Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / Continuing U.S. Navy interest in the development of light-weight, low-volume, broadband, underwater acoustic projectors and receivers is the principal motivation for this research topic. Acoustic cymbal transducers, so named for their geometric similarity to the percussion instruments, are miniature "class V" flextensional transducers that consist of a piezoelectric ceramic drive element bonded to two opposing cymbal-shaped metal shells. Operating as mechanical transformers, the two metal shells convert the naturally large generative force of a piezoelectric ceramic in the radial mode into increased volume displacement at the metal shell surface to obtain usable source levels and sensitivities in a broad frequency range. The magnified displacement makes the acoustic cymbal element a potential alternative to acoustic transduction technologies presently used to generate and receive Navy sonar frequencies. Potential benefits to utilizing this technology are generating or receiving broadband sound, at sonar frequencies in a thin, low volume, conformable package. Applications of this technology have been limited because air-backed acoustic cymbal elements undergo degradation in performance when exposed to elevated hydrostatic pressure (i.e., deep ocean and extreme littoral water applications). This research shows that consistent and reliable acoustic performance can be achieved with cymbal-based transducers at hydrostatic pressures of interest to the Navy. / Civilian, United States Navy

Les géomètres de la section Survey de l’Organisation Européenne pour la Recherche Nucléaire (CERN) utilisent le nivellement hydrostatique HLS pour effectuer des alignements verticaux précis. Le HLS atteint des précisions micrométriques, ce qui lui permet d’être utilisé pour les expériences à but de physique fondamentale comme le Large Hadron Collider (LHC). HLS mesure certes des déformations qui ont pour conséquence de désaligner tout accélérateur de particules lié au sol, mais il mesure également d’autres phénomènes aux caractéristiques bien particulières. Parmi ces phénomènes mesurés, les marées terrestres représentent une part très largement majoritaire du signal. Leur effet sur les mesures HLS est périodique et engendre une inclinaison longue base qui n’aboutit pas au désalignement relatif des aimants constitutifs d’un accélérateur. Les objectifs de ce doctorat sont de pouvoir prédire les effets ne perturbant pas l’alignement relatif d’un accélérateur de particules et ainsi corriger les mesures HLS de ces signaux. En effet, les tolérances planimétrique et altimétrique à respecter dans le domaine des accélérateurs de particules sont de plus en plus serrées. Par exemple, le Compact Linear Collider (CLIC), aujourd’hui à l’étude de faisabilité, nécessite une précision d’alignement à 3σ de 10 μm dans une fenêtre glissante de 200 m selon les directions transversale et verticale. Le HLS est candidat pour assurer cet alignement vertical mais l’amplitude de marée est d’environ +/-20 μm à 200 m, rendant nécessaire la prise en compte de ce phénomène longue base pour que l’instrumentation réponde aux besoins du CLIC. Ce doctorat est inspiré des travaux déjà réalisés sur les inclinomètres longue base et décrit les effets mesurés par HLS afin de classer ces phénomènes selon qu’ils désalignent ou non un accélérateur de particules. Enfin, les outils et modèles pour prédire les effets maitrisables sont utilisés pour anticiper les différents signaux mesurés par les HLS installés au CERN. / The surveyors of the Large Scale Metrology section of the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) use hydrostatic levelling systems (HLS) to perform precise vertical alignment measurements. The HLS achieves micrometer accuracy, which allows it to be used for the fundamental physics experiments such as the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). An HLS measures the deformations that lead to the misalignment of any particle accelerator linked to the ground, but it also measures other phenomena with very particular characteristics. Among these measured phenomena Earth tides form the main part of the signal. Their effect on HLS measurements is periodic and produces a long baseline tilt that does not lead to a relative misalignment of the magnets that constitute the accelerator.The objectives of this doctoral research are to be able to predict the effects which do not disturb the relative alignment of a particle accelerator and to remove these signals from the HLS measurements. Indeed, the horizontal and vertical positioning tolerances to be respected in the realm of particle accelerators are becoming tighter and tighter. For example, the Compact Linear Collider (CLIC), currently the object of a feasibility study, requires a 3σ alignment accuracy of 10 μm in a sliding window of 200 m, in both the transverse and vertical directions. The HLS is a candidate for measuring the vertical alignment but the amplitude of the tidal effect is approximately +/-20 μm over200 m, making it necessary to take into account this long baseline phenomenon for the instrument to meet the CLIC requirements.This doctoral thesis is inspired by previous work on the long baseline tiltmeters and describes the effects measured by HLS in order to classify the measured phenomena according to whether they could produce a misalignment of a particle accelerator or not. Finally, the tools and models to predict those effects that are well understood are used to anticipate the different signals measured by HLS installed at CERN.

