This study attempted to discover some parameters in terms of mental age at which young children, ages five through eight, begin to utilize effectively their mental imagery in the learning process. Using Piaget's principles of conservation as a learning task, subjects were taught in one of two groups: Group one was instructed in conservation concepts by use of concrete example, in which case they were allowed to see, handle and manipulate materials as they underwent transformations. Group two received identical instruction but were called upon to use their mental imagery to visualize the materials undergoing transformations. Based upon the administration of the California Test of Mental Maturity and a pretest, sixteen non-conserving subjects from the kindergarten, first, second, and third grades, making a total of sixty-four subjects, were grouped by matching I.Q.'s to receive four periods of instruction in the principles of conservation. Following instruction each subject was individually administered a posttest and a test of extinction. The test of extinction was designed to measure the degree or depth of conservation acquisition achieved by each subject. A statistical analysis of the data indicated that while children of ages five through eight were able to learn conservation through both methods of instruction, mental age and I.Q.'s were not determining variables. No learning curve based on mental age or I.Q. was discernible. It was strongly indicated, however, that boys resist extinction of conservation principles better when taught through concrete example than they do when taught through mental imagery. Girls utilize mental imagery in acquiring conservation better than do boys of the same age, and as well as boys who learn by use of concrete illustration. Girls' use of mental imagery in the learning process appears to be equal to their use of concrete example.

The sagebrush shrub steppe ecosystem is of great concern to researchers, conservationists, and the general public because of the documented declines associated with it. Monitoring in the past has generally been point-based and lacking in long-term data. To overcome these deficiencies, an automated method of monitoring was developed using GIS and remote sensing. Geospatial layers of vegetation, soils, fire history, roads, streams, and springs were acquired and processed to characterize selected monitoring locations. A temporal set of Landsat satellite imagery for the past 30 years was normalized to reduce the effects of sun angle, haze, and sensor change. After normalization, a Tasseled Cap Transformation was adapted with local coefficients to provide a landscape metric which was sensitive to actual ground conditions and meaningful at management level. The Tasseled Cap outputs of brightness and greenness are a relative measure of bare ground and plant productivity, respectively. When measured over time, brightness and greenness provided diagnostic trends and condition of treated big sagebrush communities

As an exploratory, developmental injury intervention study, this research investigated the efficacy of providing psychological intervention in the form of relaxation and guided imagery to a group of orthopedic patients recovering from major knee surgery. Utilizing a prospective, experimental research design with 30 subjects randomly assigned to either an intervention, placebo, or control group, this study employed physiological as well as psychological outcome measures. Intervention consisted of 10 individual mental practice sessions for intervention group members as an adjunct to physical therapy. Content of these sessions was intentionally designed to facilitate physiotherapy goals. Imagery protocols with which to deliver these standardized sessions were also designed to directly parallel established physical rehabilitation protocols. Placebo group participants were exposed to nonspecific intervention factors of attention and support, while control group members completed their physical therapy as usual. Results of this study revealed that for this sample of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) orthopedic patients, psychological injury intervention in the form of relaxation and guided imagery contributed to statistically significant better physical and psychological outcomes. Strength and extension improvement, as well as reduction in state, trait, and reinjury anxiety, were superior for the intervention group as compared to placebo and control groups from preintervention (2 weeks postsurgery) to post-intervention (24 weeks postsurgery). Other benefits of the intervention, according to subject self-report, included pain and stress management, empowerment, control of recovery, and overall body wellness . Implications of these research findings are discussed, as well as suggestions offered for subsequent injury intervention research.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(地球環境学) / 乙第12828号 / 論地環博第8号 / 新制||地環||24(附属図書館) / 31315 / 京都大学大学院地球環境学舎地球環境学専攻 / (主査)准教授 西前 出, 教授 渡邉 紹裕, 教授 小方 登 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Global Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DFAM

