This study attempts to document the process of change in an example of cognitive behavior therapy conducted as part of larger research project in the effectiveness of this approach with parents having a potential for child abuse. One example of therapy was chosen for in depth analysis using a discourse analysis approach based on that of Labov and Fanshel (1977). Tape-recordings of the eight meetings between the client and the therapist--six therapy sessions, and two additional sessions to administer a pre and post test questionnaire required by the larger study--were transcribed. Selected segments of these transcripts were subjected to a microanalysis, the aim of which was to identify evidence of therapeutic change. Although the client did not follow the therapist in every respect, considerable evidence was found of a process of change--which began prior to the first therapy session with the research oriented questionnaire session and ended with the final questionnaire session. Certain moments in the dialogue, which occurred in nearly every session, were especially significant in revealing change. Through the sessions, a process was identified in which the client adopts, but also adapts ideas put forward by the therapist.

This study examined the chronic psychiatric patients who were referred to Fountain House for psychosocial rehabilitation. Differences between the dropouts vs. the non-dropouts were tested. Applying a longitudinal design and using discriminant analysis, it was found that 70% of patients dropout over a period of six months; and that patients' personal characteristics as well as service variables are predictors of dropout and community adjustment. Although issues of collecting follow-up data on the dropouts were inherent, it was possible to identify patterns of adjustment for the non-dropouts. It was found that patients who stay longer in a rehabilitation setting, attend therapy, and comply with medication had better adjustment levels than others. This led to the conclusion that comprehensive long-term treatment is more effective than other single specialized model of treatment. Theories of milieu therapy, ego psychology, and empirical research pertaining to adjustment and dropout provided a rationale for developing this study, its conclusions, and its recommendations. One recommendation to emerge from this study is that deinstitutionalization should be perceived as a step in the rehabilitation process rather than as a goal by itself. This study concludes that it is possible for chronic psychiatric patients to adjust to the community, but only if all elements of the system work as a complementary unit in which inpatient and aftercare facilities are integrated around the goals of rehabilitation and independent living. The application of milieu therapy based upon sound social work philosophy, research, and methods is essential for the promotion of the adjustment process and reduction of the dropout rate in aftercare facilities. Continuation of research and commitment for long-term, comprehensive treatment will meet the scientific and clinical challenges for dealing with those patients who are "difficult to reach." A second recommendation is that in addition to the usual concern with patient adjustment to services, there is a need to be concerned with the adjustment of services to patients.

This study of the West Side Urban Renewal Area (WSURA) in New York City examines the motives, preferences, and values of a selected group of householders residing in the WSURA. The findings should benefit social work and other planners in decision-making roles. The study identified a group of householders who had the option of choosing to move into urban integrated housing during a period when many of their counterparts were choosing the suburbs in order to escape urban problems such as deteriorating neighborhoods, the high cost of living, poor schools, a rising crime rate, and integrated neighborhoods. In order to better appreciate the householders' decision-making, the study explored the householders' reasons for moving from their previous homes to the WSURA, their expectations concerning life in the WSURA, some of their living experiences in the area, and their satisfaction with the decision to move into the WSURA. In order to effectively answer these questions, the variables of age, income, occupation, family cycle, and race and socioeconomic status were analyzed. The population from which the selected sample was drawn consisted of 774 black and white households located in the Stage I area of the WSURA project. The area was conducive to investigation because it had the physical and socioeconomic characteristics envisioned by the WSURA planners. A research instrument, the questionnaire, was prepared to conduct the study. A total of 173 householders were interviewed: 82 white and 91 black. The items in the questionnaire were coded, edited, and rechecked. Open-ended questions were coded according to a scheme developed from a content analysis of the first fifty questionnaires. The coded data were then keypunched and processed on an IBM 360 computer. The findings of the study demonstrated that the variables of age, income, occupation, family cycle, and race and socioeconomic status did define certain preferences and values of the respondents. The WSURA project was fortunate in its location in an area where highly valued amenities such as theaters, shopping facilities, and restaurants were already located. But the respondents were dissatisfied with schools, health and medical services, and police protection. Differences by race were distinguishable. Less racial tension was perceived in the WSURA than is evident nationally. But the respondents reported a lack of interracial contact on other than a superficial level. An additional survey of key informants. eight people who had been involved professionally in the WSURA project, revealed that the planners hoped to remove the stigma of urban renewal. They revealed also that because of citizen participation the planners and planning recipients had common areas of agreement. It was found that consideration of economics and social attitudes resulted in tradeoffs by the respondents in terms of their moving into the WSURA project. Detailed planning is viewed as a significant component of effective housing policy. No recipient group should be taken for granted. The most visible planning flaw is seen as a lack of sensitivity toward the poor. Limited income, poor education, and inequality in opportunity constituted a cycle that is not fully appreciated by planners. Past methods used by planners should be viewed skeptically. Plans for future housing and neighborhoods should reflect a more realistic view of the needs and preferences of all groups and a greater appreciation of the quality of life.

