Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / A região de Itutinga foi alvo de estudos prospectivos por parte da empresa BP mineração na década de 80, onde foram encontradas mineralizações em lentes de sulfetos metálicos (Zn-Cu-Ag-Fe) associados a rochas komatiíticas peridotíticas e basaltos toleíticos (anfibolitos) do greenstone belts, nas proximidades da fazenda São Jerônimo, enquadrando-se em um depósito do tipo VMS. A partir destas informações encontradas na literatura propôs-se estudar a estaurolita, a magnetita e a ilmenita para, a partir da determinação do seu conteúdo em zinco, indicar a aplicabilidade destes três minerais como traçadores desses tipos de depósitos. Para isso foram coletadas amostras de sedimentos de corrente e concentrados de batéia na região próxima à ocorrência, no entorno da cidade de Itutinga, e também em uma região próxima a cidade de Itumirim, já que existem semelhanças litológicas entre as duas áreas. Os sedimentos de corrente, as frações magnéticas e as frações de 0,3A (separador eletromagnético Frantz) foram enviados para análises químicas por absorção atômica e ICP-OES. Os concentrados de batéia foram descritos, separando-se cristais de estaurolita de cada amostra coletada, e analisando-os em MEV-EDS para determinação da química mineral. Os resultados dos sedimentos de corrente apontaram que os pontos da fazenda São Jerônimo (ME-03, Itutinga 51,7 ppm de Zn) e o ponto do Ribeirão Santa Cruz, (ME-06, Itumirim 36,1 ppm de Zn) foram os que apresentaram melhores resultados, indicando anomalias em zinco nas duas áreas estudadas . As estaurolitas, retiradas dos concentrados de batéia de cada ponto estudado, foram divididas em três conjuntos, de acordo com os teores de ZnO encontrados: 1 - entre 2,96% e 3,25% de ZnO em peso; 2 - entre 2,03% e 2,76% de ZnO em peso; 3 - < 1,67% de ZnO em peso, sendo comparável com outras estaurolitas encontradas em diversos depósitos de Zn do mundo, como Dry River, Austrália e Palmeirópolis Goiás. Assim, as estaurolitas apresentam bons resultados como minerais indicadores na área estudada. Em relação as magnetitas e ilmenitas estudadas, o número de amostras coletadas no presente estudo foram muito pequenas para se ter informações conclusivas sobre o papel destes minerais como traçadores. Por outro lado, os resultados das análises químicas nos concentrados de ilmenita (até 856 ppm de Zn) e nos concentrados de magnetita (até 216 ppm de Zn), indicam a disponibilidade deste metal nas áreas estudadas. Assim, é possível se detectar a presença do zinco por dois meios: através de sedimentos de corrente, através de halos de dispersão química do elemento zinco, e através dos minerais resistatos (estaurolita zincífera, magnetita e ilmenita), a partir de uma dispersão clástica do grão. / The Itutinga region was studied for BP mineration in 80s , where they found sulphide mineralization in lenses (Zn-Cu-Ag-Fe) associated with komatiitic peridotite rocks and tholeitic basalts (amphibolites) of greenstone belts, near of Fazenda São Jerônimo. With this information in the literature the propose is study the staurolite, magnetite and ilmenite for indicating the applicability of these three minerals as tracers of these types of mineralization. For this, samples of stream sediment and panning concentrates in the region near the city of Itutinga, and also in a region near the city of Itumirim. The stream current, magnetic fractions and ilmenite fractions were sent to chemistry analyses (Atomic absorption and ICP-OES), and the panning concentrates were analyzed for the separating of staurolite crystals, and sent to SEM-EDS. The stream sediments results showed that the point of Fazenda São Jerônimo (ME-03, Itutinga 51,7 ppm of Zn) and the point of Ribeirão Santa Cruz (ME-06, Itumirim 36,1 ppm of Zn) were presented the best result. The staurolite of panning concentrates were divided into three groups according to levels of ZnO matched: 1 - between 2.96% and 3.25% by weight of ZnO, 2 - from 2, 03% and 2.76% by weight of ZnO, 3 - <1.67% ZnO by weight, comparable with other staurolite found in many zinc deposits in the world, such as Dry River, Australia and Palmeirópolis Goiás. Thus, the staurolite show good results as indicator minerals in the area. With respect to magnetite and ilmenite concentrates, the number of samples collected in both areas was too small to have conclusive information. On the other hand, the results of the chemical ilmenite (up to 856 ppm Zn) and magnetite (up to 216 ppm Zn), indicate the availability of this metal in the areas studied. Thus, it is possible to detect the presence of zinc by two means: through stream sediments through chemical dispersion halos of zinc, minerals and through resistive minerals (zincian staurolite, magnetite and ilmenite), from a crystal clastic dispersion.