In this study, the initial hydrostatic stability, the hydrostatic stability and the structure realibility of three different barge-shaped vessels is simulated and evaluated in order to see which of the vessels would be the most optimal to use for deployment of wave energy converters, WECs. The vessels differ in their hull type: Bulbous-bow hull vessel, Barge hull vessel and Modified-barge hull vessel. In order to do the evaluation, the hull of each vessel is designed in DELFTship and further design is proceeded in SolidWorks 2014. Structural strength analysis is performed in SolidWorks 2014 and hydrostatic properties are simualted in Ansys Aqwa 16.0. The collected results are pointing at that the Modified-barge hull vessel is slightly superior to the others in terms of hydrostatic stability, while the structure stability is equal. The results of this study will provide a foundation for further evaluation of vessels capable of deploying wave energy converters.

O escoamento hidrodinâmico é descrito por meio das equações da continuidade e da quantidade de movimento em conjunto com as condições iniciais e de contorno. Neste trabalho de pesquisa, o escoamento não permanente na saída de um canal retangular curto de declividade nula, resultante da abertura rápida de uma comporta foi experimentalmente investigado. Para determinar o coeficiente de pressão e o comprimento do trecho a montante da comporta com distribuição de pressão não hidrostática, usou-se um modelo unidimensional, descrito pelas equações de Saint Venant, para representar o fenômeno. Utilizou-se o método de Lax-Wendroff para obter as curvas características do fenômeno e compará-las com os resultados obtidos experimentalmente. Várias comparações foram feitas possibilitando a avaliação de valores para os parâmetros que definem a região com distribuição de pressão não hidrostática. Os resultados calculados para os valores de parâmetros constantes, estão de acordo com os resultados experimentais. Os resultados experimentais ajustam-se melhor quando os valores dos parâmetros variam no decorrer do tempo. / The hydrodynamic flow is described by means of the equations of the continuity and momentum together with the initial conditions, the boundary conditions. In this research work, the unsteady flow at the exit of a short rectangular channel of zero slope, resulting from the fast opening of a floodgate was investigated experimentally. For determining the pressure coefficient and the length of the upstream reach of the floodgate with non-hydrostatic pressure distribution, a one-dimensional model described by Saint Venant equations is used to represent the phenomenon. The Lax-Wendroff method was used to obtain the curves characteristics of the phenomenon and to compare them with the results obtained experimentally. Several comparisons were made to facilitate the evaluation of values for the parameters that define the region with non-hydrostatic pressure distribution. The results calculated for the values of constant parameters are in agreement with the experimental results. The experimental results are better adjusted when the values of the parameters vary in elapsing of the time.

L’étude se situe dans le cadre de la recherche de gains de performance de structures d’isolations passives pour l’offshore profond. Le travail proposé a pour support des analyses expérimentales et numériques de tubes revêtus par des matériaux isolants utilisés en eau profonde pour transporter du fluide chaud. Le raboutage des tubes en acier, préalablement revêtus en atelier, nécessite un dégagement du revêtement aux extrémités pour réaliser l'opération d'assemblage (généralement par soudure). La partie dégagée est ensuite recouverte par un nouveau matériau pouvant être appliqué sur site. Ainsi l’isolation de cette partie du tube (Field Joint), qui est soumise à des chargements thermomécaniques en service, doit être optimisée pour assurer une durée de vie compatible avec les contraintes de l’exploitation offshore en eau profonde. Le travail comporte principalement quatre parties : - la modélisation du comportement thermique pour analyser l’évolution en temps et en espace de la température du matériau au cours de la fabrication, de la pose et en service sachant que pour les matériaux d’isolation le comportement mécanique est fortement dépendant de la température,- une partie expérimentale pour l’analyse du comportement des matériaux isolants en fonction de la température et en fonction de la pression hydrostatique qui est le principal chargement mécanique de ces structures en service,- la modélisation du comportement mécanique des isolants,- et une partie modélisation et simulation du comportement en service d'assemblages multi-matériaux de type industriel, avec prise en compte du comportement non-linéaire des constituants. / Ultra deep offshore oil exploitation presents new challenges to offshore engineering and operating companies. Such applications require the use of pipelines with an efficient thermal protection. Passive insulation materials