Little research has been undertaken to show how women in South Africa are integrating their work and family lives. The purpose of this study was to generate data on one area which could facilitate such integration, namely, maternity benefits. Although employers in South Africa are prohibited from employing pregnant women for one month prior to and two months after confinement, they are not compelled by law to transfer women to less strenuous work during pregnancy or to reinstate these women after the enforced period of leave. Whilst the state has not legislated such transfers or reinstatement, they have urged employers to be "sympathetic" to requests for transfers and reinstatement. The study was designed to provide an exploratory and descriptive perspective on maternity-related rights and benefits in the textile industrial sector in selected areas of Natal. Such research data is essential for the purposes of policy advocacy and policy development. Data for this study were collected through the use of the social survey method. The main part of the study included structured interviews with all textile employers in the geographical areas of the study who employed more than ten women. The subsidiary part of the study included structured interviews with selected female employees who had become pregnant whilst working in the textile industry in the area of the study. The purposive sampling method was used. Forty-six textile employers were interviewed and 301 employee interviews were conducted at 31 of these establishments. It emerged from the study that the governmental policy of merely requesting employers to provide benefits has not been effective. In nearly all cases where a maternity benefits package was provided this was as a direct result of pressures to which employers found themselves subject. Unions were the major factor in supplying such pressure. However, even where maternity benefit packages did eventuate, there were two important factors that inhibited their availability. Firstly, women lacked sufficient education about the benefits and the ability to assert their rights sufficiently. Secondly, even where these difficulties could be overcome, no adequate legal machinery exists for the enforcement of the women's maternity-related rights.

This study had three main goals. The first was to describe the institutionalized Black aged in terms of their relevant demographic characteristics and reasons for admission. The second was to explore the relative importance of ethnic and cultural factors in service delivery to this population. The third was to examine the role which the Black family plays within the institutional setting as measured by patterns of visiting and task performance. The application of the Shared Function Thesis to the situation of aged Blacks in nursing homes resulted in the formulation and testing of eight hypotheses. These hypotheses put forth possible explanations as to how the family and the nursing home work together as a Shared Function and how this cooperative relationship affects resident satisfaction with care and resident morale. Data on these areas were obtained in structured interviews with nursing home administrators, residents, and family members. The sample was drawn from five selected voluntary nursing homes in New York City. A combination of random and purposive sampling resulted in the selection of 93 residents who were interviewed as part of the study between January and September 1978. Sixty-four of the 93 residents in the study sample had family available. Twenty-seven of these family members were interviewed. In addition, data on resident physical and mental health status, as well as corroborative data on family involvement were collected in questionnaires completed by the nursing home staff. Several major findings emerged in each area. Data on the demographic characteristics of this population were compared to existing norms for Black aged in the community. The institutionalized persons in the study sample were significantly older and there were many more widowed and never married persons. These findings would seem to indicate that lack of spouse or other familial supports in the face of advancing age and impairment is a major reason for admission to the nursing home. It was also found that availability of family was significantly related to sex of the older person. Black aged males in the study sample were less likely than aged females to have family available. On the question of ethnic factors in service delivery, two major findings emerged. The nursing homes which serve a majority of Black residents and were therefore defined as "ethnic" were more likely than the non-ethnic nursing homes to include cultural components in routine activities. These components included the celebration of holidays important to Black aged, the regular provision of ethnic foods and the inclusion of Black music and art in social activities. The second finding was that consumer attitudes were related to the ethnic orientation of the host facility. This was especially true for issues of matching provider and consumer on the basis of ethnicity than for the inclusion of cultural components in routine activities for which there was ample support from most residents and family members. With reference to the third area, the role of the family within the nursing home, data were obtained on patterns of visiting and patterns of task performance by family members and friends. On both indicators of shared function, visiting and task performance, there was evidence that family continue to play a meaningful role in the lives of their aged members even after institutionalization. Findings indicate that friends also visit frequently. Resident and family reported levels of visiting were very high and were above established norms for all Blacks in nursing homes. The reported level of visiting was also significantly higher than that reported for a sample of predominantly white, middle-class institutionalized aged in a similar study in the same locale. With respect to task performance by family and friends, the most commonly reported tasks performed were the provision of food treats, shopping and running errands, and the provision of clothing. Both the level of visiting and task performance were significantly related to resident and family satisfaction with care in a positive direction.