An introduction to titanium minerals is provided along with a brief history of high tension roll (HTR) separation and its applications. Current HTR theory is critically reviewed and deficiencies in previous modelling work are identified. These problems are recognised as the likely reason why past models required empirical manipulation to reproduce observed separation behaviour. An updated theory of charge decay in a particle bed is developed for HTR applications. Particle bed interactions and their effects on electrostatic forces and discharge rates are examined, leading to a reviewed analysis of force balance. The theoretical contributions are incorporated into a new HTR model which takes a mechanistic approach to describing machine operation, as opposed to previous empirical-based work in the area. A simplified electrostatic field model is also developed. Atmospheric effects on separation behaviour are ignored in the modelling. Experimental separations are used to validate new model performance, where comparisons are specifically designed to test the theoretical developments on charge decay and force balance in a particle bed. The new model is also compared to the Dance (1992) HTR model, embedded in JKSimSand, the most recent HTR model with an empirical basis. An error analysis shows the new model performs as well as, or better, than JKSimSand in most respects. The fact that this is achieved with a mechanistic approach validates the new developments in particle bed charge decay and force theory, and sets the foundation for mechanistic HTR simulation.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / A região de Itutinga foi alvo de estudos prospectivos por parte da empresa BP mineração na década de 80, onde foram encontradas mineralizações em lentes de sulfetos metálicos (Zn-Cu-Ag-Fe) associados a rochas komatiíticas peridotíticas e basaltos toleíticos (anfibolitos) do greenstone belts, nas proximidades da fazenda São Jerônimo, enquadrando-se em um depósito do tipo VMS. A partir destas informações encontradas na literatura propôs-se estudar a estaurolita, a magnetita e a ilmenita para, a partir da determinação do seu conteúdo em zinco, indicar a aplicabilidade destes três minerais como traçadores desses tipos de depósitos. Para isso foram coletadas amostras de sedimentos de corrente e concentrados de batéia na região próxima à ocorrência, no entorno da cidade de Itutinga, e também em uma região próxima a cidade de Itumirim, já que existem semelhanças litológicas entre as duas áreas. Os sedimentos de corrente, as frações magnéticas e as frações de 0,3A (separador eletromagnético Frantz) foram enviados para análises químicas por absorção atômica e ICP-OES. Os concentrados de batéia foram descritos, separando-se cristais de estaurolita de cada amostra coletada, e analisando-os em MEV-EDS para determinação da química mineral. Os resultados dos sedimentos de corrente apontaram que os pontos da fazenda São Jerônimo (ME-03, Itutinga 51,7 ppm de Zn) e o ponto do Ribeirão Santa Cruz, (ME-06, Itumirim 36,1 ppm de Zn) foram os que apresentaram melhores resultados, indicando anomalias em zinco nas duas áreas estudadas . As estaurolitas, retiradas dos