This thesis is focused on identifying and quantifying the characteristics of inciden-ce of excise duty on cigarettes in the Czech Republic from 2004 to 2014. Working primarily determined by the effective rate impact of changes in excise rates on cigarettes buyers and sellers. Tax implications are determined as a weighted ave-rage price of cigarettes, as well as the unweighted average prices of cigarettes. For the tax rate on cigarettes is also verified that meets the minimum value determined in the context of the harmonization efforts of the Member States of the European Union. Furthermore, by analyzing excise taxes, cigarette consumption per capita and by calculating elasticities are at work also reviewed the objectives of tax policy in the Czech Republic. Based on the results of the thesis are formulated assumptions about effective consequences of possible future changes in the rate of excise duty on cigarettes.

Submitted by Maria Creuza Silva (mariakreuza@yahoo.com.br) on 2015-04-20T12:32:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Maria Yaná G. Freitas. 2014.pdf: 3088917 bytes, checksum: 580933bb65a262f22f813af911461a17 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Creuza Silva (mariakreuza@yahoo.com.br) on 2015-04-20T13:26:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Maria Yaná G. Freitas. 2014.pdf: 3088917 bytes, checksum: 580933bb65a262f22f813af911461a17 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-20T13:26:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Maria Yaná G. Freitas. 2014.pdf: 3088917 bytes, checksum: 580933bb65a262f22f813af911461a17 (MD5) / Introdução: A tuberculose (TB)é uma doença infecciosa, negligenciada, relacionada aos determinantes sociais da saúde(DSS), e um grande problema de saúde pública para os países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento. As evidencias apontam para a distribuição da TB de forma heterogênea nos territórios urbanos, associada às desigualdades sociais. Portanto, investimentos sociais e em infraestrutura podem ter modificado o panorama da tuberculose no espaço geográfico e social de Salvador-BA.Visando estudar fatores de risco individuais socioeconômicos, hábitos de vida, contextuais e medidas de centralidade nas redes sociais entre casos e controles foram realizados três estudos; 1) Estudo caso-controle para identificar associação entre fatores socioeconômicos, hábitos de vida, comorbidades e tuberculose; o estudo foi realizado com 717 casos pareado por sexo e idade.Na análise multivariada utilizou-se regressão logística condicional e o OddsRatio (OR) como medida de associação para determinar o efeito independente dos fatores de risco estudados.Para avaliação dos modelos foram utilizados os testes de Wald, razão de verossimilhança. Observou-se associação estatisticamente significante com escolaridade, aglomeração ≤1pessoa/cômodo; bens de consumo ≤ 6 bens; contato prévio; diabetes mellitus. Associação negativa estatisticamente significante foi observada na raça/cor parda e negra.2) Estudo ecológico para analisar a evolução do padrão da distribuição espacial da tuberculose e sua relação com indicadores socioeconômicos, em Salvador-Bahia. Trata-se de estudo ecológico, o qual se considerou a evolução da taxa de incidência da tuberculose, indicadores socioeconômicos (Índice de pobreza, renda média, analfabetismo, densidade demográfica, população, Índice de Condições de Vida (ICV) e desigualdade econômica (Gini, Theil e razão de renda) em dois períodos, 2001-2005 e 2006-2010, nos 158 bairros de Salvador. Para análise exploratória foram construídos mapas temáticos, Realizou-se análise descritiva bivariada utilizando quiquadrado de Pearson para investigar diferenças entre proporções considerando-se (p<0,20). A modelagem foi realizada com regressão logística mediante o procedimento stepwise. Foram georreferenciados 25.615 casos de TB nos dez anos, com média de 2.561 casos/ano. A taxa média anual de incidência de tuberculose nos dez anos foi 113,94/100,000hab. Observa-se que nos 158 bairros de Salvador, em 119 (75,3%), permaneceu como moderada ou elevada evolução da taxa de TB, 21(13,3%),permaneceu baixa ou intermediária, em 14 (8,9%) ocorreu melhora e em 4(2,5%) apresentou piora na evolução. As variáveis que permaneceram no modelo ajustado com associação positiva estatisticamente significante foram: evolução do analfabetismo, evolução da densidade demográfica.3) Estudo de redes sociais para Identificar diferenças nas redes de casos e controles de TB segundo condições socioeconômicas. Trata-se de estudo caso-controle com 717 caos e 717 controles,em Salvador, no ano de 2009 a maio de 2010.Foram utilizados questionários clínico e de redes para a coleta de dados. Utilizou-se o sistema computacional denominado Graphtube, que gera redes de conexão, e o gephi,que executa cálculo de parâmetros de redes. Foram calculados os parâmetros das redes de casos e controle utilizou-se para análise da associação, testes não paramétricos, entre dois grupos, com vinculação, Wilcoxon,e sem vinculação, Mann Whitney, no SPSS.O projeto foi aprovado pelo comitê de ética do ISC/UFBA. Observa-se que, na rede trabalho a média de grau foi de 8,35 nos casos e 5,45 nos controles; a centralidade de aproximação apresentou média de 0,19 nos casos e 0,17 nos controles e apresentaram diferença média estatisticamente significante. Conclusões: Apesar do controle da tuberculose ser uma prioridade governamental as taxas de incidência ainda permanecem elevadas, persistindo a cadeia de transmissão da doença. Esses estudos apontaram a permanência de situações de vulnerabilidade a que estão expostas a população de Salvador. Este é um panorama desafiador para o enfrentamento da doença.