The study is an exploratory examination of the relationship between the psychosocial diagnostic evaluation and the treatment procedures used by the caseworker in the interview. The psychosocial diagnosis has been defined by twenty-four selected variables assumed to be relevant indicators of the diagnostic process. The treatment procedures have been defined by the Hollis' typology of casework treatment. The variation in the use of the treatment procedures is also examined in relation to three intervening variables: (1) treatment phase; (2) casework method (supportive vs. modifying); and, (3) caseworker. The study is based upon a secondary analysis of data originally collected for the Casework Methods Project, Center for Social Casework Research, Community Service Society of New York. The clients studied are a well defined group. The sample represents motivated, lower-middle class, Negro and White clients of slightly above average general intelligence living in intact families and seeking assistance from a private family agency for difficulties in marital and/or parent-child relationships. The sample tends to represent clients who continue in service through at least the ninth assigned service interview. These are clients who have agreed to partake in a research project and to have their interviews tape recorded. The study has examined eighty-seven tape recorded interviews drawn from thirty-five clients representing twenty-two families. Individual clients are represented by a range of from one to three interviews drawn from a maximum of three phases of treatment. The interviews are representative of assigned service client interview one through fourteen and assigned service case interview one through thirty-nine. The caseworkers treating the clients assessed the clients' status and functioning on the selected diagnostic variables. The treatment procedures used by that same caseworker with each client were determined through the content analysis of tape recorded interviews with the clients. Each worker statement (clause) was classified as one of eleven possible treatment procedures. The proportionate use of each procedure was computed for each interview. Differences in proportions were examined in relation to the independent variables. Variation in the use of the treatment procedures in relation to the independent variables of treatment phase, casework method, and case- worker were examined through a series of multivariate analyses of variance tests. The associations between the twenty-four diagnostic variables and the eleven procedures were assessed through a correlational analysis. In addition the twenty-four diagnostic variables were factor analyzed. Three hypothetical components were identified. Factor scores were computed for each client on each of the three components and correlated with the treatment procedures used with the clients. Non-parametric techniques were used for supplementary analysis. The general hypothesis that the procedures are associated with the diagnostic variables is partially confirmed for nine of the eleven procedures in the sense that a larger number of significant correlations occur than attributable to chance. However, the amount of variation explained by the diagnostic indicators is generally rather small. The degree of the associations are from weak to moderate. The theoretically expected associations tend to occur although to an extent less than anticipated. The largest amount of variation in the use of the treatment procedures was explained by differences among caseworkers. Differences among treatment phases explained a significant amount of the variation in one of the procedures. The writer anticipates that control for caseworker and phase would increase the diagnostic-treatment associations. In addition to the testing of the study hypotheses the study describes the treatment process in this sample of eighty-seven tape recorded interviews.

The purpose of this research was to study the relationship between the levels of support from family and non-family members to the academic performance of urban black disadvantaged college students. The research was designed to answer the question of whether students who expected and received high family and/or non-family support would do better academically than those who expected high support but received low support. The conceptual framework on which the study was based was of "the family as a social system," as formulated by Biddle and Thomas. Data were collected from 44 students at a four-year urban commuter college located in New York City. These students were first-semester freshmen. Some were in an educational opportunity program which limited its eligibility criteria to persons with high school averages below 80 and family incomes at or below the poverty level. The other portion of the sample group met all of the criteria listed, but was not in the educational opportunity program. The students were administered a survey form at two times during the Spring 1980 semester. The instruments were designed by the researcher to elicit their perception of expectations of support and actual receiving of support from family and/or non-family members in the emotional, social, financial and informational categories. These categories continuously came up during counseling sessions with students. A Kruskal-Wallis One-Way Analysis of Variance was performed to determine if there was a significant relationship between the degree of supportiveness from family and non-family members and the academic achievement of urban black disadvantaged college students. The results of the tests did not support the research hypothesis. However, there was definite relationship between support expected and support received. The major implication of the study is that there may be other more important factors which have an influence on urban disadvantaged students' academic performance. The implication for social workers in higher education is that as counselors they must be concerned with students and the promotion of policies that have overall social policy implications which will allow the higher education arenas to meet the range of students' needs with understanding and sensitivity.

An increasing number of clients are seeking admission to state mental hospitals to satisfy non-psychiatric needs. The study describes this phenomenon, its possible causes and its consequences. The study draws profiles of these clients' characteristics, problems, needs, and level of functioning. Clients' expectations from the state hospital and differences between them and the hospital inpatient population are explored. The study was conducted on a time sample of 100 clients who sought admission to a New York State psychiatric center. The client sample were found not in need of inpatient treatment and were referred to an emergency housing program. Data were gathered through structured and unstructured questionnaires, interviews with clients, staff, center officials, and the center's statistical and patients' records. Chi-Square Test and Spearman Correlation were used to test relationships between variables. Study data indicated that: (1) The majority of clients were young, white, single, males, unemployed, educated below high school level, and were living with a relative or a friend at the time they appeared for admission. (2) Client's self assessment and staff assessment of clients' needs suggested that housing and financial aid were significant to more clients than psychiatric treatment. (3) Client's self assessment and staff assessments of individual client's level of functioning indicated that the majority of clients were able and willing to live independently in community settings. (4) The majority of clients sought admission to the psychiatric center expecting help with housing, financial and emotional problems in that order. (5) Client sample and patients admitted to the center during the same period did not differ significantly with regard to age, sex, race, religion and marital status. The two populations differed in admission status, educational level, employment status, and sources of referral to the Center. The study recommended a clear boundary distinction of psychiatric and non-psychiatric services and that psychiatric admission be based on psychiatric rather than social factors. The study also recommended several policy and planning options in dealing with the problem. A major option was the initiation of local personal social service centers to service clients with non-psychiatric problems.