are commonly used to guarantee the thermal performance of the pipes, and syntactic foams are now the preferred material for this application. The mechanical behaviour of such insulation materials is quite complex, associating time-dependent behaviour of polymers with damage behaviour of glass microspheres. In order to allow an optimisation of such systems, while ensuring in-service durability, accurate numerical models of insulation materials are thus required. During the service life in deep water, hydrostatic pressure is the most important mechanical loading of the pipeline, so this study aims to describe the mechanical behaviour of the material under such loading. Using a hyperbaric chamber, the analysis of the evolution of the volumetric strain with time, with respect to the temperature, under different time-evolutions of the applied hydrostatic pressure is presented in this paper. Such experimental results associated with the mechanical response of the material under uniaxial tensile creep tests, allow the development of a thermo-mechanical model, so that representative loadings can be analysed.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Os molibidatos constituem uma grande classe de compostos inorgÃnicos e tÃm sido o objeto de vÃrias investigaÃÃes, devido o estudo ainda nÃo realizado no mesmo usando espectroscopia Raman em funÃÃo da pressÃo e as diversas aplicabilidades em diversos campos de estudos do Na2MoO4.2H2O nos motivamos a realiza este estudo. Geralmente os membros desta famÃlia possuem fÃrmula geral Y2XO4.nH2O, onde Y = (Na, Ca), X = (Mo, S, W, Mn) com n = (0, 1, 3, 4...). O Na2MoO4.2H2O foi estudado atravÃs de experimentos de espectroscopia Raman visando investigar os efeitos da aplicaÃÃo de pressÃo hidrostÃtica em suas propriedades estruturais e vibracionais. Na cÃlula de pressÃo (DAC, do inglÃs Diamond Anvil Cell, que permite a obtenÃÃo de pressÃo de 0-10GPa) foram utilizados como meios compressores uma mistura de Ãlcoois (metanol e etanol na proporÃÃo de 4:1) e Ãleo mineral (Nujol). O material Na2MoO4.2H2O experimenta uma transiÃÃo de fase quando o meio compressor à a mistura de Ãlcoois, sendo esta transiÃÃo estrutural. Jà quando o meio compressor à o nujol (Ãleo mineral) o Na2MoO4.2H2O experimenta duas transiÃÃes de fase. A diferenÃa para tais acontecimentos à que o Na2MoO4.2H2O interage com o meio compressor Ãlcool, uma vez que ao relaxar-se a pressÃo o espectro do material apresenta-se como se estivesse semidesidratrado nÃo voltando para a fase original (fase α). Quando o meio compressor à o nujol, alÃm de uma fase adicional, o Na2MoO4.2H2O, no processo de relaxamento, recupera a fase original, sendo que a fase intermediÃria à suprimida devido ao efeito de histerese. Portanto, identificam-se trÃs fases distintas no Na2MoO4.2H2O, uma no intervalo de 0 a 3,0 GPa (fase α), outra entre 3,0 e 4,0 GPa (fase δ) e a terceira acima de 4,0 GPa (fase β). A primeira transiÃÃo da fase α para a fase δ à uma transiÃÃo conformacional, devido a distorÃÃes nos tetraedros MoO4, saindo do grupo de simetria D2h15. A segunda transiÃÃo à uma transiÃÃo estrutural devido ao colapso de dois modos em um Ãnico modo, principalmente na regiÃo dos modos da rede, o que indica uma transiÃÃo para uma estrutura de maior simetria que a anterior (possivelmente de ortorrÃmbica para tetragonal). / The molibidatos up a large class of inorganic compounds and have been the subject of several investigations. Usually the members of this family have Y2XO4.nH2O general formula, where Y = (Na, Ca), X = (Mo, S, W, Mn) with n = (0, 1, 3, 4...). The Na2MoO4.2H2O was studied through experiments of Raman spectroscopy aimed at investigating the effects of hydrostatic pressure on their properties structural and vibrational. The material Na2MoO4.2H2O experiencing a transition phase when the compressor is half the mixture of alcohols, this transition is structural. When the compressor is the way nujol (mineral oil) Na2MoO4.2H2O try the two-phase transitions. The difference for these events is that the Na2MoO4.2H2O interacts with the environment compressor alcohol, since the pressure to relax the spectrum of the material presents itself as being semidesidratrado not going back to the original phase. When the compressor means is the nujol, as well as an additional step, the Na2MoO4.2H2O, in the process of relaxation, restores the original phase, where the interim stage is deleted due to the effect of hysteresis. Therefore, it identifies three distinct phases in Na2MoO4.2H2O, in a range of 0 to 3.0 GPa (phase α), another between 3.0 and 4.0 GPa (phase δ) and third over 4.0 GPa (phase β). The first transition from phase α to phase δ is a conformal transition, due to distortions in tetraedros MoO4, leaving the group of symmetry D2h 15. The second transition is a structural transition due to the collapse of two modes in a single event, especially in the modes of the network, which indicates a transition to a structure for greater symmetry than the previous (possibly of the orthorhombic for tetragonal).

