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Glass has been used to make a variety of artifacts including bottles, drinking cups, vessels, window glasses, beads and bracelets. Although occasional glass bracelets were dated back to 2000 BC, large scale manufacture of glass bracelets was encountered in Central Europe in the last centuries of 1000BC. During the excavations of Mezraa H&ouml / y&uuml / k (Birecik-Sanliurfa) in 2000-20002, a number of glass bracelets were unearthed that belongs to 13th century AD. On going excavations of Mersin Yumuktepe also give quite a lot of 11th-12th centuries Byzantine glass bracelets. In this study a group of those bracelets was started to be examined. After technical drawings, color identification had been carried out by using Munsell color chart. Thin sections of some samples of Mezraa H&ouml / y&uuml / k have been prepared and then observed by an optical microscope in Mineral Research and Exploration (MTA). Observation of thin sections showed the amorphous structure of glass with some impurities and gas bubbles. On some samples deteriorated surface layers were present. XRD traces of those layers showed the typical amorphous background of glass in which no crystalline phase is present. Elemental analysis of the samples has been done using ICP-OES method in METU Central Laboratory. In the analysis major (except SiO2), minor and some trace elements were determined. ICP-OES data showed that glass bracelet samples studied are of soda-lime-silica glass. But percentage of Na2O is less than expected from typical composition of soda-lime-silica glass / being 10.5 wt % as average. This might be due to removal of Na ions from the glass network because of leaching under burial conditions. Concentration of Al2O3 in the samples of Mezraa H&ouml / y&uuml / k is almost same. This may be due to the using one type of quartz sand in bracelet production. Color producing elements seem to be Fe, Mn and Cu.

The present study aims to investigate the composition of historical plasters to get information about their material characteristics and their technology. Plaster samples were obtained from four Ankara Citadel houses built in late Ottoman period. In order to determine the raw material characteristics and mineralogical properties of plasters / chemical analyses, optical observation of cross sections, petrographic analyses of thin sections, elemental analyses by ICP-OES, X-ray powder diffraction analyses for the determination of mineral phases, thermogravimetric analyses and FTIR analyses were carried out. Interpretation of all the analytical examination was used to understand the composition and unique character of plaster samples studied. Observation of thin sections revealed more plaster layers than those observed in cross sections. Up to twelve layers could be observed with different colours, such as blue, red, yellow, green, white and brown. Generally, thicknesses of white plaster layers were found to be thicker than the others. In two samples, two black boundaries between plaster layers were identified which could be an indication of the use of asphalt for isolation purposes, like dampness proofing or heat insulation. Soluble salt contents of the plaster samples were in the range 3.04%-9.22%, with an average being 6.62%. The anions identified were Cl-, SO42-. In few samples, PO43-, NO2- and NO3- were found. Binder was found to be lime and gypsum. The amount of binder in terms of total calcium oxide, CaO, was found to be in the range of 33.5-43.6%, with an average being 37.9%. Amount of aggregate was about 62.1% as average. The main minerals identified in plaster samples were calcite and gypsum. Gypsum might be added to increase the strength of the plaster. Beside calcite and gypsum, quartz and pozzolanic activity related mineral, Opal-A, were found in some of the samples. In red plaster layers hematite mineral was also identified. Other colour effective elements were found to be Fe, Sb, Mn, Cu, Cr and Ni. Presence of organic additives was observed but clear identification was not established.

In this thesis, the effect of registration process is evaluated as well as several methods proposed for 3D face recognition. Input faces are in point cloud form and have noises due to the nature of scanner technologies. These inputs are noise filtered and smoothed before registration step. In order to register the faces an average face model is obtained from all the images in the database. All the faces are registered to the average model and stored to the database. Registration is performed by using a rigid registration technique called ICP (Iterative Closest Point), probably the most popular technique for registering two 3D shapes. Furthermore some variants of ICP are implemented and they are evaluated in terms of accuracy, time and number of iterations needed for convergence. At the recognition step, several recognition methods, namely Eigenface, Fisherface, NMF (Nonnegative Matrix Factorization) and ICA (Independent Component Analysis) are tested on registered and non-registered faces and the performances are evaluated.

ABSTRACT DETERMINATION OF ARSENIC, SELENIUM AND CADMIUM IN SOME TURKISH SPICES BY INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA MASS SPECTROMETRY Senol, Feriye M.Sc., Department of Chemistry Supervisor: Prof. Dr. O. Yavuz Ataman July 2010, 106 Pages The major source of all the nutrient elements for human body is the daily diet which is affected by age, sex, and health status, geographic and climatic conditions. It is important to analyze food items in order to determine their elemental contents, estimate their dietary intakes and compare with recommended or tolerated intake values in order to limit or increase their consumption. Spices are taken from different parts of plants and widely used in cooking processes. They are convenient samples to investigate the distribution of elements among different parts of plants and to evaluate their daily intakes. Arsenic and selenium are both essential and toxic elements whereas cadmium is considered to be toxic to human health. The recommended dietary allowance (RDA) level of selenium ranges from 50 to 200 &mu / g/day. The RDA level of arsenic is set to be 100-200 &mu / g/day for adults to meet the requirements. The weekly tolerable intake of cadmium and arsenic are 7 and 15 &mu / g/kg, respectively whereas selenium is toxic when intake is greater than 750 &mu / g/day . In this study the analysis of a variety of Anatolian spices including daisy (Chamomillae Vulgaris), bay leaf (Folium Lauri), mint (Folium Menthane), rosehip (Rosae Caninae), sage (Folium Salviae Officinalis), thyme (Herba Thymi), cumin (Fructus Cummuni), sumac (Folium Rhois Coriariae), linden flower (Flos Tilliae) v and black pepper (Piper Nigrum) were performed and As, Cd and Se levels were determined by using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The results obtained were evaluated together with the results of previous studies for determination of Na, K, Mg, Ca, Li, Zn, Fe, Cu, B, Hg, Pb and Mn by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICPOES) and atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Samples were digested in microwave oven in optimized concentrations of HNO3 and H2O2. microwave temperature program was optimized to maximize digestion efficiency. Samples were analyzed by using direct calibration method for cadmium and standard addition method for arsenic and selenium considering the effect of HNO3 concentration on ICP-MS signals. The accuracy of the methods was checked by using Oyster Tissue 1566b SRM for cadmium and arsenic and BCR Human Hair, 397 SRM for selenium. The mean arsenic and selenium levels were found to be in the range of 100-500 &mu / g/ kg whereas cadmium levels were relatively lower falling in a range of 10-100 &mu / g/ kg with few exceptions. In order to investigate the effects of spectral and nonspectral interferences on arsenic signals interference studies were performed by using HCl, NaCl, NaNO3, CsCl, CsNO3, LiCl and LiNO3. Statistical evaluations were performed on data in order to detect on significant trends.

