This study examined the state of the literature on the effectiveness of medication assisted treatment (MAT; methadone, buprenorphine, naltrexone) delivered in prisons and jails on community substance use treatment engagement, opioid use, recidivism, and health risk behaviors following release from incarceration. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-experimental studies published through December 2017 that examined induction to or maintenance on methadone (n = 18 studies), buprenorphine (n = 3 studies), or naltrexone (n = 3 studies) in correctional settings were identified from PsycINFO and PubMed databases. There were a sufficient number of methadone RCTs to meta-analyze; there were too few buprenorphine or naltrexone studies. All quasi-experimental studies were systematically reviewed. Data from RCTs involving 807 inmates (treatment n = 407, control n = 400) showed that methadone provided during incarceration increased community treatment engagement (n = 3 studies; OR = 8.69, 95% CI = 2.46; 30.75), reduced illicit opioid use (n = 4 studies; OR = 0.22, 95% CI = 0.15; 0.32) and injection drug use (n = 3 studies; OR = 0.26, 95% CI = 0.12; 0.56), but did not reduce recidivism (n = 4 studies; OR = 0.93, 95% CI = 0.51; 1.68). Data from observational studies of methadone showed consistent findings. Individual review of buprenorphine and naltrexone studies showed these medications were either superior to methadone or to placebo, or were as effective as methadone in reducing illicit opioid use post-release. Results provide the first meta-analytic summary of MATs delivered in correctional settings and support the use of MATs, especially with regard to community substance use treatment engagement and opioid use; additional work is needed to understand the reduction of recidivism and other health risk behaviors.

The current research seeks to study and gauge current perceptions of police among college students at East Tennessee State University. As well as studying perceptions of police among students, the research will compare police perceptions among students with student opinions on incarceration. Correlations will be attempted to be observed through various demographical characteristics and similar standardized viewpoints. This will build on prior research from Lim (2015) and others in which college students were used to gauge results around perceptions of police. It is important to understand college student perceptions on police and incarceration as they form the future work force and form a large voting bloc to impact policy in the future. Following this introduction, this thesis will cover an additional four sections.

Research, primarily based out of the United States, has shown that incarceration is related to a variety of negative outcomes for individuals, families, communities, and even broader populations. For example, studies have highlighted primarily negative physical and mental health effects of incarceration at multiple levels. However, we know little about societal consequences of incarceration, even as the global imprisoned population reaches its highest number yet. This dissertation aims to add to the small existing body of cross-national research on nation-level outcomes of imprisonment by examining the effect of incarceration rates on population health. To do so, I have collected, cleaned, and compiled longitudinal data from 1990-2019 from a range of sources, including datasets from the United Nations’ Office on Drugs and Crime and the World Bank. Using multilevel models with repeated measures within countries, this dissertation examines the overall relationship between incarceration and five population health outcomes – life expectancy, infant mortality, suicide rate, HIV prevalence, and TB incidence – for over 100 nations. In addition, models explore factors suggested by the literature to moderate or mediate these relationships, including prison conditions, welfare support, and racial diversity for the former and social capital for the latter.The findings from this research partially support hypotheses that incarceration levels relate to negative health outcomes at the population level. Bivariate and simple multivariate analyses of around 200 countries show that incarceration can be protective, especially at lower levels of country wealth, but high-income countries are often negatively affected by high levels of incarceration. When looking at a smaller sample of around 130 countries with available data for a range of relevant variables in this 30-year time period, most of these overarching relationships between incarceration and health do show negative effects – the one consistent outlier is infant mortality rate. Moderation analyses showed many of the direct effects to be moderated by country contexts such as racial diversity and exclusion, social protection expenditure, and prison conditions. Adding in these interactions revealed some relationships that were obscured in the direct effect models; sometimes, these were relationships that supported the narrative suggested by the literature, such as infectious disease outcomes being exacerbated by high racial diversity (HIV prevalence) or harsh prison conditions (TB incidence), but other times these were in the opposite, or an unexpected, direction. Subsample analyses allowed examination of subgroups of countries that were driving overall effects. For example, the negative effect of incarceration on life expectancy over time was found to be present only in the subsample of countries with above average racial diversity and/or exclusion, below average social protection expenditure, and worse than average prison conditions. Mediation analyses within a smaller sample of countries and years (2007-19) showed some evidence of partial mediation through civic participation and social networks, but also evidence of a suppressive effect of social capital variables on the relationship between incarceration and both infant mortality rates and HIV prevalence. While there are limitations to this research due mainly to characteristics and availability of comparative international data, there are also implications for theory, research, policy, and practice. Hopefully this work will promote more theory and research on the effects of incarceration at the country level, as negative consequences are not confined to the U.S., and encourage policymakers and practitioners to better understand how incarceration levels are affecting the health of the whole population. / Criminal Justice