concentrados de batéia de cada ponto estudado, foram divididas em três conjuntos, de acordo com os teores de ZnO encontrados: 1 - entre 2,96% e 3,25% de ZnO em peso; 2 - entre 2,03% e 2,76% de ZnO em peso; 3 - < 1,67% de ZnO em peso, sendo comparável com outras estaurolitas encontradas em diversos depósitos de Zn do mundo, como Dry River, Austrália e Palmeirópolis Goiás. Assim, as estaurolitas apresentam bons resultados como minerais indicadores na área estudada. Em relação as magnetitas e ilmenitas estudadas, o número de amostras coletadas no presente estudo foram muito pequenas para se ter informações conclusivas sobre o papel destes minerais como traçadores. Por outro lado, os resultados das análises químicas nos concentrados de ilmenita (até 856 ppm de Zn) e nos concentrados de magnetita (até 216 ppm de Zn), indicam a disponibilidade deste metal nas áreas estudadas. Assim, é possível se detectar a presença do zinco por dois meios: através de sedimentos de corrente, através de halos de dispersão química do elemento zinco, e através dos minerais resistatos (estaurolita zincífera, magnetita e ilmenita), a partir de uma dispersão clástica do grão. / The Itutinga region was studied for BP mineration in 80s , where they found sulphide mineralization in lenses (Zn-Cu-Ag-Fe) associated with komatiitic peridotite rocks and tholeitic basalts (amphibolites) of greenstone belts, near of Fazenda São Jerônimo. With this information in the literature the propose is study the staurolite, magnetite and ilmenite for indicating the applicability of these three minerals as tracers of these types of mineralization. For this, samples of stream sediment and panning concentrates in the region near the city of Itutinga, and also in a region near the city of Itumirim. The stream current, magnetic fractions and ilmenite fractions were sent to chemistry analyses (Atomic absorption and ICP-OES), and the panning concentrates were analyzed for the separating of staurolite crystals, and sent to SEM-EDS. The stream sediments results showed that the point of Fazenda São Jerônimo (ME-03, Itutinga 51,7 ppm of Zn) and the point of Ribeirão Santa Cruz (ME-06, Itumirim 36,1 ppm of Zn) were presented the best result. The staurolite of panning concentrates were divided into three groups according to levels of ZnO matched: 1 - between 2.96% and 3.25% by weight of ZnO, 2 - from 2, 03% and 2.76% by weight of ZnO, 3 - <1.67% ZnO by weight, comparable with other staurolite found in many zinc deposits in the world, such as Dry River, Australia and Palmeirópolis Goiás. Thus, the staurolite show good results as indicator minerals in the area. With respect to magnetite and ilmenite concentrates, the number of samples collected in both areas was too small to have conclusive information. On the other hand, the results of the chemical ilmenite (up to 856 ppm Zn) and magnetite (up to 216 ppm Zn), indicate the availability of this metal in the areas studied. Thus, it is possible to detect the presence of zinc by two means: through stream sediments through chemical dispersion halos of zinc, minerals and through resistive minerals (zincian staurolite, magnetite and ilmenite), from a crystal clastic dispersion.