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This diploma thesis aims to analyze impacts of beer consumer tax changes in Czech republic on the date 1st January 2011. Next confronts this impacts within each size class breweries through observation of the prices of consumer products. Track prices of the product was from 1st january 2010 to 31st march 2011, ie before and after amendement to the Law on excise duty. It was found, that consumer tax change falls to sellers - for small breweries and for larger breweries falls to buyers.

Over the past few decades, epidemiological evidence has accrued to establish variance in psychosis risk across both geographical locations and demographic characteristics such as the excess risk in migrants and their descendants. Yet, the causes of this variation in rates between places and ethnic groups are still unclear, and I aimed to address this in this thesis. I conducted a systematic review and meta-analyses to synthesise existing literature on psychosis incidence in the six countries included in the EUropean network of national schizophrenia networks studying Gene-Environment Interactions (EU-GEI) study: England, The Netherlands, Spain, France, Italy and Brazil. I subsequently analysed data from two parts of the EU-GEI study: a 17-centre service-based incidence study of psychosis, and a case-control arm utilising community volunteers. In the latter, I aimed to explain excess risk in ethnic and religious minorities using a theoretical sociocultural distance model I developed using literature from the social sciences. Here, I proposed that culturally distant minorities were particularly at risk of social exclusion, and this outsider experience led to increased psychosocial disempowerment (a lack of control over one’s life), which increased psychosis risk. I also explored if this model could explain any excess risk in those with increased genetic African ancestry in England. Incidence varied substantially between the studies included in the systematic review, although methodological differences could not be excluded as an explanation. The EU-GEI incidence study confirmed substantial variation by place, and demonstrated a higher incidence in ethnic minorities and for young men, as well as in areas characterised by a low percentage of owner-occupied housing. The sociocultural distance model could explain most of the excess psychosis risk in ethnic minorities, although some excess risk remained, particularly in the Black ethnic group. Social and cultural distance appeared to be more important predictors than psychosocial disempowerment, suggesting that chronic social injustices rather than acute stress play an important role. This model did not explain excess risk in religious minorities: those following any religion retained an excess risk. It could explain the excess risk in those with increased genetic African ancestry, although this was a small, exploratory sample and this will need replicating in larger studies. This thesis demonstrated, for the first time, that excess risk in ethnic minorities could be explained by the sociocultural distance model. Overall, the findings from this thesis confirm substantial variation in psychosis risk by person and place, and suggest that the social reality of the environment plays a crucial role in explaining this.