Submitted by Rosivalda Pereira (mrs.pereira@ufma.br) on 2017-05-09T19:00:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 RilleandsSoares.pdf: 3170256 bytes, checksum: 735ff5b185572666283ce8413340aa71 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-09T19:00:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RilleandsSoares.pdf: 3170256 bytes, checksum: 735ff5b185572666283ce8413340aa71 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-18 / In this work nitrate L-Alanine crystals (LAN) were prepared by slow evaporation technique at room temperature and characterization by X-ray diffraction and Raman scattering at room temperature and high pressures in the amino acid salt crystals LAN. The crystals grew after six months of rest. The growth solution was acidic with pH 1.0. With the XRD pattern of the material and the Rietveld analysis, it was found that at room temperature LAN crystallizes in orthorhombic space group (P212121) with four molecules per unit cell. The refinement of the quality parameters were satisfactory, with Rp = 5.52%, 7.73% and S = 1.4. The results of Raman scattering with hydrostatic pressure variation between 0 GPa and 7.4 GPa, show that the LAN crystal undergoes a phase transition between 3.5 and 4.1 GPa, as suggested by the changes in the vibrational modes, both In the low wave number as in the internal mode regions. The correlation between the configuration of hydrogen bonding at ambient pressure and the occurrence of phase transition with pressure variation was proposed. After decompression at ambient pressure, the original spectra were recovered indicating that the phase transitions are reversible. / Este trabalho descreve o preparo dos cristais de nitrato de L-Alanina (NLA) pela técnica de evaporação lenta do solvente à temperatura ambiente e realizadas medidas de caracterização por difração de raios X e espalhamento Raman à temperatura ambiente e a altas pressões em cristais do sal de aminoácido de NLA. Os cristais cresceram após seis meses de repouso. A solução de crescimento era ácida com pH 1,0. Com o difratograma do material e a análise pelo método Rietveld, constatou-se que à temperatura ambiente o NLA cristaliza-se numa estrutura ortorrômbica (P212121) com quatro moléculas por célula unitária. Os parâmetros de qualidade do refinamento foram satisfatórios, com Rp = 5,52 %, Rwp = 7,73 % e S = 1,4. Os resultados de espalhamento Raman com variação da pressão hidrostática entre 0 GPa e 7,4 GPa, sugerem que o cristal de NLA, sofre uma transição de fase entre 3,5 e 4,1 GPa, evidenciando pelas mudanças nos modos vibracionais, tanto no número de onda baixo como nas regiões de modos internos. Foi proposta a correlação entre as ligações de hidrogênio à pressão ambiente e a ocorrência de transição de fase com variação de pressão. Após a descompressão à pressão ambiente, os espectros originais foram recuperados indicando que as transições de fase são reversíveis.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-08-29T17:58:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017 - Fabiola dos Santos Gouvea.pdf: 2182163 bytes, checksum: dfda9ecfc3001fc4f7db7aa0e3138b6a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-29T17:58:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2017 - Fabiola dos Santos Gouvea.pdf: 2182163 bytes, checksum: dfda9ecfc3001fc4f7db7aa0e3138b6a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-20 / CAPES / Consumers are increasingly becoming more critical in the selection of a food product, by mainly considering sensory, nutritional and safety issues in the decision to purchase. As a result, less drastic preservation methods have been more deeply investigated and broadly adopted in industrial scale, including the addition of natural antimicrobials and the high hydrostatic pressure processing. In this sense, the objective of the this study was to evaluate the effect of the incorporation of carrot either individually or in combination with high pressure tretament on the inhibition of Listeria innocua inoculated in Minas Frescal cheese, besides evaluating the effect on the proximate composition, carotenoids content and sensorial characteristics and acceptance. A 22 factorial design was first employed to perform the chemical and physical characterization, being the independent variables the pressure (0 and 500 MPa) and the carrot concentration (0% and 6%), with three repetitions of the central point. The following analyses were carried out in the cheeses resulting from the treatments: proximate composition (moisture, protein, ethereal extract, fixed mineral residue - FMR); instrumental color; carotenoid quantification (total carotenoids, lutein, ?