The research examines the factors influences e-procurement adoption in CBZ Bank, Zimbabwe and its impact on the bank's strategic sourcing in order to enhance understanding of the impact of e-procurement on strategic sourcing.

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The research examines the factors influences e-procurement adoption in CBZ Bank, Zimbabwe and its impact on the bank's strategic sourcing in order to enhance understanding of the impact of e-procurement on strategic sourcing.

Den här uppsatsen behandlar ett problem som identifierats bland små till medelstora svenska modeföretag: det stora beroendet av outsourcade produktionsagenter och fullprisproducenter. Syftet med uppsatsen är att identifiera de förutsättningar och hinder dessa modeföretag kan stöta på när de försöker integrera dessa utlagda kompetenser till en intern lösning. Genom detta hoppas författarna kunna tillföra nya perspektiv för befattningshavare som är intresserade av att omstrukturera sin nuvarande inköpsmodell.De metoder som använts för att samla in det teoretiska och empiriska underlaget var skrivbordsstudier, såväl som strukturerade och ostrukturerade djupintervjuer med grundaren av ett svenskt jeansföretag, samt en anställd på en stor svensk modekedjas inköpsavdelning.Resultaten understryker den strategiska betydelsen för växande modeföretag att äga sin inköpsfunktion. Genom att äga kompetenserna för mönsterkonstruktion och inköp kan företag minska sitt beroende av externa organisationer och öka flexibiliteten i sin produktutvecklingsprocess. De hinder som identifierats utgörs bland annat av en ökad affärsrisk under övergången till en intern inköpsavdelning till följd av avsiktliga störningar i värdekedjan av producenterna, samt de extra kostnaderna för det ökade administrativa arbetet.This essay focuses on a problem identified among small to mid sized Swedish fashion companies: the large dependence on out sourced production agencies and full price producers. The purpose of the essay is to identify the prerequisites and obstacles these fashion companies might encounter whilst trying to incorporate the out sourced competencies into an in-house solution. By this, the authors hope to add new perspectives to executives interested in restructuring their current buying function.The methods used to gather theoretical and empirical material were desk studies as well as structured and unstructured in-depth interviews with the founder of a Swedish denim fashion company, and an employee at a large Swedish fashion retailer’s buying department.The findings stress the strategic importance of owning the competence of the buying function for growing fashion companies. By owning the competencies of pattern-making and a formalised buying function the companies can weaken their dependence on external organisations and add to their product development process flexibility. Among the obstacles identified are a increased business risk during the transition to an internal buying function caused by deliberate disruption of the supply chain by the producers and the extra costs of the increased administrative work. / Program: Textilekonomutbildningen

Bakgrund: Konkurrensen för svenska tillverkningsföretag finns på både global och lokal nivå idag, något som gör det viktigare för företag att hålla hög effektivitet. Det försvåras av den ökade dynamiken på marknader och oväntade konjunktursvängningar som leder till en ökad osäkerhet för företag. Företag utformar sourcingstrategier för att uppnå ett högre värdeskapande och utformandet av strategierna antyds i litteraturen ha en koppling till konjunkturen, och det faktum att inköpschefsindex används som en konjunkturindikator styrker att det finns en relation mellan dem. Syfte: Inledningsvis syftar studien till att undersöka om inköpschefer i svenska tillverkningsföretag upplever en större osäkerhet i dagens ekonomiska omvärld, samt om det finns större fokus på strategiskt inköp. Vidare syftar studien till att utreda om konjunkturen har någon inverkan på val av sourcingstrategier, och det utifrån vad som lyfts fram som anledningar för och emot att sourca globalt respektive lokalt, samt genom att se om andra sourcingstrategier i form av strategier för antal leverantörer, storlek på leverantör och outsourcing visar på en koppling till konjunkturen. Slutsats: Svenska tillverkningsföretag upplever inte en ökad osäkerhet i omvärlden, vilket delvis följer av att de inte upplever sämre tillförlitlighet i prognoser. Allt större fokus läggs på inköpsfunktionen, och företag har insett vikten av och tagit steget till ett strategiskt inköp och lägger därmed mer tanke bakom sourcingbeslut. Studien visar på att konjunkturen har en inverkan på val av sourcingstrategier, även om majoriteten av de aspekter som företag baserar sitt val av en global respektive lokal sourcingstrategi på inte har någon påverkan av konjunkturen. Konjunkturkopplingen är däremot starkare för de övriga tre sourcingstrategierna som berörs i studien. / Background: The competition for Swedish manufacturing companies exists on both a global and local level today, which makes it important for companies to maintain high efficiency. It is more complicated because of the increased dynamism of markets and unexpected economic fluctuations that lead to increased uncertainty for companies. They formulate sourcing strategies to achieve a higher value and the literature indicates that there is a link between the formulation of these strategies and the business cycle, and the fact that the Purchasing Managers Index is used as an economic indicator shows that there is a relationship between them. Aim: Firstly, the study aims at investigating if purchasing managers in Swedish manufacturing companies experience an increased uncertainty in today’s economic environment, and if there is a larger focus on strategic purchasing. Further, the study aims at investigating if the business cycle has any effect on the choice of sourcing strategies based on what the reasons to or not to choose global or local sourcing are according to the companies, and if other sourcing strategies such as strategy for number of suppliers, the size of the supplier and outsourcing are linked to the business cycle. Conclusions: Swedish manufacturing companies do not experience any increased uncertainty in the economic environment, which is partly due to not experiencing less reliability in forecasts. Larger focus is placed on the purchasing function, and companies have realized the importance of and implemented strategic purchasing. There is some link between the choice of sourcing strategies and the business cycle, but most of the reasons for choosing a certain strategy are not affected by the business cycle. The link to the business cycle is stronger for the other three sourcing strategies in the study.