Orientador: José Eduardo Corrente / Resumo: A epilepsia é um problema de saúde pública, sendo o mais comum dos distúrbios neurológicos. Neste contexto, o estudo tem por objetivo estimar a incidência da epilepsia na cidade de São José do Rio Preto, Brasil. Realizou-se um estudo epidemiológico retrospectivo da epilepsia, baseado em arquivos de atendimento primário e de registros computadorizados de ambulatório de hospital terceário a partir de 1/1/2003 até 31/12/2012. Foram rastreados um total de 136.512 receitas de fármacos antiepiléticos com os dados dos pacientes e da patologia, das quais foram confirmados 2333 casos de pessoas com epilepsia. A incidência média bruta pessoa/anos da epilepsia nos dez anos foi 77/100.000 hab./ano, sendo nos homens de 86,2 e 67 para as mulheres (p=0,0001), semelhante à incidência relatada em países subdesenvolvidos. Conclui-se que este estudo foi pioneiro no Brasil e apontar a real situação da incidência da epilepsia brasileira que ainda é distante do encontrado em países desenvolvidos, igualando o Brasil a países emergentes que ainda não dispõem de recursos de saúde sanitária distribuídos universalmente. O mesmo ocorre com os fatores de risco que também foram estudados, tais como acidente vascular cerebral, as causas perinatais, esclerose mesial temporal, traumatismo craniano, meningite, alcoolismo e cisticercose que ainda são muito prevalentes. Este estudo serve ainda para evidenciar a importância da feitura criteriosa dos arquivos médicos informatizados e manuais para o melhor conheci... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Epilepsy is still a major public health problem. This study aims to estimate the incidence of epilepsy in São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil. A retrospective epidemiological study on epilepsy was performed based on primary care and computerized records of a medical outpatient clinic of a tertiary referral hospital, from January 1, 2003 to December 31, 2012. A total of 136.512 prescriptions of antiepileptic drugs were screened, in which 2333 people had epilepsy bringing the start date of the epileptic seizure and address. The gross average person/years of epilepsy incidence in these ten years was 77/100.000 inhabitants/year, 86.2 for men and 67 for women (p= 0.0001), similar to the reported incidence in developing countries. It was concluded that this study was a pioneer in Brazil and relevant to pointing out the real situation of the incidence of Brazilian epilepsy, which is still far from that found among developed countries, equating our condition to the emerging countries that do not yet have health resources distributed universally. The same applies to the risk factors that have been studied such as cerebrovascular accident, perinatal causes, mesial temporal sclerosis, head injury, meningitis, alcoholism and cysticercosis that are still very prevalent. This study was also conducted to highlight the importance of careful workmanship of computerized medical records and manuals for the best epidemiological knowledge of Brazilian diseases and important to alert governme... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

The main aim of graduation theses was today{\crq}s loom of species distribution, which were in former times surely ample in integral area Blatensko. On the basis of it to rewiev the diversity. With village{\crq}s alternation the diversity changed, too. The 22 villages scattered in the whole area phytogeografically subregion Blatensko and the 59 plant species from archeofyts, apofyts and neofyts were selected. My objective was to note, if these species are still occurred in Blatensko region or not. The number of monitored plant species decreases and every year are more and more abundant.