This study focused on the dynamic behaviour of the freeze lining and slag bath, and the interactions between these components in an ilmenite-smelting furnace process. The purpose of the work was to gain a better understanding of these issues and to ultimately contribute to an improved understanding of the ilmenite-smelting process in its entirety, and to future improvements in the design, operation and control of these processes. A mathematical model of the freeze lining and furnace sidewall was developed. This model was used in isolation for focused characterisation of the dynamic behaviour and interactions of the freeze lining and slag bath. The influences of net power input and slag composition were studied and various aspects of the freeze lining and slag bath were considered. These aspects included freeze lining thickness, temperature distribution through the freeze lining and furnace sidewall, composition distribution through the freeze lining, slag bath temperature and slag bath composition. The thermal response of thermocouples installed in the furnace sidewall to changing conditions on the inside of the furnace was also investigated. A mathematical model of the crust that forms on the slag bath surface was developed. This model was not used in isolation, and was only incorporated into a complete model of the process. A mathematical model of the entire ilmenite-smelting furnace process was constructed. This model incorporated the two models mentioned above and was able to describe the metal bath, slag bath, furnace atmosphere, freeze lining, furnace sidewall and the crust that is sometimes present on top of the slag bath. The model was used to study the influence of changes in operational parameters on the slag bath and freeze lining. The operational parameters that were studied included electrical power and reductant feed rate, both relative to ilmenite feed rate. The influence of severe operational errors and furnace down time were also investigated. Operational errors included loss of all feed while maintain electrical power input, and loss of reductant feed while maintaining power input and ilmenite feed. The above-mentioned studies were conducted by executing numerous experiments with two of the mathematical models. The experimental results were processed into sets of graphs displaying variations in the aspects that were considered. Many valuable insights resulted from the interpretation of these results. One specific aspect that formed part of the scope of this work was the origin of the compositional invariance of the slag close to the stoichiometric M3O5composition. This invariance was studied and a mechanism was proposed that explains the observed behaviour. The proposed mechanism created some questions about other mechanisms in the process. These mechanisms were also considered and elaborated on. The models and results produced in this study provide valuable insights into the behaviour of the ilmenite-smelting process. It also represents a useful foundation for future modelling work, and finally, it presents numerous opportunities for organisations operating ilmenite-smelting furnaces to improve their understanding and even the performance of their processes. / Thesis (PhD (Metallurgical Engineering))--University of Pretoria, 2004. / Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering / unrestricted

No description available.

The project undertook a systematic study of chlorination of titanium oxycarbide and oxycarbonitride with the aim to develop further understanding of kinetics and mechanisms of the chlorination reactions. The project studied titania, ilmenite ores, and synthetic rutile reduced by carbon in argon and nitrogen and chlorinated at different temperatures, gas flow rates and compositions. Chlorination of titanium suboxides, iron and impurities in ilmenite was also examined. Chlorination of titanium oxycarbide Ti(O,C) or oxycarbonitride Ti(O,C,N) can be implemented at 200 to 400 deg.C, while the commercial chlorination process in the production of titanium metal or titania pigment requires 800 to 1100 deg.C. This makes chlorination of Ti(O,C) or Ti(O,C,N) an attractive technology in processing of titanium minerals. Chlorination reaction is strongly exothermal, which increased the sample temperature up to 200 deg.C above the furnace temperature. The chlorination of Ti(O,C) or Ti(O,C,N) was ignited at 150 deg.C to 200 deg.C depending on the sample composition. Their chlorination at 235 deg.C to 400 deg.C was close to completion in less than 30 min. The chlorination rate of titanium oxycarbide or oxycarbonitride increased with increasing gas flow rate. Sample composition had a significant effect on the extent of chlorination. The optimum results were obtained for titanium oxycarbide or oxycarbonitride produced with carbon to titania molar ratio of 2.5; these samples contained no detectable excess of carbon or unreduced titanium suboxides. In chlorination of reduced ilmenite ores and synthetic rutile, Ti(O,C) or Ti(O,C,N), metallic iron and Ti2O3 were chlorinated. The rate and extent of chlorination of titanium increased with increasing carbon to TiO2 ratio. Chlorination of Ti2O3 was slow relative to Ti(O,C) or Ti(O,C,N) and iron; chlorination of impurity oxides such as MgO, SiO2 and Al2O3 was not observed. The project also examined chlorination of Ti(O,C) or Ti(O,C,N) in ilmenite ore and synthetic rutile after removal of iron, which was achieved by aerated leaching of reduced samples in heated flask containing 0.37 M of ammonium chloride solution. Iron removal from the ilmenite ore or synthetic rutile resulted in higher rate and extent of chlorination of titanium oxycarbide or oxycarbonitride.

