in K. lactis than in K. marxianus. However, the enzyme produced in the latter host presented a higher temperature for maximal activity ((50 °C), when compared to the former organism (45 °C). Both values are lower than the temperature for maximal activity of the homologous enzyme (65 °C), which can be explained by the glycans added by both yeast species to the peptide, resulting in a glycosylated protein, in contrast to the homologous esterase. Moreover, the yeast products presented three glycosylation patterns. In conclusion, the work presented in this thesis reached its aims, which were to develop these expression systems and to characterize biochemically the heterologous enzymes expressed, which included an analysis of the glycosylation pattern. The results presented here will certainly be of interest and aid the scientific community working on the expression of heterologous proteins in microorganisms.