In the early days, inspection pioneers like SGS provided their independent, impartial and professional services in respects of quantity, quality, damage nature and extent, and/or loss adjustment of goods and objects to the concerned parties for considerations. Namely, field inspectors of those firms become eyes and ears of the clients upon any attending survey. All of scanning observations, accurate findings, and precise and efficient reporting are the most vital performances of any inspection firms¡¦ activities and tasks. In value chains of the relevant industries, they could not only be a strategic partner, but also a technical advisor while delivering a broad spectrum of services and outputs through their unique blend of quality employees, righteous commitment, and unrivaled experiences. To achieve various verification assignments, prominent surveyors should constantly learn knowledge about agriculture, minerals, chemistry, environments, maritime and so on. They could be trained with the entirely standardized approaches through the internal certification programs other than recognizing seminars. Further, they frequently accumulated their precious lessons of daily exercises. It also poses plenty of challenges to well implement each task for inspectors, who must be respectful and loyal to their works, be knowledgeable and skilled basically too. For this instance, fostering faithful experts to offer customers the reliable and integral quality services accelerates the organization growth strengths. Relatively, the establishment of the feasible process and system with efficiency for firms adaptable and successful to the practical situations obviously offers an instrument of achieving goals and successive improvements in promoting competitive advantages. - v - Following the rapid and dramatic evolutions of the circumstances along with the awareness of the consumers concerning safety and quality, the proactive inspection firms are immensely investing with all of its available resources in extending the reliable services to the certification and testing scopes more profoundly than ever before. In the recent decade, those aggressive corporations made the noticeable progresses and organic gains while they strived to satisfy or even surpass the requirements and expectations of the customers and the markets through such industrial evolutions. This research was on the basis of the information available from 3 major global players of the industry, displaying the markets in promising trend. Applicable strategies with a combination of efficient and effective managements will be quite essential for inspection firms to reach the persistent organic growth. So, certain comparisons among these three hulks were made in the contexts, in addition to the descriptions of each firm in accomplishing the respective targets. Believing that it would help readers realize the industry to certain extents while offering the concerned managements the distinct view. A typical example of the SGS Taiwan introduced in the chapter 4 along with a special focus featured on background and experiences of the Group¡¦s New CEO in the same chapter further take viewers on an impressive trip to the industry prospects. With the successful localization, SGS Taiwan has been enjoying the sustainable growth in the recent five years. This was due to its consecutive promising investment to create diverse services on laboratories in line with the development of the domestic significant constructions and increasing outsourcing assignments from international groups. With efforts, SGS Taiwan is banking on its continued growth and appeal in the coming years.

The crucial purposes of this thesis have two folds. Firstly, I will reconstruct Adam Smith¡¦s (5 June 1723-17 July 1790) thought through re-conceptualising the doctrine of the human nature in his theory. In doing this, I will give you reasons that the so-called ¡¥Das Adam Smith Problem¡¦ is founding on the wrong problematic concern in interpreting Smith¡¦s doctrine. The bulk of ¡¥the problem¡¦, having raised from the incessant controversy about whether Smith¡¦s theory is a coherent system built upon either sympathetic-based or interested-based foundation, but, as my kernel problematic concern in this thesis, I will argue that, neither side alone captures comprehensively about Smith¡¦s own understanding of human nature. Through presenting Smith¡¦s conception of the development of our moral judgement and his construction of operational principal of our market bahaviour, his doctrine of man should be orientated towards our intellectual capacity, especially on how do human cultivate their own moral judgement and the proper way of mutual understanding in everyday life. To accentuate the development of our capacity of judgement or reflection is the way I argue to understand Smith¡¦s conception of man correctly. Secondly, another controversy about Smith¡¦s doctrine lies on the contradiction among the concepts of ¡¥propriety¡¦ and ¡¥virtue¡¦ in his moral philosophy, while the former is the general standard attainable by the majority, and the latter with the stricter normative standard only a few men can achieve. My argument is, if man¡¦s intellectual capacity, such as judgement and reflection, having been regarded as essential concepts that Smith used to supersede the deficiency of one-sided understanding of human, then, his conception of impartial spectator and spectatorship¡¦s approach also gives the priority to cultivate our moral judgement and our capacity of reflection. Smith¡¦s primary concern, if I conceive it rightly, is to inspire our moral potential through disclosing the general principle lies behind our moral learning which terminated in the judgement made by impartial spectator, further, the concept of impartial spectator is also a linkage of different normative standards prescribed by propriety or virtue. Finally, In the conclusion part, I will connect my argument about moral potential with Smith¡¦s conception of human nature which tries to prove that, as the practical moralist, who considered man as intellectual animals that who deserves this privileged claim when who urges himself in enlarging and improving his own mentality.