Incarceration and sacculation of a retroflexed gravid uterus is relatively benign, in contrast with pregnancy in a rudimentary uterine horn which can lead to perforation and hemorrhage. We report a case of pregnancy in an incarcerated sacculated non‐communicating rudimentary horn mimicking incarceration with sacculation of a retroflexed gravid uterus. Both physical and sonographic findings were unhelpful in the differential diagnosis. Therefore, decision for laparotomy in such cases should be based on severity of symptoms.

This paper draws on a literature review which questioned whether meditationinterventions in prison populations encourage desistance from crime. The purposeof this paper was to discover possible connections between criminologicaltheories of desistance and the research findings of meditation courses in prison. Abrief analysis of the evaluation findings on the presented meditation courses isimplemented. This paper concludes that meditation projects in prison populationsmay not reasonably address desistance; however, there is evidence that the effectsof such adjunct interventions can encourage prisoners to progress on the pathtoward desistance through mindfulness and other pro-social orientation.

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The purpose of this research was to explore the issue of mental health in the prison system. A large portion of the prison population is mentally ill. The prison environment poses special challenges to these individuals. Treating mental illness in a prison environment can be difficult as there are many factors that must be considered in deciding the best way to handle mentally ill offenders. Mental health courts show promise in dealing with these issues, but methods vary quite significantly from region to region. A literature review was conducted to provide an overview of the types of mental illnesses seen in prison populations, the types of crimes committed by those with a mental illness, treatment options, efficacy of treatment, and recidivism of mentally ill offenders. Data from a 2000 California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation report on California prisoners and parolees and data from the California Department of Mental Health were used to run a Pearson R correlation matrix. It was predicted that there would be a higher correlation between mental illness in the general population and incarceration than socioeconomic class, in this case individuals below the poverty level, and incarceration. The results supported the hypothesis which highlights the prevalence of the issue of mental illness in the prison system. It is important to ensure that those with mental disorders are receiving appropriate treatment while incarcerated. Effective treatment may have the potential to help the individual better adapt to prison life and possibly have a better outlook upon release into the community and more research should be done to explore this possibility.

For the past several decades, the United States led the world in incarceration rates. With nearly 2.3 million people being held in state or federal prisons or local jails in 2019, incarceration rates in the United States are over four times higher than in other developed countries. Disparities exist by gender, race, ethnicity, and other special populations. Males are 13 times more likely to be incarcerated than females. Additionally, black males are 5.7 times and Hispanic males are 2.8 times more likely to be incarcerated than white males. Individuals who experience incarceration have poorer mental and physical health outcomes. People with criminal records or history of incarceration encounter significant barriers to employment as well. Children of incarcerated parents are more likely to experience poor health outcomes and behavioral issues that increase the risk of future incarceration. One intervention that contributes to higher success of reintegration and can prevent rearrest, reconviction, and reincarceration is reentry programs, particularly those with a holistic approach combining employment during and after release, work skills training, mental health and substance use counseling, and support post-release to assist with housing and continued counseling services. Correctional Career Pathways (CCP) is one such program developed and expanded in five Tennessee counties. The first aim of this project was to explore the facilitators, barriers, and impact of the CCP program by analyzing the data collected by the CCP program and highlighting lessons learned in the process. The second aim was to identify opportunities for improvement and sustainability of the CCP by conducting interviews with key partners in CCP implementation across all counties. Information gathered through this project was helpful in creating a roadmap to expand this program to other communities, providing ways to improve the program, and making it more sustainable.

No description available.

No description available.