-carotene and ?-carotene) and enumeration of Listeria innocua. For the sensory analysis, a full factorial design was adopted, by considering the central points of the first design as factors themselves. The global acceptance was evaluated by a 9-point hedonic scale and the CATA Test (check-all-that-apply) with 102 consumers. High pressure processing at the level of 500 MPa for 10 minutes reduced the Listeria innocua count from 7 log cfu /ml up to undetectable levels, without further sigificant increase along the chilled storage at 8 ?C for 22 days. On the contrary, the single carrot incorporation (6%) or its combination in the level of (3%) with pressure treatment at (250 MPa) had no effect on the inhibition of this microorganism. Moisture content, protein, ethereal extract and FMR were not significantly affected by either the carrot incorporation or the high pressure processing. As expected, carrot addition enhanced the levels of total carotenoids, lutein, ?-carotene and ?-carotene, as well as affected the instrumental color parameters. There again, high pressure processing had no significant effect on these compounds. Furthermore, high hydrostatic pressure processing did not influence the overall acceptance of the samples, while the incorporation of 6% of carrot tended to lower the acceptance. In the analyzis of individual consumers, the cheese with 3% of carrot processed at 250 MPa did not differ from the control sample, which was the most preferred sample. According to the CATA test, the consumers were able to sensory characterize and differentiate between the cheeses with or without the addition of carrot. / Os consumidores t?m se tornado mais cr?ticos na escolha de um produto aliment?cio, sendo as caracter?sticas sensoriais, nutricionais e funcionais, assim como a seguran?a do alimento, fatores preponderantes na decis?o de compra do consumidor. Tais demandas t?m induzido a busca por m?todos alternativos de conserva??o, menos danosos ? qualidade do produto, como adi??o de antimicrobianos naturais e o processamento por alta press?o hidrost?tica. Nesse sentido, o presente estudo objetivou avaliar o efeito da incorpora??o da cenoura e do tratamento por alta press?o hidrost?tica na inibi??o da Listeria innocua e nas caracter?sticas qu?micas, f?sica, microbiol?gicas e sensoriais do queijo Minas Frescal, visando desenvolver um produto diferenciado, mais seguro e saud?vel. O processamento dos queijos seguiu um delineamento fatorial 22 com os fatores: press?o (0 e 500 MPa) e concentra??o de cenoura (0 e 6%) com 3 repeti??es do ponto central. Foram realizadas an?lises f?sico-quimicas (umidade, prote?na, extrato et?reo, res?duo mineral fixo (RMF) e cor instrumental), quantifica??o dos carotenoides (carotenoides totais, lute?na, ?-caroteno e ?-caroteno) e contagem de Listeria innocua. A an?lise sensorial seguiu um delineamento fatorial completo (considerando os pontos centrais como fatores), em que foi avaliado a aceita??o global pela escala hed?nica de 9 pontos e o Teste CATA (check-all-that-apply) com 102 consumidores. O processamento por alta press?o em 500 MPa por 10 minutos reduziu a contagem de Listeria innocua em aproximadamente 7 log ufc/mL, para n?veis n?o detect?veis imediatamente ap?s o processamento, e essa contagem se manteve constante ao longo do armazenamento a 8?C por 22 dias. J? a incorpora??o individual (sem pressuriza??o) da cenoura (6%), ou a utiliza??o combinada desta na concentra??o de 3% com a press?o de 250 MPa, n?o apresentou efeito na inibi??o desse micro-organismo. Os teores de umidade, prote?na, extrato et?reo e RMF tamb?m n?o foram afetados significativamente pela incorpora??o da cenoura ou pelo processamento de alta press?o hidrost?tica. Como esperado, a incorpora??o da cenoura aumentou os teores de carotenoides totais, lute?na, ?-caroteno e ?-caroteno, bem como influenciou nos par?metros de cor instrumental. Em contrapartida, o processamento por alta press?o n?o apresentou efeito significativo sobre esses compostos. O processamento por alta press?o hidrost?tica pouco influenciou na aceita??o global da amostras, enquanto que a incorpora??o de 6% de cenoura tendeu a uma menor aceita??o. Quando analisados os consumidores individualmente, foi verificado que a amostra processada a 250 MPa com 3% de cenoura n?o diferiu da amostra controle, sendo essas as mais preferidas. O teste CATA mostrou que os consumidores conseguiram diferenciar e caracterizar sensorialmente os queijos incorporados com cenoura dos n?o adicionados.