The project undertook a systematic study of chlorination of titanium oxycarbide and oxycarbonitride with the aim to develop further understanding of kinetics and mechanisms of the chlorination reactions. The project studied titania, ilmenite ores, and synthetic rutile reduced by carbon in argon and nitrogen and chlorinated at different temperatures, gas flow rates and compositions. Chlorination of titanium suboxides, iron and impurities in ilmenite was also examined. Chlorination of titanium oxycarbide Ti(O,C) or oxycarbonitride Ti(O,C,N) can be implemented at 200 to 400 deg.C, while the commercial chlorination process in the production of titanium metal or titania pigment requires 800 to 1100 deg.C. This makes chlorination of Ti(O,C) or Ti(O,C,N) an attractive technology in processing of titanium minerals. Chlorination reaction is strongly exothermal, which increased the sample temperature up to 200 deg.C above the furnace temperature. The chlorination of Ti(O,C) or Ti(O,C,N) was ignited at 150 deg.C to 200 deg.C depending on the sample composition. Their chlorination at 235 deg.C to 400 deg.C was close to completion in less than 30 min. The chlorination rate of titanium oxycarbide or oxycarbonitride increased with increasing gas flow rate. Sample composition had a significant effect on the extent of chlorination. The optimum results were obtained for titanium oxycarbide or oxycarbonitride produced with carbon to titania molar ratio of 2.5; these samples contained no detectable excess of carbon or unreduced titanium suboxides. In chlorination of reduced ilmenite ores and synthetic rutile, Ti(O,C) or Ti(O,C,N), metallic iron and Ti2O3 were chlorinated. The rate and extent of chlorination of titanium increased with increasing carbon to TiO2 ratio. Chlorination of Ti2O3 was slow relative to Ti(O,C) or Ti(O,C,N) and iron; chlorination of impurity oxides such as MgO, SiO2 and Al2O3 was not observed. The project also examined chlorination of Ti(O,C) or Ti(O,C,N) in ilmenite ore and synthetic rutile after removal of iron, which was achieved by aerated leaching of reduced samples in heated flask containing 0.37 M of ammonium chloride solution. Iron removal from the ilmenite ore or synthetic rutile resulted in higher rate and extent of chlorination of titanium oxycarbide or oxycarbonitride.

The spatial distribution of heavy minerals along the mine paths 2014 and 2015 at the wet concentrate plant B shows an increase of heavy minerals sand concentration northwards and slime contents southwards, and it is commonly associated with depth and grain sorting; the increase of heavy minerals concentration with depth is considered to be from the surface formed by Unit 6 to the bottom of Unit 7. The Unit 82 is characterized by low heavy minerals concentrations and high slime contents declining northwards. The mineral proportion estimation suggests that ilmenite is the most abundant heavy mineral in the entire area followed by zircon, rutile and mozanite, and some accessory minerals such as chromite, kyanite, staurolite, tourmaline, epidote, spinel and quartz. The ilmenite occurrence is divided into ilmenite low (< 53% TiO₂) and high (> 53% TiO₂); the ilmenite high with zircon and rutile shows tendency to increase northwards while ilmenite low increase southwards. Zircon, monazite, rutile, chromite, kyanite and staurolite show low variability, which is probably associated with high resistance of minerals for abrasion during transportation and diagenesis. The depositional model of the Namalope deposit, in the flat area and wet concentrate plant B in particular, suggests deposition in a shallow marine environment associated with regression for deposition of Unit 6, 7 and 9 and transgression during deposition of Unit 82. The spatial distribution of heavy minerals in the Namalope deposit and its environment of deposition are the key points for discovery of new deposits around the Namalope with the same characteristic of mineral assemblage and they are used for mine strategic plans such as update block model and mine design.