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This thesis explores the genetic architecture of malting quality within the Virginia Tech barley breeding program, and discusses implications for imposing selection on complex traits that are difficult to phenotype. Malting quality measures are destructive, and can not be performed before selection must be made for advancement of breeding lines in winter barley. A growing body of evidence suggests that malt quality is influenced by malting regime, growing environment, line genotype, and the interactions between them. We aim to better understand the genetic effect on malt quality in two manners: first, as it relates to the genetic architecture regulating malt quality parameters, and second the relationship between genetic growth patterns to end-use malting traits. This study included two years of breeding trial data of two and six-row winter malt barley across two locations. Results of a genome-wide association scan and genomic prediction of malt quality traits indicated that they are largely quantitative traits with complex inheritance. Previous studies have identified quantitative trait loci and genes regulating malt quality traits in markedly different germplasm. Heritability of traits ranged from 0.27 to 0.72, while mean predictive abilities ranged from 0.45 to 0.74. Thus, selection on genomic estimated breeding values (gEBVs) should perform similarly to selection on single phenotypic observations of quality, but can be done within the same season. This indicates that genomic selection may be a viable method to accelerate genetic improvement of malting quality traits. The use of gEBVs requires that lines be genotyped with genome-wide markers, somewhat limiting the number of candidate individuals. Selection on growth and development traits genetically correlated with quality measures could allow for selection among a much greater number of candidates if high-throughput phenotypes can be collected on many ungenotyped indivduals. Growth and development was quantified by the near-infrared vegetation index (NDVI) extracted from aerial images captured from multiple time points throughout the growing season. Estimates of genetic correlation identified time points throughout the season when quality traits are related to growth and development. We demonstrated that aerial imagery can discern growth patterns in barley and suggest ways it can be incorporated into the breeding pipeline. / Master of Science / Malt barley (Hordeum vulgare) is the preferred source of fermentable sugar used to brew beer. Currently, the majority of malt barley used in the United States is grown in the upper mid-west or imported from Europe. The east coast could become a producing region if high quality, disease resistant varieties were available to growers. The Virginia Tech small grains breeding program began breeding locally adapted malt barley in 2010. This project aims to improve the breeding process by incorporating information from genomic sequencing, malt quality and aerial imagery. Malt barley differs from that used for animal feed or human food because specific quantities of starches, proteins, and enzymes are necessary in the brewing process. The quantity of these molecules are determined through lab analysis and determine the grain's suitability for particular brewing styles. This analysis is timeconsuming and costly because it involves a three-step process of malting the grain, brewing with the malt, and analyzing the wort. The wort is the liquid sugar solution which is produced by heating the malt with water to a high temperature in a process called 'mashing'. Lab quality analysis for the thousands of lines evaluated in a breeding program in any given year is unfeasible. However, by understanding the genetic regulation of malt quality traits, breeders can employ techniques like genomic selection to improve these traits in a shorter amount of time. Additionally, this work identifies relationships between growth and quality. The grain is the result of the plant's growth throughout the entirety of the season. Measuring growth repeatedly through time was previously difficult until the advent of aerial imagery. Images captured from drones have been used to quantify growth in a variety of plants, but is not extensively done in malt barley. Relating growth to quality will help breeders understand genetic patterns of growth and development which may be advantageous in the production of high quality malt barley.

The present research was undertaken to investigate the effects of two independent variables considered potentially important to the reduction of fear through systematic desensitization. The first independent variable investigated was the importance of making covert motor responses when instructions were given to imagine motor behavior. Electromyographic measures were obtained on subjects' covert muscular activity as they imagined themselves raising their arms. The subjects were then classified, on the basis of their average electromyographic responsiveness, as high-responders (those showing relatively high levels when imaging movement) and low-responders. A 2 X 2 analysis of covariance showed a significant difference in the posttreatment scores of the high- and low responders on performance measures, the high-responders performing better. The difference between the two instruction groups was not statistically significant. Additional analyses indicate the importance of the instruction variable is mitigated by the extent to which subjects actually follow the particular instructions given. These data imply electromyography may be used in clinical practice as an assessment tool to determine which subjects are likely to respond to systematic desensitization. They also suggest the possibility of using response measures to train self-monitoring of imagery. Concerning the imagery construct, the present study offers an empirical alternative to the traditional conceptualization. The data obtained support the utility of the analysis of imagery advanced in this paper.

Compression of data has been historically always important; more data is gettingproduced and therefore has to be stored. While hardware technology advances,compression should be a must to reduce storage occupied and to keep the data intransmission as small as possible. Set redundancy has been developed in 1996 but has since then not received a lot ofattention in research. This paper tries to implement two set redundancy methods –the Max-Min-Predictive II and also the Intensity Mapping algorithm to see if thismethod could be used on large scale aerial imagery in the geodata field. After using the set redundancy methods, different individual image compressionmethods were applied and compared to the standard JPEG2000 in lossless mode.These compression algorithms were Huffman, LZW, and JPEG2000 itself. The data sets used were two images each taken from 2019, one pair with 60% overlap,the other with 80% overlap. Individual compression of images is still offering abetter compression ratio, but the set redundancy method produces results which areworth investigating further with more images in a set of similar images. This points to future work of compressing a larger set with more overlap and moreimages, which for greater potential matching should be overlaid more carefully toensure matching pixel values. / Datakomprimering har historiskt alltid varit viktigt; mer data än någonsin producerasoch behöver lagras. Trots teknologiska framsteg inom lagrings- och datateknologierär komprimering ett måste för att reducera mängden lagring som krävs och underlättavid överföringar genom att mindre filmängd måste skickas. Set redundancy utvecklades 1996, men har sedan dess inte fått så mycket uppmärksamhetinom forskning. Det här pappret försöker implementera två olika set redundancy-metoder – Max-Min-Predictive II och Intensity Mapping algoritmen, för att se omdenna metod kan användas på flygbilder från storskalig flygbildsinsamling. Efter användandet av set redundancy metoder på ett set av flygbilder, utnyttjadesandra bildkomprimeringsmetoder för enskilda bilder på resultatet, detta jämfördesmed den icke-förstörande JPEG2000 komprimeringen av originalbilderna. Komprimeringsalgoritmernasom användes på set redundancy-resultatet var Huffman, LZW,och JPEG2000. Det dataset som användes bestod av två par av bilder från 2019, där en hade överlapppå 60% och det andra paret på 80%. Individuell komprimering av dataseten gaven högre komprimeringsgrad än set redundancy metoder, men set redundancy har enskalningspotential när fler bilder läggs till i ett set, vilket är värt att undersöka vidare. Detta pekar på framtida arbeten där komprimering av större dataset med högreöverlapp mellan bilder, som med en högre geografisk korrekthet läses in ovanpåvarandra, kan testas.