L’objectif de ce travail est le développement d’un modèle et d’une méthode numérique adaptés à la simulation duruissellement d’eau de pluie sur des surfaces agricoles. Pour cela, nous utilisons un système d’équations aux dérivéespartielles pour les eaux peu profondes : le système de Saint Venant. La pluie et l’infiltration y sont pris en compte parl’ajout de termes source et le couplage avec un modèle d’infiltration. Le système étant hyperbolique et conservatifnous choisissons d’utiliser un schéma aux volumes finis avec reconstruction hydrostatique. Avec cette reconstructionnous obtenons un schéma permettant de traiter les équilibres stationnaires et les interfaces sec/mouillé dues auxévénements pluvieux. Tout d’abord, nous effectuons une comparaison systématique de différents flux numériques,de différentes reconstructions d’ordre deux (MUSCL et ENO modifiées) et de différentes méthodes de traitementdes frottements sur des solutions analytiques unidimensionnelles. Ces comparaisons nous permettent de choisirune méthode numérique adaptée à la simulation du ruissellement qui en outre capture les phénomènes de typeroll-waves. Ensuite nous nous intéressons au traitement de la pluie et de l’infiltration à l’aide du modèle de Green-Ampt. Cette méthode généralisée en dimension deux est validée sur des résultats expérimentaux obtenus à l’INRAd’Orléans et à l’IRD. La méthode numérique choisie et validée a été implémentée dans FullSWOF_2D un logiciellibre écrit en C++ pour la simulation de ruissellement d’eau de pluie sur des surfaces agricoles. / In this work, we aim at developping both a model and a numerical method adapted to the simulation of rainfallrunoff on agricultural fields. The model used is a system of partial differential equations for shallow water flows :namely the system of Saint Venant. Rain and infiltration are treated as source terms and with a coupled model ofinfiltration. Because of the hyperbolicity and conservativity properties, we are using a finite volume scheme with thehydrostatic reconstruction. This reconstruction allows us to deal with stationary equilibria and wet/dry transitionsdu to rainfall events. First, a systematic comparison on analytic solutions is achieved between various numericalfluxes, two second order reconstructions (a MUSCL and a modified ENO reconstructions) and different numericaltreatment of the friction term. This allows us to choose a numerical method adapted to runoff simulation. Moreoverit is able to catch roll waves phenomenons. Then we are interested in the rain and infiltration treatment. Infiltrationis modeled thanks to the Green Ampt model. This method is thereafter generalized to two dimensions and validatedon experimental results obtained by the INRA of Orléans and the IRD. The chosen numerical method has beenimplemented in an C++ open-source software for rainfall runoff on agricultural fields simulations : FullSWOF_2D.

The main objective of this study was to determine the pressure induced inactivation mechanism of pressure-resistant Escherichia coli O157:H7 933 and Staphylococcus aureus 485 in a low acid food. Firstly, inactivation curves of pathogens were obtained at 200 to 400 MPa at 40&ordm / C in peptone water and carrot juice. First-order and Weibull models were fitted and Weibull model described the inactivation curves of both pathogens more accurately than first-order model, revealing that food systems could exhibit either protective or sensitizing effect on microorganisms. Carrot juice had a protective effect on E. coli O157:H7 whereas it had a sensitizing effect on S. aureus, due to the naturally occurring constituents or phytoalexins in carrot roots that could have a toxic effect. Secondly, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and fluorescent microscopy images of studied pathogens were taken. Developed software was used to analyze SEM images to calculate the change in the view area and volume of cells. Membrane integrity of pressurized cells was also examined using fluorescent microscopy images. The increase in average values of the view area and volume of both pathogens was significant for the highest pressure levels studied. The increase in volume and the view area could be explained by the modification of membrane properties, i.e., disruption or increase in permeability, lack of membrane integrity, denaturation of membrane-bound proteins and pressure-induced phase transition of membrane lipid bilayer. The change in volume and the view area of microorganisms added another dimension to the understanding of inactivation mechanisms of microbial cells by HHP.