L'émission de HAPs (Hydrocarbures Aromatiques Polycycliques) et de particules carbonées produis lors de la combustion d'hydrocarbures ont un impact important à la fois sur l'environnement et sur la santé. En effet, les particules de suie, étant des particules ultra-fines sont facilement assimilées par le système respiratoire et provoquent des troubles de l'organisme. De plus, les HAPs que ce soit en phase gazeuse ou adsorbés à la surface des suies sont reconnus comme étant des composés mutagènes et cancérigènes. La limitation des émissions de ces espèces polluantes passe par une compréhension des mécanismes à l'origine de leur formation et nécessite donc la mise en place de techniques de plus en plus sensibles pour permettre leur détection dans des flammes où évoluent de nombreuses espèces chimiques en interaction les unes avec les autres. Ce travail de thèse a donc pour objectif de développer une nouvelle méthode de détection de HAPs sélective, sensible et quantitative reposant sur l'extraction des espèces de la flamme et à leur analyse par Fluorescence Induite par laser (LIF) après refroidissement au sein d'un jet supersonique. Cette stratégie conduit à l'obtention de spectres caractéristiques de HAPs spécifiques permettant ainsi leur mesure quantitative et sélective. Grâce au développement de cette méthode, la mesure de profils de fraction molaire de trois espèces clefs dans les mécanismes de formation des HAPs (benzène, naphtalène et pyrène) a pu être réalisée dans une flamme de prémélange CH4/O2/N2 stabilisée à basse pression pour différentes conditions de pression et de richesse. En parallèle, les profils de fraction volumique de suie ont été obtenus in situ par la technique d'Incandescence Induite par Laser (LII), ce qui a permis de dégager des corrélations entre concentrations de HAPs et de particules de suie. La base de données obtenue permettra d'affiner les modèles cinétiques de formation de HAPs et de suies dans les flammes.

[pt] O presente trabalho apresenta um estudo experimental da distribuição da fuligem e de hidrocarbonetos aromáticos policíclicos (PAH) em chamas laminares não pré-misturadas de etileno e ar, mediante o uso de técnicas de diagnóstico espectroscópico, num queimador tipo co-flow. Para este fim são aplicadas as técnicas de fluorescência induzida por plano laser e incandescência induzida por plano laser, com excitação no espectro ultravioleta. Bandas espectrais de detecção centradas em 340, 400, 450, 500, 550 nm são empregadas para caracterizar diferentes PAH, aproveitado o fenômeno do deslocamento do espectros de fluorescência para o infravermelho, conforme se incrementa sua massa molecular. A técnica de extinção laser é utilizada para calibrar os resultados de incandescência e obter a fração volumétrica de fuligem. A radiação espontânea emitida pela fuligem é utilizada para medir a temperatura pela técnica de termometria em duas cores. A comparação dos resultados obtidos com uma detecção simultânea (0 ns) e atrasada (50 ns) com respeito ao pulso laser permite discriminar entre as regiões onde estão presentes PAHs e fuligem ou apenas fuligem. Os resultados mostram que na região mais fria, perto da entrada de combustível, apenas existem PAH. Seguindo esta região, numa zona de altura intermediária e mais quente, tanto a fuligem como o PAHs coexistem até a o ponto de máxima fração volumétrica integrada de fuligem. O deslocamento no sentido vertical da distribuição de fluorescência é observado com o aumento do comprimento de onda de detecção, o que é consistente com o crescimento do tamanho de PAH e sua progressiva transformação em fuligem. A distribuição de PAH e da fuligem é investigada como função da vazão de combustível. A fração volumétrica de fuligem apresenta uma distribuição clássica, cujo valor se incrementa com a vazão de combustível, enquanto que a temperatura medida diminui. / [en] This work presents an experimental study of soot and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) distribution in axisymmetric ethylene-air non-premixe laminar flames using spectroscopic diagnostic in a co-flow target burner. For this purpose, are applied laser-induced fluorescence and laser-induced incandescence techniques with UV excitation. Spectral detection bands centered at 340, 400, 450, 500, 550 nm are employed to characterize PAH, using the infrared fluorescence spectra displacement phenomenon with the molecular mass increase. The incandescence is captured at 400 nm and the laser extinction technique is used to calibrate the signal, and, thus to obtain the soot volume fraction at the reaction zone. The soot spontaneous emitted radiation is used to measure the temperature by the two-color pyrometry technique. The comparison between results with prompt (0 ns) and delayed (50 ns) detection, with respect to the laser pulse, allows to discriminate the regions between soot precursors (PAH) and soot. The results show that, in the colder region, near the fuel inlet, PAH exist only. Following this region, in an intermediate warmer zone, both soot and PAH appear to coexist until the point of maximum integral soot volumetric fraction. A vertical displacement of the fluorescence distribution with increasing detection wavelength is observed, which is consistent with PAH size growth and with its progressive transformation into soot. PAH and soot distribution are investigated as a function of the fuel flow rate. The soot volumetric fraction exhibits a classical distribution, whose value increases with the fuel flow rate, whereas the measured temperature decreases, exhibiting a singular behavior in the region where the soot is formed.

