Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2005. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

This thesis presents the application of an imprinted mercury(lI) polymer that we synthesized by copolymerizing the functional and cross-linking monomers, N'-[3-(Trimethoxysilyl)propyl] diethylenetriamine (TPET) and tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) in the presence of mercury (II) ions as template. A bulk polymerization method following a double-imprinting procedure and employing hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), as a second template to improve the efficiency of the polymer was employed in the synthesis. The imprinted polymer particles were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and their average size determined by screen analysis using standard test sieves. The relative selective coefficients (k') of the imprinted polymer evaluated from selective binding studies between Hg ²⁺and Cu²⁺ or Hg²⁺ and Cd²⁺, were 10588 and 3147, respectively. These values indicated highly favored Hg²⁺ extractions over the two competing ions. Application of the polymer to various real water samples (tap, sea, river, pulverized coal solution, treated and untreated sewerage from the vicinity of Grahamstown in South Africa) showed high extraction efficiencies (EEs) of Hg²⁺ ions; (over 84% in all cases) as evaluated from the detected unextracted Hg²⁺ ions by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The limit of detection (LOD, 3ơ) of the method was evaluated to be 0.036 ng ml⁻¹ and generally the data (n=10) had percentage relative standard deviation (%RSD) of less than 4%. These findings indicate that the double-imprinted polymer has potential to be used as an efficient extraction material for the selective pre-concentration of mercury(lI) ions in aqueous environments. / KMBT_363 / Adobe Acrobat 9.54 Paper Capture Plug-in

Técnicas de reprodução assistida (TRAs) são utilizadas tanto na medicina humana quanto na medicina veterinária com o objetivo principal de corrigir infertilidades adquiridas ou herdadas. A transferência nuclear de célula somática (TNCS) ocupa um lugar de destaque na veterinária pela possibilidade de geração de indivíduos geneticamente idênticos, permitindo a produção de rebanhos homogêneos de alto mérito genético e servindo como modelo de estudo para técnicas de reprogramação. Porém, a utilização de TRAs, e em especial da TNCS, é considerada responsável pelo aumento na geração de conceptos portadores de alterações durante e após o desenvolvimento embrionário e fetal. A provável causa principal é a alteração na regulação da reprogramação epigenética devido à manipulação de gametas e embriões no período inicial do desenvolvimento, levando a alterações na regulação epigenética de genes imprinted. O presente estudo teve como objetivo principal avaliar marcas epigenéticas e expressão de genes imprinted no desenvolvimento de conceptos bovinos produzidos por TNCS ou inseminação artificial (IA). Para tal, foram coletadas amostras de tecido muscular e membranas corioalantoideana e amniótica de animais na fase pré natal (fetal) e tecidos muscular, nervoso e hepático na fase pós natal (animais nascidos saudáveis adultos ou não) de animais derivados de IA ou TNCS. Foi analisada a expressão dos genes imprinted H19, IGF2, IGF2R e Airn quando possível, assim como a metilação do DNA no locus H19/IGF2 na fase pós natal. Foi observado que na fase pré natal não foi detectada expressão do IGF2, enquanto que a expressão de H19 é aumentada em relação ao IGF2R, porém, sem diferenças entre os grupos nos tecidos estudados. Na fase pós natal, o padrão de expressão dos genes IGF2, H19 e IGF2R indica diminuição da expressão gênica relativa no fígado de animais TNCS e no aumento da expressão gênica do H19 na musculatura de animais adultos (saudáveis) bovinos produzidos por TNCS, apesar de o padrão de metilação dos genes imprinted IGF2/H19 não ser diferente entre organismos considerados saudáveis e não saudáveis. Os resultados deste projeto contribuem para o entendimento dos mecanismos epigenéticos relacionados ao desenvolvimento embrionário e fetal, em especial aqueles relacionados à dinâmica das alterações epigenéticas envolvidas no imprinting genômico / Assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) are usually used in both human and veterinary medicine aiming the correction of heritable or acquired infertilities. The somatic cell nuclear transfer technique (SCNT) is of particular importance in veterinary as it enables the generation of genetically identical organisms, allowing the production of homogeneous genetically improved herds, and also serving as a model for reprogramming studies. However, the use of TRAs, SCNT in special, may be responsible for the increase of developmental-related abnormalities in the conceptuses. Such phenotypes are probably caused by a disruption during the epigenetic reprogramming due to the manipulation of gametes and embryos during the early development period, and therefore leading to disturbances in the epigenetic regulation of imprinted genes. The present study aimed to evaluate epigenetic marks and expression of imprinted genes in different developmental periods of cattle generated by SCNT or artificial insemination (AI). For that, corionic/alantoic and amniotic membranes from fetuses and muscular, nervous and hepatic tissues from born animals, healthy (adult) or not, produced by SCNT or AI were collected. The expression of the imprinted genes H19, IGF2, IGF2R and Airn was analyzed as well as the DNA methylation at locus H19/IGF2 in post-natal period. It was observed that IGF2 was not detected during pre-natal period, whereas H19 expression is increased when compared to IGF2R in the groups studied herein. At post-natal period the IGF2, H19 and IGF2R expression patterns infers the decrease of relative gene expression in the liver and the increase of H19 expression in the muscle of SCNT adult animals. The methylation pattern of IGF2/H19 locus, however, did not differ between healthy or not animals. The results described herein may contribute to the understanding of the epigenetic mechanisms related to embryonic and fetal development, and in special, to those related to the epigenetic dynamics during genomic imprinting

