Background: The translation of new knowledge, such as research findings, new tools or methods into health care practice has gained increased  interest in recent years. Important factors that determine implementation outcome have been identified, and models and checklists to be followed in planning as well as in carrying out an implementation process have been produced. However, there are still knowledge gaps regarding what approach should be used in which setting and for which problems. Primary health care (PHC) in Sweden is an area where there is a paucity of research regarding implementation of new methods into practice. The aim of the thesis was to apply theory in the study of the implementation of an innovation in Swedish PHC, and identify factors that influenced outcome. Methods: The study was performed using a quasi-experimental design, and included six PHC units, two from each one of three county councils in the southeast part of Sweden. A computer-based lifestyle intervention tool (CLT) developed to facilitate addressing lifestyle issues, was introduced at the units. Two different strategies were used for the introduction, both aiming to facilitate the process: a theory-based explicit strategy and an implicit strategy requiring a minimum of effort. Data collection was performed at baseline, and after six, nine and 24 months. Questionnaires were distributed to staff and managers, and data was also collected from the CLT database and county council registers. Implementation outcome was defined as the proportion of eligible patients being referred to the CLT, and was also measured in terms of Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation and Maintenance according to the RE-AIM framework. Interviews were performed in order to explore experiences of the implementation process as perceived by staff and managers. Results: A positive organizational climate seemed to promote implementation. Organizational changes or staff shortages coinciding with the implementation process had a negative influence on outcome. The explicit implementation strategy seemed to be more effective than the implicit strategy in the short term, but the differences levelled out over time. The adopters’ perceptions of the implementation seemed to be influenced by the existing professional sub-cultures. Successful implementation was associated with positive expectations, perceptions of the innovation being compatible with existing routines and perceptions of relative advantage. Conclusions: The general conclusion is that when theory was applied in the implementation of a lifestyle intervention tool in Swedish PHC, factors related to the adopters and to the innovation seemed to be more important over time than the strategy used. Staff expectations, perceptions of the innovation’s relative advantage and potential compatibility with existing routines were found to be positively associated with implementation outcome, and other major organizational changes concurrent with implementation seemed to affect the outcome in a negative way. Values, beliefs and behaviour associated with the existing sub-cultures in PHC appeared to influence how the implementation of an innovation was perceived by managers and the different professionals.

Single reference coupled cluster theory has been established as the method of choice for calculating electronic properties of small-to-medium size molecules. However, in typical multireference cases, such as bond breaking processes, biradicals, excited states, very high order excitations may be needed in the cluster operator to obtain reliable and accurate results, which is not practical due to the rapidly growing computational costs. Although there has been much e®ort to extend the applicability of single reference methods, there is little doubt that genuine multireference methods are indispensable. The method we are developing, the State Speci¯c Equation of Motion Coupled Cluster (SS-EOMCC) method, generalizes the state universal Equation of Motion Coupled Cluster (EOMCC)methods to a state specific version. SS-EOMCC works for both ground states and excited states. It is rigorously spin-adapted. The cluster operator amplitudes are solved, taking the complete- active-space self-consistent-¯eld function as the reference function. The differential relaxation effects are taken into account by diagonalizing the transformed Hamiltonian in the multireference configuration interaction singles (MRCIS) space. To implement the method, we developed an automatic program generator, the details of which are presented. The strategy used in approximating residual equations in SS-EOMCC is based on a novel normal order theory, which is a generalization of traditional particle-hole formalism based normal order theory. We discuss normal order theory in a general context, start with the version developed by Mukherjee and Kutzelnigg, and we furnish an algebraic proof for the corresponding contraction rules. Then we proceed to show how our normal order theory works. Finally we present the benchmark results to gauge the SS-EOMCC method. We calculate the triplet state state of F₂ to examine the behavior of the method for single reference systems, and study the singlet states of H₂O, CO and N₂ to test its performance for multireference systems. In addition, we illustrate the e®ect of a perturbative correction, which attempts to alleviate the redundancy issue. We also apply the method to study the energetics of end-on and side-on peroxide coordination in ligated Cu₂O₂ models, where SS-EOMCC[+2] employing a small active space achieves quite accurate results. The final diagonalization of the transformed Hamiltonian in the MRCIS space is expensive and limits the applicability of the method. We attempt to develop a cheaper internally contracted multireference coupled cluster method by introducing semi-internal excitation operators in the cluster operator such that the final diagonalization can be confined within the active space, but the results are not satisfactory yet. The Jeziorski-Monkhorst (JM) ansatz has been studied extensively, and different ways to resolve the redundancy issue have been explored. We analyze these JM-ansatz based methods, derive them in a simple way to disclose their connections transparently, and point out some problem in these methods. Another issue of general interest which is examined in the thesis is orbital invariance. For single reference methods the invariance property is usually clear, but this is not always the case for multireference methods. We analyze this problem from the tensor theory point of view, and propose a practical self-consistency-checking algorithm to determine whether a method is orbital invariant or not. We apply the algorithm to different methods, in particular, demonstrating the lack of the invariance property for JM-ansatz based methods.