“Uma Teoria da Justiça" de John Rawls surgiu como uma proposta renovada para abordar a equidade das instituições. Uma característica que faz o conceito de Rawls distinto é a aplicação de sua teoria a um escopo restrito: instituições que constituem a estrutura básica da sociedade. Além disso, esse conceito de justiça deve ser imparcial em relação às concepções de Bem dos indivíduos. Essa dissertação explora as razões que levaram Rawls e seus seguidores a escolher essa abordagem e sugere possíveis desafios não resolvidos por sua teoria. / “A Theory of Justice" of John Rawls emerges as a renewed proposition to approach the fairness of institutions. A distinctive characteristic of Rawls concept is the application of his theory towards a limited scope: institutions that constitute the basic structure of the society. Moreover, such concept of justice must be impartial in regard to individuals’ conceptions of good. This dissertation explores the reasons that led Rawls and his followers to choose this approach, and suggests possible challenges unsolved by his theory.

“Uma Teoria da Justiça” de John Rawls surgiu como uma proposta renovada para abordar a equidade das instituições. Uma característica que faz o conceito de Rawls distinto é a aplicação de sua teoria a um escopo restrito: instituições que constituem a estrutura básica da sociedade. Além disso, esse conceito de justiça deve ser imparcial em relação às concepções de Bem dos indivíduos. Essa dissertação explora as razões que levaram Rawls e seus seguidores a escolher essa abordagem e sugere possíveis desafios não resolvidos por sua teoria. / “A Theory of Justice” of John Rawls emerges as a renewed proposition to approach the fairness of institutions. A distinctive characteristic of Rawls concept is the application of his theory towards a limited scope: institutions that constitute the basic structure of the society. Moreover, such concept of justice must be impartial in regard to individuals’ conceptions of good. This dissertation explores the reasons that led Rawls and his followers to choose this approach, and suggests possible challenges unsolved by his theory.

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Depuis son introduction pour le jeu de Go, Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) a été appliqué avec succès à d'autres jeux et a ouvert la voie à une famille de nouvelles méthodes comme Mutilple-MCTS ou Nested Monte Carlo. MCTS évalue un ensemble de situations de jeu à partir de milliers de fins de parties générées aléatoirement. À mesure que les simulations sont produites, le programme oriente dynamiquement sa recherche vers les coups les plus prometteurs. En particulier, MCTS a suscité l'intérêt de la communauté car elle obtient de remarquables performances sans avoir pour autant recours à de nombreuses connaissances expertes a priori. Dans cette thèse, nous avons choisi d'aborder MCTS comme un système apprenant à part entière. Les simulations sont alors autant d'expériences vécues par le système et les résultats sont autant de renforcements. L'apprentissage du système résulte alors de la complexe interaction entre deux composantes : l'acquisition progressive de représentations et la mobilisation de celles-ci lors des futures simulations. Dans cette optique, nous proposons deux approches indépendantes agissant sur chacune de ces composantes. La première approche accumule des représentations complémentaires pour améliorer la vraisemblance des simulations. La deuxième approche concentre la recherche autour d'objectifs intermédiaires afin de renforcer la qualité des représentations acquises. Les méthodes proposées ont été appliquées aux jeu de Go et du Clobber solitaire impartial. La dynamique acquise par le système lors des expérimentations illustre la relation entre ces deux composantes-clés de l'apprentissage / Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) has been initially introduced for the game of Go but has now been applied successfully to other games and opens the way to a range of new methods such as Multiple-MCTS or Nested Monte Carlo. MCTS evaluates game states through thousands of random simulations. As the simulations are carried out, the program guides the search towards the most promising moves. MCTS achieves impressive results by this dynamic, without an extensive need for prior knowledge. In this thesis, we choose to tackle MCTS as a full learning system. As a consequence, each random simulation turns into a simulated experience and its outcome corresponds to the resulting reinforcement observed. Following this perspective, the learning of the system results from the complex interaction of two processes : the incremental acquisition of new representations and their exploitation in the consecutive simulations. From this point of view, we propose two different approaches to enhance both processes. The first approach gathers complementary representations in order to enhance the relevance of the simulations. The second approach focuses the search on local sub-goals in order to improve the quality of the representations acquired. The methods presented in this work have been applied to the games of Go and Impartial Solitaire Clobber. The results obtained in our experiments highlight the significance of these processes in the learning dynamic and draw up new perspectives to enhance further learning systems such as MCTS