The master’s thesis consists of two parts. The first part describes base quantities of lighting engineering, basics of the electrical energy transformation to the light energy, laws of the thermal radiation and characteristics of incandescence and discharge light sources used for general illumination. This part concludes with a theoretical analysis of influence of power supply on the parameters of light source’s luminous flux. The second part of the thesis deals with the draft and configuration of a workplace for measuring spectral radiation of light sources depending on power supply. The last part of the thesis is created by the evaluation of spectral radiation and other light parameters changes according to the light source’s power supply changes.

<p dir="ltr">Burst-mode lasers and burst-mode optical parametric oscillators (OPOs) are applied and developed for planar laser induced fluorescence (PLIF) measurements of key species for high-speed combustion measurements. OH-PLIF in the rotating detonation engine was performed for the first time at wave structure visualization in two different planes and was 10 times faster than any other burst mode OH-PLIF measurements at the time. The same system was used to perform another OH-PLIF experiment at 1 MHz for ~200 pulses to compare key features of the detonation wave structure with computational fluid dynamic simulations and a fundamental detonation tube experiment. The system was also used for seedless velocity measurements in the exhaust by tracking a pocket of OH with a technique called FLASH. A similar OPO was built, aligned, and tuned to perform 1 MHz NO PLIF in a Mach 10 hypersonic tunnel to visualize second mode instabilities and calculate the frequency in the boundary layer transition of a 7-degree cone. A high-efficiency OPO was developed and characterized utilizing the KTP crystal to provide narrow bandwidth pulses for the fluorescence of multiple species. The OPO was pumped at repetition rates up to 1 MHz and was calculated to have a 1.9% UV efficiency from the fundamental 1064 nm output. This is 3 – 5 times increase in efficiency from previous custom and commercial built OPOs. The OPO was applied to the RDC for OH PLIF in the combustor channel and NO PLIF for injector dynamics and response studies. Lastly, a burst-mode laser was used to perform LII on the post detonation blast flow field to measure explosively generated soot. The data was taken at 1 MHz and compared and corrected with a separate set of experiments and computational simulations.</p>

<p dir="ltr">Soot is a byproduct formed during incomplete combustion of hydrocarbon fuels. Atmospheric soot from aircraft emissions increases local air temperatures, drives cloud formation, and decreases albedo on snow and ice: three factors that promote global warming. It is also potentially harmful to humans and has been associated with negative effects on heart and lung health. Operationally, soot formation indicates an inefficiency in combustion and can cause deterioration in aircraft engines. Modeling soot formation in complex flow fields is difficult and has been largely unsuccessful. In-situ soot measurements at relevant conditions can inform the design and operation of aircraft engines with reduced soot emissions. Laser-induced incandescence (LII) is a diagnostic that allows for non-intrusive measurements of soot volume fraction and primarily particle size in combustion environments. It involves laser-heating soot particles to temperatures at which they incandescence and measuring the radiated signal. The strong absorption capabilities and high sublimation temperature of soot make this diagnostic highly selective against the detection of other species. A coupled set of differential equations can be used to model the change in temperature and mass of a soot particle over time. Methods for modeling the fundamental processes in LII were reviewed in this work and comparisons were made between several different models.</p><p dir="ltr">International Sooting Flame target conditions were used to form a laminar diffusion flame in a Yale burner with a range of soot levels. Soot volume fraction measurements were conducted and compared with other experimental values to validate the accuracy of the experimental setup and techniques used. A calibration was performed using a laser extinction measurement from a previous study. Results showed an overall increase in soot volume fraction with increasing percentages of ethylene, as well as a transition in the peak location. Time-resolved LII was conducted at 10 MHz to determine the primary particle size of soot particles. Larger primary particles were observed with increasing height for flames with higher ethylene content. Changes in the soot formation and surface growth rates are suspected factors in the observed trends in the data. </p><p dir="ltr">The overall objective of this study was to validate an experimental setup for Laser-Induced Incandescence using a laminar diffusion flame. LII measurements were successfully demonstrated using the same diagnostic setup in a liquid-fueled swirl-stabilized flame at aircraft engine-relevant conditions. This study sets the groundwork for further investigation into aircraft soot generation using LII. </p>