<p>The purpose of the study was to investigate levels of occupational stress experienced by police officers and the strategies used to cope with stress. The study findings are based on a sample of 104 police officers from six police stations within the Cape Town area. The results indicated that participants have been in the police service for an average of 7.72 years, and have worked an average of 4.8 years at their present stations. The majority of participants are between 26-30 years old (31%), male (75%), married(51%), coloured (65%), constables (45%), Afrikaans speaking (47%), and have a matric qualification (70%). The Spielberger Police Stress Survey and the Brief COPE Inventory were used as data collection tools. The findings indicated that police officers were experiencing moderate levels of stress as an outcome of inherent and organisational occupational demands. Secondly, police officers were more likely to use problem-focussed coping strategies to manage occupational stress than maladaptive strategies. The limited use of avoidance coping strategies was surprising, given the elevated prevalence of both physical and psychological disorders within the police context. The results indicated no significant association between levels of distress and avoidance coping strategies. The potential adverse outcomes of severe stress within this group affect&nbsp / society in general more than stress from most other occupational groups. Addressing persistent stress within the organisation is imperative in ensuring a well-functioning police service, and ultimately, a secure and healthy society.</p>

<p>The purpose of the study was to investigate levels of occupational stress experienced by police officers and the strategies used to cope with stress. The study findings are based on a sample of 104 police officers from six police stations within the Cape Town area. The results indicated that participants have been in the police service for an average of 7.72 years, and have worked an average of 4.8 years at their present stations. The majority of participants are between 26-30 years old (31%), male (75%), married(51%), coloured (65%), constables (45%), Afrikaans speaking (47%), and have a matric qualification (70%). The Spielberger Police Stress Survey and the Brief COPE Inventory were used as data collection tools. The findings indicated that police officers were experiencing moderate levels of stress as an outcome of inherent and organisational occupational demands. Secondly, police officers were more likely to use problem-focussed coping strategies to manage occupational stress than maladaptive strategies. The limited use of avoidance coping strategies was surprising, given the elevated prevalence of both physical and psychological disorders within the police context. The results indicated no significant association between levels of distress and avoidance coping strategies. The potential adverse outcomes of severe stress within this group affect&nbsp / society in general more than stress from most other occupational groups. Addressing persistent stress within the organisation is imperative in ensuring a well-functioning police service, and ultimately, a secure and healthy society.</p>

Magister Artium (Psychology) - MA(Psych) / The purpose of the study was to investigate levels of occupational stress experienced by police officers and the strategies used to cope with stress. The study findings are based on a sample of 104 police officers from six police stations within the Cape Town area. The results indicated that participants have been in the police service for an average of 7.72 years, and have worked an average of 4.8 years at their present stations. The majority of participants are between 26-30 years old (31%), male (75%), married(51%), coloured (65%), constables (45%), Afrikaans speaking (47%), and have a matric qualification (70%). The Spielberger Police Stress Survey and the Brief COPE Inventory were used as data collection tools. The findings indicated that police officers were experiencing moderate levels of stress as an outcome of inherent and organisational occupational demands. Secondly, police officers were more likely to use problem-focussed coping strategies to manage occupational stress than maladaptive strategies. The limited use of avoidance coping strategies was surprising, given the elevated prevalence of both physical and psychological disorders within the police context. The results indicated no significant association between levels of distress and avoidance coping strategies. The potential adverse outcomes of severe stress within this group affect society in general more than stress from most other occupational groups. Addressing persistent stress within the organisation is imperative in ensuring a well-functioning police service, and ultimately, a secure and healthy society. / South Africa

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Tufts University, 2001. / Advisers: Anil Saigal; Robert Greif. Submitted to the Dept. of Mechanical Engineering. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 175-177). Access restricted to members of the Tufts University community. Also available via the World Wide Web;

The purpose of this review of literature was to explore and critically analyze relevant literature regarding stress factors and the consequences of stress in nursing students. Findings from this review of literature aimed to provide a better understanding of stress factors and the physical and psychological impact of stress on nursing students. Information was collected from the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, PsycINFO, and MEDLINE- EBSCOhost databases to explore what research has been conducted and to assess the current knowledge base. Analysis of the literature indicated that nursing students reported experiencing increased levels of stress during the academic year. Nursing students reported higher levels of stress in conjunction with elevated external stressors, including increased responsibilities and course requirements. Analysis of the findings suggested that factors related to stress in nursing students arose from clinical sources, academic sources, and personal sources. Further analysis indicated that experiencing elevated levels of stress had a negative impact on the student. Increased levels of stress, combined with poor coping mechanisms, may lead to poor academic performance and burn-out among nursing students. Future research may evaluate means to reduce stress levels and mitigate stress in nursing students through targeting specific causative factors. Findings from this review of literature aim to influence student management of stress.

