Vorgestellt werden verschiedene Programmierschnittstellen von Creo. Des Weiteren werden Anwendungsmöglichkeiten im Bereich der konstruktionsbegleitenden Simulation (Creo Simulate) vorgestellt. Ziel ist die Entlastung des Konstrukteurs/Berechners von Routineaufgaben und die Integration von Wissen in das Simulationsmodell.

It appears to be unanimous that alien species in island environments tend to cause considerably more negative than positive impacts. To assess the potential level of threat aliens may pose to the native environment, understanding a species’ population structure and dynamics is of ultimate importance. Assessing both impacts and consequences of management interventions to alien species is likewise only possible through the comprehension of its population structure and dynamics. This can be achieved by estimating the number of individuals in the study site, as well as other population parameters through time, applying population models such as capture-recapture to the collected datasets. Nonetheless, alien species that have low capture rates, such as small mammals, might present a considerable obstacle for conservation, as available capturerecapture models need a relatively large dataset to precisely and accurately estimate population parameters. To improve accuracy and precision of estimates that use sparse datasets, the present study developed an integrated concurrent marking-observation capture-recapture model (C-MOM). The model proposed here, contrary to the commonly available mark-recapture and mark-resight models, allows for two different datasets (i.e. a capture-recapture and a population count) to be integrated, as well as for marking and observation (recapture) data to be collected simultaneously. While few models can integrate different datasets, no model is known to allow for concomitant capture-markobservation activities. To assess the performance of the C-MOM when estimating population parameters for sparse datasets, a virtual ecology study was carried out. The population dynamics of a small rodent, the rock cavy (Kerodon rupestris), as well as capture-recapture and population count datasets, were simulated under different scenarios. The sampled datasets were then analyzed by the C-MOM, and by two other established statistical models: a classical mark recapture (CMR) (based on the Jolly-Seber model), and a zero-truncated Poisson log-normal mixed effects (ZPNE), the only integrated mark-resight model that allows for recapture sampling with replacement. Estimates of population parameters provided by the three models were then compared in terms of bias, precision and accuracy. C-MOM and ZPNE models were afterwards applied to real data collected on a rock cavy colony in the island of Fernando de Noronha. The estimated parameters were used to extrapolate the number of individuals in the rock cavy colony to the whole population in the island. Subsequently, these results were used to develop a risk assessment for the species by modelling historical and management scenarios, simulating both the establishment of the species in the island, and the consequences of different management interventions applied to it. The virtual ecology study showed that, in comparison to the CMR and the ZPNE, the C-MOM presented improved accuracy without overestimating the precision of population parameter’s estimates. The last also presented reduced amplitude of the calculated credible interval at 95% when applied to real data in comparison to the ZPNE. While the extrapolation of C-MOM estimates suggests that the rock cavy population in Fernando de Noronha is 6,652 ± 1,587, ZPNE estimates are of 5,854 ± 3,269 individuals. In the risk assessment, historical simulation models demonstrated that even though different combinations of uncertainty in reproductive parameters of the rock cavy might be possible for the species, these did not interfere significantly in either establishment or spread of the rock cavy population in the island. Moreover, historical yearly mortality has most likely been under 30%. Regarding the species’ management simulations, the most effective management interventions to achieve population extinction were spaying and neutering of both sexes, although harvest effort presented the highest influence on this populations’ extirpation. Nonetheless, the relative influence of female and both sexes’ based interventions did not differ significantly regarding the frequency of extinction of stochastic replicates’. Moreover, none of the management interventions guaranteed the population extinction within the time span and harvest effort proposed for the management program. Neutering of both sexes was most inversely influential on time to extinction of this population, followed by removal of both sexes. Briefly, the C-MOM has proven to be a resourceful and precise model to estimate population parameters when low capture rates result in sparse datasets. Moreover, the rock cavy is well established in the island and likely at carrying capacity. In general, the risk assessment showed that the management interventions in the time span and harvest effort simulated in the present study were ineffective to extinguish the rock cavy population in Fernando de Noronha. Considering this, as well as the importance of investigating other vital factors to decide in favour of or contrary to the management of this species, it is recommended that both an impact assessment of the rock cavy and a cost-effectiveness analysis of the management interventions should be performed to complement the current study.:Acknowledgement III Abstract IV Zusammenfassung VI Resumen IX Table of Contents XII List of Tables and Figures XIV List of Abbreviations XIX 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Invasive alien species and their consequences 1 1.2. Population dynamics analysis 2 Capture-recapture models 3 Observation models 4 Integrated population models 5 Software 7 Model analysis 8 1.3. Fernando de Noronha and the rock cavy 10 1.4. Objectives 12 Overall Objectives 12 Specific Objectives 13 2. Study Framework 15 3. Methods 19 3.1. Study area 19 3.2. Study case species 21 3.3. Research Steps 24 RESEARCH STEP I: Comparing the C-MOM to established models – does this concurrent marking-observation model produces accurate estimates of population parameters for sparse datasets? 