Knowledge about selenium content of foods containing selenium species is very important in terms of both nutrition and toxicity. Bioavailability of selenium species for human body is different from each other. Hence, speciation of selenium is more important than total selenium determination. In the selenium speciation study, chicken breast samples, selenium supplement tablets and egg samples were analyzed for their selenium contents. In chicken breast study, chickens were randomly categorized into three groups including the control group (25 chickens), inorganic selenium fed group (25 chickens) and organic selenium fed group (25 chickens). After the optimization of all the analytical parameters used throughout the study, selenomethionine, selenocystine, Se(IV) and Se(VI) were determined using Cation Exchange-HPLC-ICP-MS system. In selenium supplement tablet study, anion and cation exchange chromatographies were used to determine selenium species. Arsenic is known as toxic element, and toxicity of inorganic arsenic species, As(III) and As(V), is much higher than organic arsenic species like arsenobetaine and arsenosugars. Hence, speciation of arsenic species in any matrix related with human health is very important. In the arsenic speciation study, Cation Exchange-HPLC-ICP-MS and Cation Exchange-HPLC-ES-MS systems were used to determine arsenobetaine content of DORM-2, DORM-3 and DOLT-4 as CRMs. All of the parameters in extraction, separation and detection steps were optimized. Standard addition method was applied to samples to eliminate or minimize the matrix interference. Thiols play an important role in metabolism and cellular homeostasis. Hence, determination of thiol compounds in biological matrices has been of interest by scientists. In the thiol study, Reverse Phase-HPLC-ICP-MS and Reverse Phase-HPLC-ES-MS systems were used for the separation and detection of thiols. For the thiol determination, thiols containing &ndash / S-S- bond were reduced using dithiothreitol (DTT). Reduction efficiencies for species of interest were found to be around 100%. Reduced and free thiols were derivatized before introduction on the column by p-hydroxymercuribenzoate (PHMB) and then separated from each other by using a C8 column. In the real sample measurement, yeast samples were analyzed using HPLC-ES-MS system.

ABSTRACT ARSENIC SPECIATION IN FISH BY HPLC-ICP-MS &Ouml / ZCAN, Sefika Eroglu M.S., Department of Chemistry Supervisor: Prof. Dr. O. Yavuz ATAMAN September 2010, 103 pages Arsenic speciation in fish samples on the market was performed using isocratic elution with cation exchange column high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) detection. Total As concentrations were found by ICP-MS using samples digested by nitric acid-hydrogen peroxide solution using microwave oven digestion / the results were in the range of 1.15-12.6 &micro / g/g. Separation of organic arsenicals, namely arsenobetaine (AB), dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) and monomethylarsonic acid (MA), have been achieved in 12 minutes. Freeze-dried samples were extracted by deionized water with a shaker system / the concentrations of AB and DMA in the extract was then determined using HPLC-ICP-MS. The accuracy of the method for determining AB concentration was confirmed using certified reference material (CRM), DOLT 4 (dog fish liver) / for this CRM only preliminary data are available for AB. The arsenic compounds in 6 fish muscle samples were investigated. The predominant arsenic compound found in extracts was AB / the concentrations were in the range of 0.86-12.0 &micro / g/g. DMA concentration was 0.40&plusmn / 0.03 &micro / g/g in one of the samples / in the others it was below the limit of quantation (0.21 &micro / g/g).

Recenty , the Internet change Human¡¦s life with rapid growth. Especially in recent years , Mainland China have great advancement in Internet. Because environment changes so fast , traditional competitive strategy gas become unavailable. The purpose of this research evaluate the strategy of internet company with dynamics of competitive strategy. This dissertation is divided to five chapters: In chapter 1 , it included introduction of research content¡Bpurpose and motive. In chapter 2 is literature review. It explains administration of virtual community¡Bdynamics of competitive strategy , and the competition on the edge. In chapter 3 , we analysis Internet Content Provider in mainland China , include the administration of ICP and portal site in P.R.C..In chapter 4 , we visited internet companies in Mainland China and then made SWOT analysis for our case. At last , we induce the key successful factor about portal site¡¦s administration in P.R.C. is : 1. Incipient advantage 2. Have no lack of capital 3. The ability to handhold variety market message 4. The free Internet resource 5. A large amount of loyal member 6. Powerful search engine 7. Fast & broad news content 8. The frisky virtual community 9. Brand advantage

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