Innovation is becoming more and more important in modern society. There is a lot of research on different kinds of innovation. Marketing innovation is one kind of innovation that has not been studied frequently before. One useful definition of marketing innovation is new ways which companies can market themselves to potential or existing customers (Halpern, 2010). This thesis focuses on the implementation process of marketing innovation. The research questions are: Which elements will be helpful or obstructive to the implementation process of marketing innovation? How will these positive or negative aspects affect the implementation of marketing innovation projects? How can the implementation of marketing innovation projects be improved? When implementing marketing innovation projects, compared with product innovation projects, what are the differences and similarities? The thesis is built on a literature study on marketing innovation and a case study of a marketing innovation project in the Chinese pharmaceutical company Guizhou YiBai Pharmaceutical Co.Ltd. A Chinese company is chosen because China‟s innovation practice needs improvement and theories which take China as background to guide the implementation process of innovation. The study shows some key elements for marketing innovation that are worth paying attention to when implementing marketing innovation projects. Examples of these key elements found are; paying attention to the neglected market, suitable segmentation of the market, reliable market information, public relationship, increased customer value, combination of market factors, explore different marketing channels and the use of technology in combination. Especially the use of technology can positively affect the implementation of marketing innovation. This thesis also presents some risks that may occurred in marketing innovation, like cost, uncertainty of market, information leakage, imitation and overdependence on experience. If comparing marketing innovation with product innovation there are many common points, but during the implementation process, the focus is different. A focus on the external environment seems to be more important in marketing innovation implementation. At last, this thesis concludes that the development situation of China‟s innovation practice is immature which is shown by the heavy reliance of experience and not theory in innovation projects. A reason for this is that innovation theory, which is taking the context of China in consideration, is lacking but are highly needed.

Single reference coupled cluster theory has been established as the method of choice for calculating electronic properties of small-to-medium size molecules. However, in typical multireference cases, such as bond breaking processes, biradicals, excited states, very high order excitations may be needed in the cluster operator to obtain reliable and accurate results, which is not practical due to the rapidly growing computational costs. Although there has been much e®ort to extend the applicability of single reference methods, there is little doubt that genuine multireference methods are indispensable. The method we are developing, the State Speci¯c Equation of Motion Coupled Cluster (SS-EOMCC) method, generalizes the state universal Equation of Motion Coupled Cluster (EOMCC)methods to a state specific version. SS-EOMCC works for both ground states and excited states. It is rigorously spin-adapted. The cluster operator amplitudes are solved, taking the complete- active-space self-consistent-¯eld function as the reference function. The differential relaxation effects are taken into account by diagonalizing the transformed Hamiltonian in the multireference configuration interaction singles (MRCIS) space. To implement the method, we developed an automatic program generator, the details of which are presented. The strategy used in approximating residual equations in SS-EOMCC is based on a novel normal order theory, which is a generalization of traditional particle-hole formalism based normal order theory. We discuss normal order theory in a general context, start with the version developed by Mukherjee and Kutzelnigg, and we furnish an algebraic proof for the corresponding contraction rules. Then we proceed to show how our normal order theory works. Finally we present the benchmark results to gauge the SS-EOMCC method. We calculate the triplet state state of F₂ to examine the behavior of the method for single reference systems, and study the singlet states of H₂O, CO and N₂ to test its performance for multireference systems. In addition, we illustrate the e®ect of a perturbative correction, which attempts to alleviate the redundancy issue. We also apply the method to study the energetics of end-on and side-on peroxide coordination in ligated Cu₂O₂ models, where SS-EOMCC[+2] employing a small active space achieves quite accurate results. The final diagonalization of the transformed Hamiltonian in the MRCIS space is expensive and limits the applicability of the method. We attempt to develop a cheaper internally contracted multireference coupled cluster method by introducing semi-internal excitation operators in the cluster operator such that the final diagonalization can be confined within the active space, but the results are not satisfactory yet. The Jeziorski-Monkhorst (JM) ansatz has been studied extensively, and different ways to resolve the redundancy issue have been explored. We analyze these JM-ansatz based methods, derive them in a simple way to disclose their connections transparently, and point out some problem in these methods. Another issue of general interest which is examined in the thesis is orbital invariance. For single reference methods the invariance property is usually clear, but this is not always the case for multireference methods. We analyze this problem from the tensor theory point of view, and propose a practical self-consistency-checking algorithm to determine whether a method is orbital invariant or not. We apply the algorithm to different methods, in particular, demonstrating the lack of the invariance property for JM-ansatz based methods.

No description available.

In 2007 Sida received a lot of criticism for not keeping track of the Swedish aid to countries in Africa. Aid has been sent to developing programmes which have been poorly evaluated and where there have been high risks of corruption. The aim of this study is to view the implementation of the National Agricultural and Livestock Extension Programme (NALEP), which is the largest development extension programme in the East African country Kenya. The purpose of NALEP is to decrease the poverty and increase the production in the focal areas of the country. It is also supposed to increase the influence the small scale farmers have in their own production. Sweden has been funding the programme since the start in June 2000 and has been the only external financial supporter during the whole process. The programme started off with a five years plan and was later extended another five years. This paper will view the entire implementation process of the programme as well as evaluate whether or not the programme has been successful. The results received by the evaluation have shown that the programme has had a positive effect on the agricultural sector. The programme has also been a relatively successful way to increase the small scale farmers’ influence in the local political decision making processes.