24 RESEARCH STEP II: C-MOM application to a real case study 40 RESEARCH STEP III: The rock cavy population in Fernando de Noronha 45 RESEARCH STEP IV: The colonization and eradication of the rock cavy in Fernando de Noronha 47 4. Results 63 4.1. RESEARCH STEP I: Comparing the C-MOM to established models – does this concurrent marking-observation model produces accurate estimates of population parameters for sparse datasets? 63 4.2. RESEARCH STEP II: C-MOM application to a real case study 72 4.3. RESEARCH STEP III: The rock cavy population in Fernando de Noronha 73 4.4. RESEARCH STEP IV: The colonization and eradication of the rock cavy in Fernando de Noronha 74 Sensitivity analysis 74 Simulation experiments 80 5. Discussion 83 5.1. Bias, precision and accuracy of population dynamic models for sparse datasets 85 Simulated data 85 Study case 90 5.2. Advantages and disadvantages of the C-MOM approach 93 5.3. Development and applications of the integrated models and the C-MOM 96 5.4. The reversed use of the PVA software Vortex to simulate AS and IAS populations’ extinction 97 5.5. Status of the rock cavy population in the island of Fernando de Noronha 100 The colonization of the rock cavy in Fernando de Noronha 101 Management of the rock cavy in Fernando de Noronha 104 Study case limitations and future researches 112 6. Conclusion 116 References 118 Appendices 124 APPENDIX I – Assessment of biological invasions 124 APPENDIX II – Population dynamics simulation and dataset sampling 125 APPENDIX III – CMR and C-MOM model codes in R 134 APPENDIX IV – ZPNE model code in R 138 APPENDIX V – C-MOM model used for real datasets 143 APPENDIX VI – Rock cavy colony sizes and number of individuals in Fernando de Noronha 145 APPENDIX VII – Parameter’s ranking of C-MOM, CMR and ZPNE models 148 APPENDIX VIII – Bias, precision and accuracy table 149

Ein wichtiger Aspekt bei der Beurteilung und Gegenüberstellung von Fahrzeugantriebskonzepten sind Prognosen zu deren zukünftigen Entwicklung hinsichtlich gesellschaftlicher, ökonomischer und technischer Kriterien. Zukünftige technologische Potenziale von Fahrzeugantriebskonzepten und damit verbundene technologische Begleitaspekte nehmen hierbei eine wichtige Rolle im Rahmen der Antriebskonzipierung der frühen Konzeptphase ein. In dieser Arbeit wird eine in weiten Teilen simulationsbasierte Methodik für die Ermittlung und Analyse entsprechender Potenziale entwickelt. Die Methodik bildet dabei eine Kombination aus Expertenbefragungen und einer Metaanalyse für die Identifikation von Prognosen zu Antriebsstrangkomponenten sowie Verfahren der Modellierung und Simulation für die Ermittlung von Prognosen zu Fahrzeugantriebskonzepten. Die Praxistauglichkeit sowie der Nutzen der Methodik werden anhand von zwei exemplarischen Anwendungen präsentiert. Die erste Anwendung umfasst die Analyse eines beispielhaften PHEVs hinsichtlich der zukünftigen Potenziale im Bereich des Kraftstoffverbrauchs und der rein elektrischen Reichweite. Die zweite Analyse stellt ein exemplarisches BEV und ein FCHEV in Bezug auf die zukünftigen Potenziale hinsichtlich der Reichweite und der Antriebsstrangherstellkosten gegenüber. Darüber hinaus erfolgen in beiden Anwendungen Analysen zu Grenzpotenzialen, technologischen Ursachen, Fehlereinflüssen und weiteren technologischen Fragestellungen.:1 Einleitung 2 Forschungsumfeld, Handlungsbedarf und Vorgehensweise 3 Grundlagen, technischer Stand und Perspektiven der Fahrzeugantriebstechnologien 4 Methodisches Vorgehen und Methodikaufbau 5 Anforderungsspezifische Modellierung im Simulationsmodell 6 Prognosen zu Antriebsstrangkomponenten 7 Systematische Analyse der zukünftigen Potenziale von Antriebskonzepten 8 Anwendung und Ergebnisdiskussion 9 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick A Programmiertechnische Umsetzung B Bewertung von Antriebskonzepten C Datenbasis und Ergebnisse der Methodikanwendung / An important aspect in the assessment and comparison of vehicle powertrain concepts are forecasts with respect to the future development of these concepts regarding societal, economical as well as technological criteria. In this context, future technological potentials of vehicle powertrain concepts and related technological issues and effects play an important role, especially within the early powertrain conception phase. This work presents a mainly simulation-based methodology for the evaluation und analysis of respective technological potentials. The methodology comprises a combination of expert surveys and a meta-analysis for the identification of powertrain component forecasts and methods in the field of modelling and simulation for the evaluation of powertrain concept forecasts. Two exemplary applications are conducted to present the practicability and utility of the methodology. The first one comprises the analysis of an exemplary PHEV regarding its future potentials with respect to the fuel consumption and the purely electric range. Within the second one, an exemplary BEV and an exemplary FCHEV are compared with regard to future range and powertrain costs potentials. In addition to that, within both methodology applications, analyses with respect to technological limits, technological reasons, fault effects and further technological issues are conducted.:1 Einleitung 2 Forschungsumfeld, Handlungsbedarf und Vorgehensweise 3 Grundlagen, technischer Stand und Perspektiven der Fahrzeugantriebstechnologien 4 Methodisches Vorgehen und Methodikaufbau 5 Anforderungsspezifische Modellierung im Simulationsmodell 6 Prognosen zu Antriebsstrangkomponenten 7 Systematische Analyse der zukünftigen Potenziale von Antriebskonzepten 8 Anwendung und Ergebnisdiskussion 9 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick A Programmiertechnische Umsetzung B Bewertung von Antriebskonzepten C Datenbasis und Ergebnisse der Methodikanwendung