Effective October 1, 1978, New Jersey mandated independent review of all out-of-home placements supervised and approved for payment by the Division of Youth and Family Services (DYFS). The law authorized each county's Superior Court Assignment Judges to appoint five-member Child Placement Review Boards who must make recommendations to the judge within 45 days of the child's entry into care; all cases must be reviewed at least annually. Semi-structured telephone interviews with members of 36 Boards and 26 persons from DYFS some two years after review was implemented indicated that the Boards varied greatly in the degree to which they exercised their authority. Boards which assumed an independent role were more likely to (1) require DYFS workers to give testimony on all cases; (2) meet weekly; (3) review at least 12 cases at each meeting; (4) have contact with their judge; and (5) reschedule cases before the next mandated annual review. This latter practice, commonly known as "re-review" or "relist", probably did more to demonstrate the Boards' independent role than formal disagreements with DYFS. Formal disagreements were relatively infrequent, presumably because most children were in the only care arrangement possible. Re-review, on the other hand, recognized the impracticability of immediate return home or adoption but held DYFS accountable for taking timely action to ensure permanence for children. The study described the various ways local DYFS offices prepared for review and local Board-DYFS relationships. The impact of review was considered by eliciting respondents' assessments of review. All 36 Board respondents and all but four DYFS respondents felt that DYFS gave more careful attention to case planning because they knew they would have to report to an outside body. Fourteen Board respondents and 24 DYFS liaisons identified at least one disadvantage. The study concludes with an endorsement for independent review and offers recommendations for strengthening it. The study recommends that further research be undertaken to more rigorously study the effects of review.

The relationships and interactions of political participation and personal control are the focus of this study. Factor analyses indicate that both concepts are multi-dimensional in nature, political participation being defined by general and specific types of conventional participation and by general and specific types of radical participation, and the personal control dimension being defined by measures of individual vs. system blame, efficacy, and internal vs. external locus of control. A number of demographic factors are included so as to refine and broaden the results. The major findings are as follows: Internals attribute political outcomes to systemic factors, externals to individual effort: general conventional political activity is related to specific forms of conventional political activity and to general radical activity, but not to specific radical activity of boycott; intra-party activity is related to voting and extra-party activity but voting is not related to extra-party activity; lower economic status and external locus of control are related to participation in boycott; males are likely to engage in general radical activity, females in the specific radical boycott action; marrieds and those with more social work experience engaged in extra-party activity; locus of control and economic status are not related; where attribution of outcome is to system and efficacy is high, the score on general radical activity is low; where attribution is to individual effort, score on general radical activity is high when efficacy is high and locus is internal; boycott is engaged in most where economic status is high and locus is external, indicating that incongruity between economic status and locus may motivate participation in radical action. Participation in the boycott was also evident among those of lower economic status, especially where locus was external. Externality and incongruity between economic status and sense of control thus seem to be motivating factors for engaging in radical political activity. Internality seems to motive participation in conventional political action, especially where economic status was higher. The study indicates quite clearly that locus of control must be defined in terms of the context within which the measure is taken, that the very definition of control depends upon the individual's belief that the attributes of a particular context either provide (internal locus of control) or do not provide (external locus of control) the opportunity for effecting outcomes within it. In this study, the contention is put forth that a need for control is a general motivating force for all individuals and that the individual will participate (politically, in this study) within those contexts that afford him the opportunity to believe in his or her sense of control. Where the individual believes that the extant political context offers an opportunity to exercise a belief in personal control, that individual may be said to be internal in locus of control. Where alternate political contexts have to be created or alternate (radical) political activities engaged in so that a sense of personal control is established, the individual engaging in those alternate activities may be said to be external in locus of control. The various sub-specialties in social work will utilize the results of this study differently. It may be that political activity is affected by locus of control and/or vice versa, thereby making the results differentially useful to the policy planner and organizer and the casework practitioner. For each, as well as for the political and social scientist, the results of this study extend the concept of reward beyond the usual socio-economic one to include the personal control concept.