While No Child Left Behind (NCLB) provides a mechanism for holding states, local education agencies (LEA), and schools accountable to improve academic achievement for all students, policy itself has done little to include students from dropping out of school. Rather, dropout prevention/recovery schools/programs such as alternative schools of choice are recognized and relied upon as a means to reduce the number of students dropping out of school. These schools seek to re-engage the student who is at-risk to dropping out of school through nontraditional means and strategies. As more and more students become disenfranchised and drop out of school, these schools grow in importance. To ensure that all students have equity in education, regardless of educational setting, these schools warrant further attention and consideration. Therefore, two questions become evident: (a) How do educators in alternative schools interpret and implement policy such as NCLB? and (b) How do they define their role and responsibility? This case study examined the socio-legal discourse applied when seven administrators and 15 teachers administered policy as a response to an at-risk student population in five demographically diverse alternative education settings in California and Texas. A critical discourse analysis of text, interviews, and observations was used to reveal administrator and teacher assumptions and motivations of policy and risk. The data analysis revealed three dominant discourses of risk compliance and policy knowledge that were notable forces in the policy implementation of NCLB at these schools. Themes that emerged from the data included responsibility, dissociation, success, and equity. The findings from this study have demonstrated that a moment-by-moment process shapes the construction of role, responsibility, success, and equity as defined by the teachers and administrators. Furthermore, the discourse of risk and policy converged as ideological and political conceptions that perpetuate the notion that educating disadvantaged children as a process of demonstrating a particular level of knowledge and/or acquitting what it means to be considered at-risk. The implication for these educators is that the risk discourse that was engaged influenced their sense of responsibility, practice, and thus may counter policy intent.

After 1990s, ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) gradually becomes the enterprises¡¦ basic information platform. ERP is often employed by companies to integrate SCM and CRM, leading to an integrated supply chain with capability to link supplies and customers. The deployment of information resources is predicated on information technology infrastructure(ITI), which provides various sorts of information services. The implementation success of information system requires ITI to work smoothly with business processes. It is apparent that ITI, although an issue related to the IT domain, is capable of influencing the whole organization. This leads to an important role for ITI in implementing ERP by enterprise. The purpose of a company¡¦s strategic planning is to adopt itself to the environment change. This would demand a sounding planning of limited resources with ITI being included. The objective of IT strategy(ITS) is to provide the enterprise an overall action plan for employing information resources.From the literature survey, an interactive relationship between ITI, ITS, and ERP implementation was proposed by this research. This research employed case study methodology to investigate four companies which had implemented ERP.The focus is to explore the relationship among ITI, ITS, and ERP implementation. The research results indicated that, if ITS is well planned prior to the implementation, the implementation process would be less problematic and the results would be beneficial to the company¡¦s competitive advantage. As for the relationship between ITS and ITI, if the deployment of IT is directed to improve business value and competiveness, the required investment on ITI would be more. In turn, a competent ITI which provides support which are less prepared in ITI, implementing ERP has the effect of reininforcing the company¡¦s ITI.In addition, for the value judgement of ITI and the motivation of ERP implementation, this research developed an investment intensity matrix which can provide reference for investment decision on ITI. In the final analysis, the research provided a list of the IT infrastructure service needed by ERP implementation, acting as a guideline for information resource deploymeny for the enterprises that intent to implement ERP system.

Abstract After the information technology has rapidly improved and Internet has widespread proliferated, e-learning has become an important trend for enterprise education and training but many companies still stay in the waiting or hesitation stage. Some companies intend to carry out e-learning but they do not know how to implement or what is the key to success. The critical factors of enterprise e-learning are still obscure for them. This study is attempted to establish an implementation/advance model that may help companies understand the critical factors of enterprise e-learning for designing effective plans. It starts from literature review for getting the subjects of critical factors of enterprise e-learning and then construct a list of factors. Data were collected by six interviews with the managers and trainee from six implemented e-learning companies. Afterwards, model was established. The findings of this study present that all e-learning actions are effected and guided by the strategies, culture and system/method factors. In the implementation procedure, there are effective factors ¡V course, teaching materials, instructional design, and information technology and infrastructure, which affect the results of achievement and learning. Learning result is also directly affected by characteristic of trainee.

Today, ERP is now considered to be the price of entry for running a business and for being connected to other enterprises in a network economy. Due to the complexity of the ERP and the needs for the business process reengineering, most of the ERP implementation projects were judged to be unsuccessful. A common problem when adopting ERP software has been the issue of misfits, that is, the gaps between the functionality offered by the package and that required by the adopting organization. These misfits include data formatting, data relating, access, controlling, operating, output formatting and data contents, and so forth. This study presents a methodology to analyze the above misfit issues and proposes strategies to solve the problems. The results will contribute to the ERP implementation.