abstract: This is a two-part thesis: Part 1 of this thesis tests and validates the methodology and mathematical models of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 61853-2 standard for the measurement of angle of incidence (AOI) effects on photovoltaic modules. Flat-plate photovoltaic modules in the field operate under a wide range of environmental conditions. The purpose of IEC 61853-2 is to characterize photovoltaic modules' performance under specific environmental conditions. Part 1 of this report focuses specifically on AOI. To accurately test and validate IEC 61853-2 standard for measuring AOI, meticulous experimental setup and test procedures were followed. Modules of five different photovoltaic technology types with glass superstrates were tested. Test results show practically identical relative light transmission plots for all five test modules. The experimental results were compared to theoretical and empirical models for relative light transmission of air-glass interface. IEC 61853-2 states "for the flat glass superstrate modules, the AOI test does not need to be performed; rather, the data of a flat glass air interface can be used." The results obtained in this thesis validate this statement. This work was performed in collaboration with another Master of Science student (Surynarayana Janakeeraman) and the test results are presented in two masters theses. Part 2 of this thesis is to develop non-intrusive techniques to accurately measure the quantum efficiency (QE) of a single-junction crystalline silicon cell within a commercial module. This thesis will describe in detail all the equipment and conditions necessary to measure QE and discuss the factors which may influence this measurement. The ability to utilize a non-intrusive test to measure quantum efficiency of a cell within a module is extremely beneficial for reliability testing of commercial modules. Detailed methodologies for this innovative test procedure are not widely available in industry because equipment and measurement techniques have not been explored extensively. This paper will provide a literature review describing relevant theories and measurement techniques related to measuring the QE of a cell within a module. The testing methodology and necessary equipment will be described in detail. Results and conclusions provide the overall accuracy of the measurements and discuss the parameters affecting these measurements. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S.Tech Technology 2013

Introdução. O câncer de boca em 1998 foi a décima-primeira localização mais comum das neoplasias malignas, exceto pele, no sexo masculino, em São Paulo, com 1,6% dos casos. Dados do Registro de Câncer de São Paulo mostram que a incidência não diminuiu em anos recentes. A região é de alta incidência para esse tipo de câncer, em comparação às demais regiões brasileiras e mesmo em termos mundiais. Julgou-se de interesse de Saúde Pública verificar a incidência do câncer de boca no Município de São Paulo, segundo sexo e idade, em anos selecionados. Objetivos. Descrever os coeficientes de incidência de câncer de boca no Município de São Paulo em 1969, 1973, 1978 e 1998, segundo sexo, idade e localização topográfica do tumor, comparando-os; calcular a probabilidade de incidência de câncer de boca em intervalos selecionados de idade segundo sexo e localização topográfica do tumor. Métodos. Partindo-se de dados secundários (Registro de Câncer de SP), obtiveram-se as taxas de incidência e calcularam-se as taxas de incidência acumulada segundo sexo e localização topográfica em intervalos de 5 anos. Os riscos acumulados para até as idades de 20,30,...,70 anos, em porcentagem, foram calculados e apresentados em gráficos seguindo o modelo de Zdeb modificado por Souza; para análise estatística foram construídos intervalos de confiança para os riscos, segundo sexo e localização topográfica, comparando-se as suas magnitudes. Resultados e comentários. Observou-se redução de riscos de câncer de lábio, entre 1969 e 1998, em ambos os sexos. Aumentos de riscos em orofaringe e cavidade bucal, no sexo feminino, poderiam estar relacionados a incremento do tabagismo entre mulheres no período. / Introduction. In 1998, oral cancer was the eleventh most frequent site of all malignant neoplasms in São Paulo, in males, comprising 1.6% of the global incidence (except for the cancer of skin). According to the São Paulo Cancer Registry this incidence has not decreased in recent years. Furthermore, this type of cancer is highly frequent in this city in comparison with other Brazilian regions as well as in the world. The incidence of oral cancer according to sex and age regarding selected years was considered to be of interest to Public Health. Objectives. To describe and to compare incidence rates of oral cancer in São Paulo City in 1969, 1973, 1978 and 1998, according to sex, age and site of the tumor; to calculate the probability of the incidence of oral cancer over selected age-intervals, according to sex and localization of tumour. Methods. Population based incidence data was obtained from São Paulo Cancer Registry, allowing calculation of cumulative incidence rates according to sex and topographic site along 5-year intervals. Cumulative risks until ages of 20,30,...,70 years, in percent, were then calculated and presented graphically following Zdeb model, modified by Souza. Confidence intervals were build up for statistical analysis of risks according to sex and site of the tumor, allowing comparisons of their magnitudes. Results and comments. Lip cancer risks have decreased, in both sexes, between 1969 and 1998. Increase of risks was observed in oropharynx and oral cavity, in females. This result could be related to an increasing prevalence of tobacco use in females, in São Paulo, as have been reported by several surveys carried out in this city.