Técnicas de reprodução assistida (TRAs) são utilizadas tanto na medicina humana quanto na medicina veterinária com o objetivo principal de corrigir infertilidades adquiridas ou herdadas. A transferência nuclear de célula somática (TNCS) ocupa um lugar de destaque na veterinária pela possibilidade de geração de indivíduos geneticamente idênticos, permitindo a produção de rebanhos homogêneos de alto mérito genético e servindo como modelo de estudo para técnicas de reprogramação. Porém, a utilização de TRAs, e em especial da TNCS, é considerada responsável pelo aumento na geração de conceptos portadores de alterações durante e após o desenvolvimento embrionário e fetal. A provável causa principal é a alteração na regulação da reprogramação epigenética devido à manipulação de gametas e embriões no período inicial do desenvolvimento, levando a alterações na regulação epigenética de genes imprinted. O presente estudo teve como objetivo principal avaliar marcas epigenéticas e expressão de genes imprinted no desenvolvimento de conceptos bovinos produzidos por TNCS ou inseminação artificial (IA). Para tal, foram coletadas amostras de tecido muscular e membranas corioalantoideana e amniótica de animais na fase pré natal (fetal) e tecidos muscular, nervoso e hepático na fase pós natal (animais nascidos saudáveis adultos ou não) de animais derivados de IA ou TNCS. Foi analisada a expressão dos genes imprinted H19, IGF2, IGF2R e Airn quando possível, assim como a metilação do DNA no locus H19/IGF2 na fase pós natal. Foi observado que na fase pré natal não foi detectada expressão do IGF2, enquanto que a expressão de H19 é aumentada em relação ao IGF2R, porém, sem diferenças entre os grupos nos tecidos estudados. Na fase pós natal, o padrão de expressão dos genes IGF2, H19 e IGF2R indica diminuição da expressão gênica relativa no fígado de animais TNCS e no aumento da expressão gênica do H19 na musculatura de animais adultos (saudáveis) bovinos produzidos por TNCS, apesar de o padrão de metilação dos genes imprinted IGF2/H19 não ser diferente entre organismos considerados saudáveis e não saudáveis. Os resultados deste projeto contribuem para o entendimento dos mecanismos epigenéticos relacionados ao desenvolvimento embrionário e fetal, em especial aqueles relacionados à dinâmica das alterações epigenéticas envolvidas no imprinting genômico / Assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) are usually used in both human and veterinary medicine aiming the correction of heritable or acquired infertilities. The somatic cell nuclear transfer technique (SCNT) is of particular importance in veterinary as it enables the generation of genetically identical organisms, allowing the production of homogeneous genetically improved herds, and also serving as a model for reprogramming studies. However, the use of TRAs, SCNT in special, may be responsible for the increase of developmental-related abnormalities in the conceptuses. Such phenotypes are probably caused by a disruption during the epigenetic reprogramming due to the manipulation of gametes and embryos during the early development period, and therefore leading to disturbances in the epigenetic regulation of imprinted genes. The present study aimed to evaluate epigenetic marks and expression of imprinted genes in different developmental periods of cattle generated by SCNT or artificial insemination (AI). For that, corionic/alantoic and amniotic membranes from fetuses and muscular, nervous and hepatic tissues from born animals, healthy (adult) or not, produced by SCNT or AI were collected. The expression of the imprinted genes H19, IGF2, IGF2R and Airn was analyzed as well as the DNA methylation at locus H19/IGF2 in post-natal period. It was observed that IGF2 was not detected during pre-natal period, whereas H19 expression is increased when compared to IGF2R in the groups studied herein. At post-natal period the IGF2, H19 and IGF2R expression patterns infers the decrease of relative gene expression in the liver and the increase of H19 expression in the muscle of SCNT adult animals. The methylation pattern of IGF2/H19 locus, however, did not differ between healthy or not animals. The results described herein may contribute to the understanding of the epigenetic mechanisms related to embryonic and fetal development, and in special, to those related to the epigenetic dynamics during genomic imprinting