Sjuksköterskeyrket, i synnerhet arbetet på akutmottagning, är ett yrke vars arbetsmiljö kantas av en mängd olika stressorer. Svenska sjuksköterskors arbete på akutmottagning i relation till stress är inte ett välstuderat ämne. Syftet i studien är att beskriva variationer i hur en grupp sjuksköterskor, verksamma vid akutmottagningar, uppfattar fenomenet stress i arbetsmiljön. Frågeställningarna i studien är: Vad erfar svenska sjuksköterskor som stressorer i arbetsmiljön? Hur påverkas sjuksköterskorna av arbetsrelaterad stress och hur hanteras den? Forskningsansatsen är av induktiv, kvalitativ och fenomenografisk karaktär. Datainsamlingen består av intervjuer med nio sjuksköterskor. Resultatet visade att de främsta stressorerna utlöses av bristande teamarbete, organisatoriska orsaker, ständiga avbrott i arbetet och en känsla av otillräcklighet. Informanterna upplevde flera aspekter av stress i arbetet och att de i olika grad påverkades av den arbetsrelaterade stressen på arbetet. Alla informanter, utom en, uppgav någon slags påverkan från arbetsrelaterad stress på fritiden. Vad gäller stressens påverkan identifierades följande kategorier; Påverkan på kropp och själ, stress som drivkraft, att de egna behoven blir sekundära samt påverkan i förmågan att kommunicera. Den vanligaste copingstrategin i denna studie var av problemlösande karaktär. Resultatet visade vissa likheter med internationella studier i ämnet tex att bristande teamarbete, avbrott i arbetet, konflikter i teamet, hög arbetsbelastning och krävande patienter och anhöriga är stressorer i arbetsmiljön. En slutsats i studien är att sjuksköterskorna sällan stressas av själva patientarbetet, det är andra faktorer i arbetsmiljön som uppfattas som stressorer. Detta underlättar förutsättningarna för ett förbättringsarbete. Studien visade att stressorer, stresspåverkan och stresshantering är av en mångfacetterad karaktär och att upplevelsen är högst personlig. Med en ökad kunskap om stress kan konstruktiva lösningar på problemet leda fram till en god arbetsmiljö. Sjuksköterskorna kan då ägna energi till att uppnå en patientvård i världsklass! / The nursing profession, in particular the work in the emergency department, is a work that is lined a with a variety of stressors. Swedish nurses working in the emergency department in relation to stress is not a well-studied subject. The purpose of the study is to describe variations in how a group of nurses, working in emergency departments, perceive the phenomenon of stress in their work environment. The questions in the study are: What does Swedish nurses experience as stressors in the work environment? How are the nurses affectetd by work-related stress and how is it handled? The research approach is inductive, qualitative and phenomenographic. Data collection consists of interviews with nine nurses. The results showed that the main stressors is triggered by a lack of teamwork, organizational reasons, constant interruptions at work and a feeling of inadequacy. The informants experienced several aspects of stress at work and that they in varying degrees were affected by work-related stress at work. All informants, except one, indicated some sort of impact of work-related stress at leisure. As to the impact of stress the following categories were identified; The effect on body and soul, stress as a driving force, the own needs become secondary and the effect of the ability to communicate. The most common coping strategy in this study were of the problem-solving nature. The results showed some similarities with the international studies on the subject such as the lack of team work, work interruptions, conflicts in the team, heavy workloads and demanding patients and families as stressors in the work environment. One conclusion of the study is that taking care of the patient rarely stresses nurses, there are other factors in the work environment that is perceived as stressors. This facilitates the conditions for improvement projects. The study showed that stressors and the impact of stress are of diverse nature. The experience is highly personal. With greater knowledge of stress constructive solutions can lead to a good working environment. The nurses can then devote energy to achieve a world class patient care!

Two separate problems are to be investigated in this thesis. The first problem is the propagation of waves through a short rod (or slug) of viscoelastic material. The second problem is the study of impact of a short viscoelastic rod (or slug) on a stationary semi-infinite viscoelastic. rod. The viscoelastic materials are modelled as standard linear solids which involve 3 material parameters and the motion is treated. as one-dimensional. For the first study, a viscoelastic slug is placed between two semi-infinite elastic rods and a wave initiated in the first rod is transmitted through the slug into the second rod. The objective is to relate the transmitted signal to the material parameters of the slug. We solve the governing system of partial differential equations using the Laplace transform and we examine the propagating velocity discontinuity using discontinuity analysis and the limit theorem of the Laplace transform. We then approximate the solution of the propagating disturbance using the regular perturbation method. We invert the Laplace transformed solution numerically to obtain the transmitted signal for several viscosity time constants and ratios of acoustic impedances. We compare the results obtained using the above techniques. In the second problem, we first model the impact and solve the governing system of partial differential equations in the Laplace transform domain. Then we examine the propagating stress and velocity discontinuities using discontinuity analysis. We approximate the solutions of the propagating stress and velocity using the regular and multiple scales perturbation methods. In this problem, we first consider the slug is elastic and the rod is viscoelastic. Secondly, we consider the slug is viscoelastic and the rod is elastic and thirdly, we consider both materials are viscoelastic. Numerically we invert the Laplace transformed solutions for the interface stress and interface velocity for several viscosity time constants and ratios of acoustic impedances to determine whether the slug and the rod part company or remain in contact. Then we compare the results obtained using the discontinuity analysis, regular and multiple scales perturbation methods.