Background: To be competitive on the global market companies see a chance to achieve success by using suppliers that can offer them the lowest prices. Because of low wages China is one of those countries that can offer very competitive prices for purchasers in our part of the world. But is global sourcing for everyone? Global sourcing can be proven to be more costly than anticipated if the total cost of ownership is not considered. Research questions: -Which costs do the investigated manufacturing companies consider in their estimation of costs when purchasing from China, and how do these estimations match up with the actual costing? -What is the explanation of potential differences between the estimation of costs and the actual costing? -How do the companies’ characteristics in terms of experience, size and product characteristic affect the formulation of the costing? Purpose: This thesis will investigate what kind of costs companies take into consideration when doing their estimation of costs before initiating trade with China. Further the thesis will study how these estimations match up with the actual costing that can be seen afterwards and investigate what the explanation of potential variations could depend on. The thesis will also answer how the characteristics of the companies and the products affect the costing development. Conclusions: The companies are mainly focusing on purchase price and costs for transportation in their estimation of costs and the match between the estimation of costs and the actual costing are good in terms of purchase price and costs for transportation. Other costs are mismatched or overlooked probably because of their complexity to estimate. Product characteristics are probably the main factor that affects the complexity and amount of time and effort companies spend on costing.

This research is to do a study on the technology sourcing strategy for the information technology or the technology of information products while the high-tech domestic corporations are choosing to develop the information system technology. These three strategies are: the way of technology sourcing, the characteristics of technology, and the factors that are beyond the products. To discuss the strategic affected factors while choosing the technology sourcing strategy is the main thesis.The information electronic industry is the main object in this research. Each corporation discusses for the mode of information system technology sourcing. The result shows that ¡§the in-housing R&D ¡¨ is the priority to be considered while high-tech domestic corporations are thinking about information system technology sourcing. But the result also shows that professional knowledge in cost and in the information system technology personnel is insufficient. The studied corporations used the way of ¡§in-housing R&D¡¨ at the beginning, and then they get the technology via outsourcing. The main reason for that is to shorten the period of research time and make the cost lower. In the affected factors among the decided ways of information system technology, the most conspicuous way is the ¡§availability of licensing-in¡¨. The author through deeply interviewing with studied corporations found out that the technology sourcing strategies of information system are multi-channel. The ¡§technology outsourcing¡¨ and ¡§in-house R&D¡¨ are not substitute, however, are complementary. Among the technology sourcing strategies, ¡§the availability and urgency of licensing-in¡¨ plays an important role, that is, the main part of transaction cost items of each cost. As a whole, transaction cost theory could explain the evaluation while the corporations are making the information system strategy.

<p>Background: To be competitive on the global market companies see a chance to achieve success by using suppliers that can offer them the lowest prices. Because of low wages China is one of those countries that can offer very competitive prices for purchasers in our part of the world. But is global sourcing for everyone? Global sourcing can be proven to be more costly than anticipated if the total cost of ownership is not considered.</p><p>Research questions: -Which costs do the investigated manufacturing companies consider in their estimation of costs when purchasing from China, and how do these estimations match up with the actual costing?</p><p>-What is the explanation of potential differences between the estimation of costs and the actual costing?</p><p>-How do the companies’ characteristics in terms of experience, size and product characteristic affect the formulation of the costing?</p><p>Purpose: This thesis will investigate what kind of costs companies take into consideration when doing their estimation of costs before initiating trade with China. Further the thesis will study how these estimations match up with the actual costing that can be seen afterwards and investigate what the explanation of potential variations could depend on. The thesis will also answer how the characteristics of the companies and the products affect the costing development.</p><p>Conclusions: The companies are mainly focusing on purchase price and costs for transportation in their estimation of costs and the match between the estimation of costs and the actual costing are good in terms of purchase price and costs for transportation. Other costs are mismatched or overlooked probably because of their complexity to estimate. Product characteristics are probably the main factor that affects the complexity and amount of time and effort companies spend on costing.</p>

Nürnberg, Universiẗat, Diss., 2004--Erlangen.

Global sourcing has made it possible for companies to purchase components from suppliers all over the world. The intention nowadays is to find the best quality at the most competitive price, distance is not as important in today’s society. Sourcing globally is natural to many companies today and has increased in recent years. This global and open-world changed when Covid-19 erupted and the world declared a pandemic situation. Cities in China decided to implement a lockdown to reduce the infection. Covid-19 has affected global sourcing operations and made it hard to receive deliveries in time.  The thesis highlights different theories within global sourcing, how to ensure approved quality, and theories about digitalization/globalization. Other theories that are included in the thesis are theories about relationship management and international purchasing offices. The purpose of the thesis is to analyze what effects Covid-19 has had on these theories. Further, the thesis is a qualitative research conducted through interviews.  The empirical findings discuss similarities and differences from the analysis chapter. This chapter is crucial to answering our research questions. Further, the conclusion chapter demonstrates the findings of the thesis. A conclusion is that traditional quality assurance theories are applicable also when visitations at suppliers are not possible. Lastly, global sourcing departments have had to adapt to the new situation with the pandemic.