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No description available.

On the behalf of Norrporten in Umeå have an energy audit been made on an older part of a building. The goal has been to calculate the distribution of energy carriers in the property and to find out what the operating cost for the building is. With that in mind so have different methods to reduce energy and operating costs been examined and its effect on energy consumption. This survey analyzes ventilation, heating, water heating and climate shell of the property. Measures to reduce energy consumption due to operations in the building have not been examined. The simulation program IDA ICE was used for energy calculations. The results show that the property currently use about 150 MWh/year of heat and about 104 MWh/year of electricity. This means an annual operating cost of about 200 600 SEK. Among the largest energy consuming parts are: Heating of the facility Heating of domestic hot water Ventilating el for fan operation The total savings opportunity is apparent to about 14,600 kWh/year of electricity and about 39,600 kWh/year of district heating.

The primary objective of the NASA sponsored ICESat mission is to study the short and long term changes in the ice mass in the Greenland and Antarctica regions. The satellite was therefore placed into a frozen near-polar near-circular repeat groundtrack to ensure an adequate coverage of the polar regions while keeping the groundtrack periodic and reducing the variations in the orbital elements, and more specifically the semi-major axis of the ICESat orbit. After launch, a contingency plan had to be devised to compensate for a laser that dangerously compromised the lifetime of the ICESat mission. This new plan makes an intensive use of the ICESat subcycles, a characteristic of the repeat groundtrack orbits often over-looked. The subcycle of a repeat groundtrack orbit provide global coverage within a time shorter than the groundtrack repetition period. For a satellite with an off-nadir pointing capacity, the subcycles provide near-repeat tracks which represents added opportunity for altimetry measurement over a specific track. The ICESat subcycles were also used in a very innovative fashion to reposition the satellite within its repeat cycle via orbital maneuvers called phasing maneuver. The necessary theoretical framework is provided for the subcycle analysis and the implementation of phasing maneuvers for any future repeat orbit mission. In the perspective of performing cross-validation of missions like CryoSat using the ICESat off-nadir capacity, a study was conducted to determine the geolocations of crossovers between two different repeat groundtrack Keplerian orbits. The general analytical solution was applied to ICESat vs. several other repeat groundtrack orbit mission, including the future ICESat-II mission. ICESat’s repeat groundtrack orbit was designed using a disturbing force model that includes only the Earth geopotential. Though the third body effect from the Sun and the Moon was neglected in the orbit design, it does in fact disrupt the repeatability condition of the groundtrack and consequently implies orbit correction maneuvers. The perturbations on ICESat orbit due to the third body effect are studied as a preliminary work towards including these forces in the design of the future ICESat-II repeat groundtrack orbit. / text

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The genes that comprise the multi-gene family encoding the small subunit of the CO₂ fixing enzyme ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) in the facultative Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) plant Mesembryanthemum crystallinum were isolated and nucleotide sequences were determined. The gene family is comprised of six genes of which four are expressed (rbcS-1, rbcS-2, rbcS-3 and rbcS-4) based on the isolation of corresponding cDNAs and northern analysis. Sequence analysis of the genes reveals influences of gene duplication, gene conversion and selection pressure in the evolution of the gene family. Five of the genes are located in a tandem array within 20 kbp. Two are identical throughout the coding regions and intron sequences. The promoter regions of five of the genes lack regulatory sequence elements conserved in other dicot species. Gene specific probes were used to determine the expression properties of the rbcS-1, rbcS-2, rbcS-3 and rbcS-4 genes during environmental stress, development and the diurnal cycle. The four genes are differentially expressed and are co-regulated in response to stress and during development. Steady state rbcS mRNA amounts are down regulated by NaCl and cold stress. Comparison of changes in transcriptional activities relative to steady state mRNA amounts revealed that NaCl causes increased rbcS RNA turnover. RbcS expression is transcriptionally down regulated coincident with the developmental enablement of CAM induction by stress. The regulation of rbcS expression by changes in RNA turnover is itself developmentally regulated. The rbcS genes of M. crystallinum are transcriptionally regulated during development and are regulated at the level of RNA turnover by stress.

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No description available.

No description available.

No description available.