Studies have shown that mental imagery is necessary for proper mental functioning. This dissertation critically analyses the history and perceived significance of mental imagery as a psychotherapeutic tool in counselling in both the United States and Great Britain. The different routes the two countries have taken in phenomenological and behavioural schools of psychology are also examined. Teachers of counselling in the United States and Great Britain are then surveyed in order to compare the perceived significance mental imagery has as a therapeutic tool in each country. There is no other research to date which has worked with this data. The results suggest that due to the emphasis on behaviour therapy in the United States, although mental imagery is utilized in other historically significant psychologicaltherapies, it is only referred to in the United States with reference to behavioural approaches. The most notable approach being "systematic d e sensitization" . Because of this, the perceived significance of mental imagery as a psychotherapeutic tool is high among American counselling professionals only when linked to behavior therapy.Consequently, the perceived significance of mental imagery as a psychotherapeutic tool is lower when considering any other therapies outside of behaviourism. The results further suggest that counselling professionals in Great Britain havea higher perceived significance of mental imagery as a psychotherapeutic tool. A reason forth is may be because most counsellors in Great Britain are trained at institutes which often focus on particular theories rather than all of thehistorically significant ones. Further, Great Britain psychologists never rebuked the concept of mental imagery as psychologists did in America at the advent of behaviourism and "scientific thought" during the World Wars. Moreover, behaviourism, which initially rejected mental imagery, was not as widely appreciated in Great Britain during that time. Therefore, the mental image was still accepted as credible in the British psychological community. The outcome of the survey suggests that in America the growth of mental imagery as a psychotherapeutic tool isinhibited by the lack of references to mental imagery usage with in historically significant therapies. I f the study of these therapies among American counselling students is to continue, a systematic examination on mental imagery usage could heighten the perceived significance among American practitioners. This, in turn, could pave the way for the emergence of more imagery methods in American psychologicalcounselling

The coastal zone is a highly dynamic entity both spatially and temporally and when shoreline changes (and in particular retreat) occur on a hmnan time-scale, measurement of the rate of change becomes a pressing issue. This dynamism presents an excellent scenario for monitoring change using remote sensing techniques, and in the case of coastal sand dunes, where the requirement is to measure small scale changes such as erosion or accretion in the region of 10 or 20 m, aerial photography is the preferred source of remotely sensed data. The rapid developments in digital camera technology and real time satellite differential Global Positioning Systems have yielded new opportunities for mapping and monitoring environmental change when used with image processing and mapping software and state-of-the-art digital photogrammetric workstations. Despite the progress in digital technologies, however, there is still considerable lack of awareness on the part of potential users, and it is in response to this that the processing chain for data collection through to orthophoto production described here has been developed. This study explores the major issues that affect quality, mission logistics and cost and will demonstrate the methodology and application of digital techniques for producing georectified imagery and contoured orthophoto maps of coastal environments. This will be achieved through a series of case studies of dynamic dune environments in south-west England and France. Digital imagery was captured using a colour infrared Aerial Digital Photographic System and ground control was collected using differential Global Positioning Systems. This study seeks to assess the application of this imagery to coastal dune monitoring, putting these new techniques within the grasp of coastal dune managers, enabling them to make use of digital imagery captured to different specifications depending on the accuracy requirement of the end product. The results indicate that this type of imagery and the techniques used can provide the dune manager with information which would otherwise be too costly or time consuming to acquire. 2D rectification of the imagery provided maps of dune retreat and accretion with errors in the region of± 1.5m, and rectification to a higher order using 3D photogrammetric correction provided 1 :5000 contoured orthophotographs with mean xy errors in the region of 2. 5 m and mean elevation errors in the region of 1.5m.

Satellite images have been used as a complementary information for geological studies. In order to realise the maximum potential of satillite imagery, then improvements are needed, both in the visual presentation of such images, and in their automatic classification , in order to reveal the rock differences. Methods of processing imagery, were evaluated (band ratio, principal components, decorrelated stretch and maximum likelihood) and new (canonical regression, hue-saturation-intensity HSI transform, with modified manipulation, and watershed) were evaluated with respect to their ability to reveal rock differences. It was found that the HSI method gave the best results, both for visual presentation and automatic classifcation. This method has the ability to enhance both spectral and spatial information simultaneously without any data loss which is not the case in the other image enhancement methods (band ratio, principal components or decorrelation stretch). For automatic classification, the 'hue' images produced by the HSI transformation typically gave accurate (91%) classification of all the major rock types. Further, it was shown that the watershed method of classification was superior error rate = 9% to the maximum likelihood method (error rate 14%) for the same inputs. The new method of canonical regression was evaluated and although it was not very successful, the results were encouraging and it was concluded that this method may enable the estimation of the chemical composition of exposed rocks directly from satellite imagery.

Self-modeling (SM) involves an observer viewing oneself on an edited video showing desired behaviors (Dowrick, & Dove, 1990). The impact of a SM video on skill acquisition has been frequently explored (e.g., Clark & Ste-Marie, 2006), however, few researchers have investigated SM in competition (Ste-Marie, Rymal, Vertes, & Martini, 2009). Also of limited study has been the underlying self-regulatory mechanisms engaged in alongside a SM video (e.g., Rymal, Martini, & Ste-Marie, 2010). To date, research has not investigated the effects of SM on gymnasts competitive bar performance or how it is used to self-regulate, nor whether SM increases self-regulation. Thus, the purpose here was to investigate the effects of a SM video on gymnasts’ physical performance and self-regulation. Of further interest was to explore the combination of SM and psychological skills training (PST) on competitive performance. Eighteen gymnasts were divided into two groups; SM+PST (n = 10) and SM (n =8). The SM+PST group took part in workshops one month prior to the competitions wherein links between SM and psychological skills were made. The SM group did not do the workshops. Gymnasts competed at four competitions; two received the SM video and two did not. For the video competitions, participants viewed their video three times prior to warm-up and once before competing. After one video competition and one competition that gymnasts did not receive the video, interview sessions were conducted with ten gymnasts. The results of the physical performance data did not show any significant group or condition main effects (all F’s < 1). Imagery ability, however, was a moderating variable. Gymnasts low in visual imagery ability benefitted from the use of the self-modeling video later in the season F(1, 16) = 5.976, p = .026, η2 = .27, (1 – β) = .63, but not early in the season. Through the qualitative analysis of interview questions, it can be said that gymnasts used the SM video as a task analysis strategy before, during, and after their competitive event. Analysis of transcripts also suggested that the SM video encouraged the use of certain self-regulatory processes and beliefs related to the forethought (i.e., before) and self-reflection (i.e., after) phases above and beyond that typically used when competing.

Diss. Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2004.

Thesis, PlanB (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Stout, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ed. D.)--Graduate School of Education, Oral Roberts University, 2004. / Includes abstract and vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 87-100).

Thesis (M. Soc. Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 52-69).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Florida, 1982. / Description based on print version record. Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 92-111).

Thesis (M.S.)--Springfield College, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references.