No description available.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-24T19:37:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Renan Augusto Ribeiro.pdf: 3827899 bytes, checksum: 9440ed4880cbb0fbf9997c789341ea92 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-12 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The development of spintronic has motivated the research for new half-metallic magnetic materials due to multifunctionality of these compounds and the spin-based devices fabrication with increased performance as compared to the usual electronic devices. From this perspective, we propose a theoretical investigation of FeBO3 (B = Ti, Zr, Hf, Si, Ge, Sn) ilmenite materials based on Density Functional Theory (DFT) within B3LYP hybrid functional to investigate the B-site cation replacement effect on the structural, elastic, magnetic and electronic properties of ilmenite materials. Calculated structural parameters are in agreement with experimental results and shown that the unit cell volume can be controlled by ionic radius of the B-site metals. The bond distances for FeO6 and BO6 octahedral clarify the Jahn-Teller distortion and Fe-O-B-O-Fe intermetallic connection. The elastic behavior was investigated from bulk modulus and showed that such results were influenced by different material densities. Furthermore, these quantities can be used for analyzing the thermodynamic stability of solids, proving that FeSnO3 and FeHfO3 are unstable due to the negative values for bulk modulus. The B-site radius effect is also evidenced on the magnetic property, where Fe(Ti, Si, Ge)O3 are antiferromagnetic, while Fe(Zr, Hf, Sn)O3 are ferromagnetic. The Mulliken population analysis and charge density maps show the charge corridor formation in the [001] direction due to the intermetallic connection with the B-site metals and electronegativity affecting the stability of ilmenite materials. The Density of States and Band Structure profiles show that antiferromagnetics materials and FeZrO3 are convectional semiconductors, whereas FeHfO3 and FeSnO3 exhibit intrinsic half-metallic behavior, making them promising candidates for spintronic devices. / O desenvolvimento da spintrônica tem motivado a busca por novos materiais magnéticos com comportamento meio-metálico devido à multifuncionalidade desses compostos e ao desenvolvimento de dispositivos baseados no spin do elétron, proporcionando um aumento do desempenho em relação aos dispositivos eletrônicos usuais. Nesse trabalho, propomos a investigação teórica, baseada na Teoria do Funcional de Densidade utilizando o funcional híbrido B3LYP, dos materiais FeBO3 (B = Ti, Zr, Hf, Si, Ge, Sn) na estrutura ilmenita com objetivo de esclarecer o efeito da substituição do cátion B sobre as propriedades estruturais, elásticas, magnéticas e eletrônicas. Os parâmetros estruturais calculados se mostraram em concordância com resultados experimentais e teóricos, revelando que o volume da célula unitária é controlado pelo raio iônico do cátion B. As distâncias de ligação calculadas para os octaedros FeO6 e BO6 indicam a existência do efeito de distorção Jahn-Teller e da conexão intermetálica Fe-O-B-O-Fe. O comportamento elástico foi investigado a partir do bulk modulus, indicando que tal entidade é dependente da densidade dos materiais e discute-se a possibilidade de utilizar esse fator para análise da estabilidade termodinâmica de sólidos, sugerindo a instabilidade dos materiais FeSnO3 e FeHfO3 devido aos valores negativos de bulk modulus. O efeito do tamanho dos cátions B é evidenciado sobre as propriedades magnéticas dos materiais, sendo que Fe(Ti, Si, Ge)O3 são antiferromagnéticos; enquanto que, Fe(Zr, Hf, Sn)O3 são ferromagnéticos. A análise populacional de Mulliken e os mapas de densidade de carga mostraram a formação de um corredor de carga nas conexões intermetálicas observadas na direção [001] e que a eletronegatividade dos cátions B afeta a estabilidade dos materiais com estrutura ilmenita. Os perfis de Densidade de Estados e Estrutura de Bandas mostram que os materiais antiferromagnéticos e o FeZrO3 são semicondutores convencionais, entretanto, FeHfO3 e FeSnO3 exibem comportamento meiometálico intrínseco, tornando-os promissores candidatos para dispositivos spintrônicos, porém, com outra estrutura.