Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) research is examining ways to make human-robot (HR) communication more natural. Incorporating natural communication techniques is expected to make HR communication seamless and more natural for humans. Humans naturally incorporate implicit levels of communication, and including implicit communication in HR communication should provide tremendous benefit. The aim for this work was to evaluate a model for humanrobot implicit communication. Specifically, the primary goal for this research was to determine whether humans can assign meanings to implicit cues received from autonomous robots as they do for identical implicit cues received from humans. An experiment was designed to allow participants to assign meanings to identical, implicit cues (pursuing, retreating, investigating, hiding, patrolling) received from humans and robots. Participants were tasked to view random video clips of both entity types, label the implicit cue, and assign a level of confidence in their chosen answer. Physiological data was tracked during the experiment using an electroencephalogram and eye-tracker. Participants answered workload and stress measure questionnaires following each scenario. Results revealed that participants were significantly more accurate with human cues (84%) than with robot cues (82%), however participants were highly accurate, above 80%, for both entity types. Despite the high accuracy for both types, participants remained significantly more confident in answers for humans (6.1) than for robots (5.9) on a confidence scale of 1 - 7. Subjective measures showed no significant differences for stress or mental workload across entities. Physiological measures were not significant for the engagement index across v entity, but robots resulted in significantly higher levels of cognitive workload for participants via the index of cognitive activity. The results of this study revealed that participants are more confident interpreting human implicit cues than identical cues received from a robot. However, the accuracy of interpreting both entities remained high. Participants showed no significant difference in interpreting different cues across entity as well. Therefore, much of the ability of interpreting an implicit cue resides in the actual cue rather than the entity. Proper training should boost confidence as humans begin to work alongside autonomous robots as teammates, and it is possible to train humans to recognize cues based on the movement, regardless of the entity demonstrating the movement.

As robots start moving closer to our social and daily lives, issues of agency and social behavior become more important. However, despite noticeable advances in Human Robot Interaction (HRI), the developed technologies induce two major drawbacks : (i) HRI are highly demanding, (ii) humans have to adapt their way of thinking to the potential and limitations of the Robot. Thereby, HRI induce an important cognitive load which question the acceptability of the future robots. Consequently, we can address the question of understanding and mastering the development of pleasant yet efficient human-robot interactions which increase self- esteem, engagement (or pleasure), and efficacy of the human when interacting with the machine.In this race for more user-friendly HRI systems (robotic companion, intelligent objects etc.), working on the technical features (the design of appearance and superficial traits of behavior) can contribute to some partial solutions for punctual or short-term interactions. For instance, a major focus of interest has been put on the expressiveness and the appearance of robots and avatars. Yet, these approaches have neglected the importance of understanding the dynamics of interactions.In our opinion, intuitive communication refers to the ability of the robot to detect the crucial signals of the interaction and use them to adapt one's dynamics to the other's behavior. In fact, this central issue is highly dependent on the robot's capabilities to sense the human world and interact with it in a way that emulates human-human interactions.In early communication among humans, synchrony was found to be a funda- mental mechanism relying on very low-level sensory-motor networks, inducing the synchronization of inter-individual neural populations from sensory flows (vision, audition, or touch). Synchrony is caused by the interaction but also sustains the interaction itself in a circular way, as promoted by the enaction approach. Consequently, to become a partner in a working together scenario, the machine can obtain a minimal level of autonomy and adaptation by predicting the rhythmic structure of the interaction to build reinforcement signals to adapt the robot behavior as it can maintain the interest of the human in more long-term interactions.More precisely, as we are aiming for more “intuitive” and “natural” HRI, we took advantages of recent discoveries in low-level human interactions and studied Unintentional Synchronizations during rhythmic human robot interactions. We argue that exploiting natural stability and adaptability properties of unintentional synchronizations and rhythmic activities in human-human interactions can solve several of the acceptability problems of HRIs, and allow rethinking the current approaches to design them. / As robots start moving closer to our social and daily lives, issues of agency and social behavior become more important. However, despite noticeable advances in Human Robot Interaction (HRI), the developed technologies induce two major drawbacks : (i) HRI are highly demanding, (ii) humans have to adapt their way of thinking to the potential and limitations of the Robot. Thereby, HRI induce an important cognitive load which question the acceptability of the future robots. Consequently, we can address the question of understanding and mastering the development of pleasant yet efficient human-robot interactions which increase self- esteem, engagement (or pleasure), and efficacy of the human when interacting with the machine.In this race for more user-friendly HRI systems (robotic companion, intelligent objects etc.), working on the technical features (the design of appearance and superficial traits of behavior) can contribute to some partial solutions for punctual or short-term interactions. For instance, a major focus of interest has been put on the expressiveness and the appearance of robots and avatars. Yet, these approaches have neglected the importance of understanding the dynamics of interactions.In our opinion, intuitive communication refers to the ability of the robot to detect the crucial signals of the interaction and use them to adapt one's dynamics to the other's behavior. In fact, this central issue is highly dependent on the robot's capabilities to sense the human world and interact with it in a way that emulates human-human interactions.In early communication among humans, synchrony was found to be a funda- mental mechanism relying on very low-level sensory-motor networks, inducing the synchronization of inter-individual neural populations from sensory flows (vision, audition, or touch). Synchrony is caused by the interaction but also sustains the interaction itself in a circular way, as promoted by the enaction approach. Consequently, to become a partner in a working together scenario, the machine can obtain a minimal level of autonomy and adaptation by predicting the rhythmic structure of the interaction to build reinforcement signals to adapt the robot behavior as it can maintain the interest of the human in more long-term interactions.More precisely, as we are aiming for more “intuitive” and “natural” HRI, we took advantages of recent discoveries in low-level human interactions and studied Unintentional Synchronizations during rhythmic human robot interactions. We argue that exploiting natural stability and adaptability properties of unintentional synchronizations and rhythmic activities in human-human interactions can solve several of the acceptability problems of HRIs, and allow rethinking the current approaches to design them.