Magister Legum - LLM (Criminal Justice and Procedure) / As states continue to rapidly transition from conflict or autocracy to democracy, there has been need to address past gross human rights violations. To address these past egregious violations, transitioning countries often relied on immunities and prosecutions. However, prosecutions and amnesties presented several challenges that necessitated a recourse to truth and reconciliation commissions (hereafter TRCs). Since then, TRCs have evolved to be an essential accountability mechanism in transitional justice. Given the important role that TRCs play in transitioning countries, the composition of TRCs should be of credible character in the eye of the public. The selected and appointed truth commissioners (hereafter commissioners) play a key role in the truth-finding process and the importance of having a constraint-free and reliable work plan of selecting these commissioners cannot be overestimated. However, in practice the selection and appointment of the commissioners has proven to be a challenging exercise.

Magister Legum - LLM (Criminal Justice and Procedure) / As states continue to rapidly transition from conflict or autocracy to democracy, there has been need to address past gross human rights violations. To address these past egregious violations, transitioning countries often relied on immunities and prosecutions. However, prosecutions and amnesties presented several challenges that necessitated a recourse to truth and reconciliation commissions (hereafter TRCs). Since then, TRCs have evolved to be an essential accountability mechanism in transitional justice.

The right to an independent and impartial tribunal is one of core elements of a fair trial. Therefore, it is vital to lay emphasis on this requirement. Independent and impartial tribunals are the cornerstone of a democratic and modern society respecting the rule of law. Effective fulfilment of this requirement promotes faith in courts, the judicial system and justice itself. Independent and impartial tribunals are a necessary prerequisite to protection of other rights. Although the right to an independent and impartial tribunal is enshrined in many international treaties, this requirement is not always met in practice. This problem is emphasised, inter alia, by the Council of Europe which adopted the Plan of Action on Strengthening Judicial Independence and Impartiality in 2016, due to unsatisfactory fulfilment of this requirement among European countries. The main subject of this thesis is an analysis of judgements of the Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights concerning the right to an independent and impartial tribunal in a wider international context. Case law of the European Court of Human Rights significantly influences not only the general European view on human rights but it has also a substantial impact on the Czech legal environment. This thesis is divided into three...

Dans cette thèse, nous étudions les jeux combinatoires sousdifférentes contraintes. Un jeu combinatoire est un jeu à deux joueurs, sanshasard, avec information complète et fini acyclique. D’abord, nous regardonsles jeux impartiaux en version normale, en particulier les jeux VertexNimet Timber. Puis nous considérons les jeux partisans en version normale, oùnous prouvons des résultats sur les jeux Timbush, Toppling Dominoeset Col. Ensuite, nous examinons ces jeux en version misère, et étudionsles jeux misères modulo l’univers des jeux dicots et modulo l’univers desjeux dead-endings. Enfin, nous parlons du jeu de domination qui, s’il n’estpas combinatoire, peut être étudié en utilisant des outils de théorie des jeuxcombinatoires. / In this thesis, we study combinatorial games under differentconventions. A combinatorial game is a finite acyclic two-player game withcomplete information and no chance. First, we look at impartial gamesin normal play and in particular at the games VertexNim and Timber.Then, we consider partizan games in normal play, with results on the gamesTimbush, Toppling Dominoes and Col. Next, we look at all these gamesin misère play, and study misère games modulo the dicot universe and modulothe dead-ending universe. Finally, we talk about the domination game which,despite not being a combinatorial game, may be studied with combinatorialgames theory tools.