Recent advances in the area of nanotechnology have led to interesting applications of nanomaterials in medicine, especially in the areas of imaging and treatment. This thesis presents the development of two molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) based on the same fluorescent functional monomer. One MIP, prepared in the bulk format, is investigated for its ability to detect tamoxifen and its metabolites. The other MIP synthesised in the nanogel format, holds the potential to be used as pH-responsive drug delivery system. Four objectives were identified within this project. The first was the design and synthesis of fluorescent functional monomer. Two coumarin derivatives carrying a polymerisable unit, for covalent bonding within the polymer, and a carboxylic moiety, for interaction site with the template, were synthesised and characterised. However, only one of them (the VCC: 6-vynilcoumarin-4-carboxylic acid) showed high fluorescent yield and was selected as functional monomer. The second objective involved the development of a detection system based on bulk MIP containing the VCC fluorescent monomer. This system proved effective in generating a detectable signal upon binding the analytes. The signal was observed as a quenching of the polymer fluorescence and it was proportional to the amount of target molecules detected. The third objective was the preparation of tamoxifen-imprinted nanogels for potential application in the drug delivery field. The optimisation of the procedure gave a set of NIP/MIP with the desired solubility, particle size and fluorescence emission. These nanogels were then employed in the last objective, which involved the toxicity study and evaluation of the drug loading on of transgenic line of zebrafish. The nanogels were non-toxic at the tested concentrations and the presence of tamoxifen was confirmed.

<p>In the present work, molecular dynamics simulations were used to evaluate the molecular interactions in prepolymerization mixtures, as occurring during production of molecularly imprinted polymers. The systems simulated were produced based on earlier studies for reference of results. Four systems were simulated in order to investigate the effect on molecular interactions based upon the choice of porogen (acetonitrile or chloroform) and proton transfers. The systems consisted of phenylalanine anilide as template, methacrylic acid as functional monomer, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as crosslinker and 2,2’-azobis-(2-methylpropionitrile) as radical initiator, with either acetonitrile or chloroform as porogen. Trajectories from the simulations were evaluated through radial distribution function analysis, grid density analysis and hydrogen bond analysis to investigate molecular interactions and complex formations in the simulated complete prepolymerization mixtures. Focus was on functional monomer-template, crosslinker-template and template-template complex formations. The results showed that the porogen influences molecular interactions in complete prepolymerization mixtures. Formation of higher order complexes was confirmed in all of the systems involving all of the investigated molecular species in the prepolymerization mixtures. The results could also confirm the presence of previously observed complexes between functional monomer and template (2:1 and 1:1 stoichiometry) and the prevalence of template dimerization, as well as a high involvement of crosslinker in complex formation.</p>

Not available

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2006. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005. / Weck, Marcus, Committee Member ; Josowicz, Mira, Committee Member ; Janata, Jiri, Committee Member ; Mizaikoff, Boris, Committee Chair ; Huang, Ching-Hua, Committee Member. Includes bibliographical references.

A Ni(II)-dimethylglyoxime ion imprinted polymer {Ni(II)-DMG IIP} was synthesized by the trapping method using the bulk polymerisation format. The structures of the imprinted and non-imprinted polymer were evaluated by infrared spectroscopy and the morphology was observed by scanning electron microscopy. The Ni(II)-DMG IIP was optimised for pH, mass, time and by the uniform design experimental method for the molar ratios of monomer to crosslinker to porogen and template to ligands as well as keeping these parameters constant and varying the quantities of initiator, 2,2'-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN). The optimum pH was 8.5, optimum mass was 50 mg, optimum time was 1 min and the optimum molar ratios of crosslinker to monomer, monomer to template and nickel(II) sulfate hexahydrate (NiSO₄.6H₂O) to 4-vinylpyridine to dimethylglyoxime were found to be 3.3:1.0, 0.6:1.0 and 1.0:0.6:3.6 respectively with 30 mg and 8 mL as the optimum amounts of initiator and porogen respectively. Through this optimisation, recovery of Ni(II) was increased from 98 to 100%. Selectivity of the ion imprinted polymer was evaluated by analysing, using an inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer, for Ni(II) ions that were spiked with varying concentrations of Co(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Pd(II), Fe(II), Ca(II), Mg(II), Na(I) and K(I) in aqueous samples. Selectivity studies also confirmed that the ion imprinted polymer had very good selectivity characterised by % RSD of less than 5 %. Co(II) was the only ion found to slightly interfere with the determination of Ni(II). The limits of detection and quantification were found to be 3x10⁻⁴ μg/mL and 9x10⁻⁴ μg/mL respectively. The method was evaluated by a custom solution of ground water certified reference material (SEP-3) and sandy soil reference material (BCR-142R) and the concentrations of Ni(II) obtained were not significantly different to the certified ones. The Ni(II)-DMG IIP was then evaluated in aqueous and soil samples where recoveries of 93 to 100% and 98 to 99% respectively were obtained with enrichment factors ranging from 2 to 18 in aqueous and 27 to 40 in soil samples. Finally, the Ni(II)-DMG IIP was used to analyse mine tailings samples and Ni(II) recovery of 99% was obtained with an enrichment factor of 2.