Syfte: Att öka kunskap om klinisk hypnos inom ramen för familje-/parterapi. Frågeställningar: I vilken omfattning används hypnos? När? Av vilka anledningar, samt hur? Metod: Kvalitativ, explorativ. 10 intervjuer har genomförts. Resultat: Inblick ges i systemiskt hypnosarbete, vilket kan utgöra förstudie till fortsatt forskning. Omfattning: Hypnos används i 0 - 100 % av fallen, vanligast i 40 - 50 %. När: Vid depression, ångest, affektiv-, kommunikations-, sex & samlevnadsproblem, med dissociativa klienter, trauma, ätstörningar, klienter med autistiska drag, vid kroppssymtom; smärta, mage/tarmproblem, högt blodtryck. Hypnos är särskilt givande vid problem som påverkar familjen. Anledningar: Hypnos är salutogent, ger verktyg för interaktion och bearbetning som når ickeverbala nivåer, kan ge kroppsreaktioner. Hypnos anses skonsamt, helande, effektiviserande. Hypnos upplevs ofta positivt, vilsamt för såväl klienter som terapeut. Terapeutens ensamarbete underlättas. Hur: Direkt och indirekt hypnos används, med och utan övrig familj närvarande, utifrån klientens behov. Namnet klinisk hypnos överväger, men ”visualisering, inre bild, imaginativ övning, dagdrömsteknik etc.” förekommer för att ej väcka fördomar, vilket existerar. Olika hypnostekniker exemplifieras. Diskussion: Metod och frågeställningar har god passform. Resultatet stöds av tidigare forskning och teoribildning samt pekar på nyheter; omfattningen, vikten av möjligheten att arbeta tyst, med medföljande personal, självhypnos, minska lugnande medicinering, vilsamt för terapeuten. Varför metoden ej är vidare spridd, beforskad diskuteras. Vetenskapliga studier om hypnos efterfrågas. / Purpose: To increase knowledge on clinical hypnosis within the context of family/couples therapy. Questions: To what extent is hypnosis utilized? When? For what reasons, and how? Method: Qualitative, explorative. 10 interviews were made. Results: Insight is given in systemic hypnotherapy, which could form a preliminary to further research. Scope: Hypnosis is used in 0 - 100% of cases, most common in 40 - 50 %. When: For depression, anxiety, affective-, communication-, sex & relationshipproblems, with dissociative clients, trauma, eating disorders, clients with autistic traits or bodily symtoms; pain, gastrointestinal problems, high blood pressure. Hypnosis is especially rewarding when family is affected by the problem. Reasons: Hypnosis is salutogenic, adds tools for interaction and processing that reach nonverbal levels, can give body reactions. Hypnosis is regarded gentle, healing, increasing efficiency. Hypnosis often gives positive, restful experiences, for clients and therapist. Hypnosis facilitates working alone. How: Direct and indirect hypnosis is used, with or without family present, based on the clients needs . The term clinical hypnosis dominates, allthough "visualization, mental image, imaginative exercise, reverie technique etc." appears to not arouse prejudice. Hypnotic techniques are exemplified. Discussion: Method and issues are well fit. The result is supported by earlier research/theories, pointing to news; scope, the importance of the possibility to work in silence, with escorts, reduction of sedatives, selfhypnosis, restfulness for the therapist. Why the method is not further spread, researched is discussed. Scientific studies of hypnosis are requested.