Os ácidos graxos trans competem com os ácidos graxos essenciais inibindo as enzimas envolvidas na síntese dos ácidos graxos polinsaturados de cadeia longa. Quantidades adequadas de ácidos graxos essenciais na dieta minimizam este efeito. No entanto, pouco se conhece da ação dos isômeros trans, sob condições de restrição ou deficiência dietética dos ácidos graxos essenciais, sobre o percentual de deposição tanto dos próprios isômeros trans, como dos ácidos graxos polinsaturados nos lipídios dos tecidos. Foram avaliadas dietas ricas em ácidos graxos trans e com diferentes concentrações de ácidos graxos essenciais em ratos. A incorporação de ambos foi proporcional à concentração na dieta, mas variou entre os tecidos estudados. Verificou-se que as quantidades de ácidos graxos trans incorporadas pelo tecido adiposo foi a maior, enquanto que o cérebro incorporou a menor quantidade. A despeito da incorporação dos ácidos graxos trans, o perfil de ácidos graxos do cérebro manteve-se estável em relação às variações dietéticas. Não se observou acúmulo dos ácidos graxos trans em função do prolongamento do consumo da dieta. Os ácidos graxos essenciais incorporados aos tecidos também foram modulados pela dieta, e em concentrações adequadas influenciaram na menor deposição dos isômeros trans no tecido adiposo, plasma e tecido cardíaco. Avaliando-se a composição dos ácidos graxos nos fosfolipídios do tecido cardíaco, observou-se que a fosfatidiletanolamina incorporou a maior porcentagem dos isômeros trans seguida da fosfatidilcolina e da cardiolipina, respectivamente. Embora tenha incorporado quantidades intermediárias dos ácidos graxos trans a fosfatidilcolina teve uma maior alteração no perfil de ácidos graxos em comparação aos demais. A reduzida concentração de ácidos graxos trans incorporados na cardiolipina das mitocôndrias e no cérebro sugere a existência de um mecanismo protetor para a manutenção da composição lipídica necessária às atividades funcionais. / Trans fatty acids compete with essential fatty acids inhibiting the enzymes of the long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids synthesis. Appropriate amounts of dietary essential fatty acids minimize this effect. However, little is known about the action of trans isomers on the deposition percentage of these own trans isomers itself or as polyunsaturated fatty acids in tissue lipids, when under dietary restriction or deficiency conditions of essential fatty acids. Diets high in trans fatty acids and with different concentrations of essential fatty acids were assessed. The incorporation of trans isomers and of essential fatty acids was proportional to their dietary concentration, but varied among the tissues studied. It was verified that the adipose tissue incorporated the largest amount of trans fatty acids while the brain incorporated the smallest. In spite of the trans fatty acids incorporation, the profile of brain fatty acids was maintained stable in relation to dietary variations. No accumulative deposition of trans fatty acids was observed in relation to extended length of time of dietary consumption Essential fatty acids incorporated in tissues were also modulated by diet and in moderate concentrations influenced the lower deposition of trans isomers in adipose tissue, blood plasma and heart. By assessing fatty acids composition in phospholipids of heart, it was verified that phosphatidylethanolamine incorporated the largest percentage of trans isomers followed by phosphatidylcholine and cardiolipin, respectively. Phosphatidylcholine presented the greatest change in fatty acids profile when compared to the others phospholipids, although incorporating intermediate amounts of trans isomers. The reduced concentration of trans fatty acids incorporated in cardiolipin and brain suggests that there is a protector mechanism for maintenance of the lipids composition required for functional activities.

Charles University Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Pharmaceutical Technology Consultant: doc. RNDr. Milan Dittrich, CSc. Student: Josef Mašek Title of Thesis: Particulate medicated systems This diploma thesis was focused on experimetal study of influence of technological parameters on the characteristics of nanoparticles made of terpolymer of aliphatic hydroxy acids with tripentaerythritol. In the theoretical part of this thesis nanoparticles as a system for targeted drug distribution were described. Methods of preparation of these nanoparticles, microencapsulation techniques, targeting, basic parameters of the nanoparticles, their size and zeta potential were mentioned in the theoretical part. The experiments were focused on influence of formulation factors, as detergent, concentration of the drug and polymer device on polydispersity of the nanoparticles, their zeta potential and encapsulation effectivity. The influence of detergent formulation on formation and parameters of the nanoparticles was proved. Methylsulfonylmethan was proved for the next experimental procedure as a suitable non-toxic solvent in compositions of biodegradable polymers.

This work deals with comparison of business in the Czech and Slovak Republics, focusing on a limited company and specifically on the comparison of the possible ways and conditions of its acquisition in both states. The first chapter is devoted to the characteristics of some basic concepts, the second chapter the description of the legal forms of business in the CR and the third focuses on the general characteristics of the company. In the fourth and fifth chapter lists analyzed by a public company and limited partnership under the laws of both states. The sixth chapter focuses on the core theme of work and it is a limited liability company, a detailed analysis Ltd. under the laws of both countries and a description and comparison of ways to within Ltd. start a business. Gradually options are compared to set up Ltd. in both countries by self-help, by consulting firms and buy ready made Ltd. together with a practical comparison of prices of the services. The seventh chapter is devoted to the joint-stock company and its modification in the law of the CR and SR. The last chapter is a comparison of Czech and Slovak Republic in terms of their tax burden and agenda.

Thesis advisor: Shih-Yuan Liu / Described herein are two projects on the application and effects of BN/CC isosterism on indole-containing compounds. In the first chapter, the synthetic route to an unnatural boron and nitrogen-containing analogue of tryptophan (BN-tryptophan) via late-stage functionalization of BN-indole is disclosed and its spectroscopic properties are reported with respect to the natural amino acid, tryptophan. The incorporation of BN-tryptophan into proteins expressed in E. coli using selective pressure incorporation, a residue specific method of unnatural amino acid incorporation, is then reported and its reactivity and fluorescence in the proteins characterized. In the second chapter, the synthesis of a BN-indole-containing aromatic scaffold is reported and the cation-π binding ability characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) monitored titrations is disclosed. The resulting chemical shifts were analyzed using a non-linear curve fitting procedure and the extracted association constants (Ka’s) compared with the natural indole scaffold. Computations were also performed to support the titration results. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2020. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Chemistry.

Research on immigration in the United States has commonly studied the employment experiences of refugees. Few studies on refugees have focused on both, refugees' employment and unemployment experiences in the United States. This article draws on twenty in-depth interviews with refugees, along with ethnographic observation at a local refugee resettlement agency, to investigate how refugees make sense of their employment and unemployment experiences in the United States. I find that refugee men and women experience different employment trajectories in the United States, which are shaped by gender inequality in the public and domestic spheres. I further find that refugees' navigation with work in the United Stated influences their unemployment experiences and work in the informal sector. My study extends previous literature on refugee incorporation by conceptualizing refugees' employment as a gendered process, which includes periods of formal paid work, informal paid work, and unemployment in the United States.

The cilium/flagellum is a complex organelle protruding from the cell body and functioning in motility, sensing, and signalling. It is composed of hundreds of protein constituents, the majority of which comprise the flagellar cytoskeleton - the microtubule-based axoneme. Because the flagellum lacks ribosomes, its protein constituents have to be imported from the cell body and delivered to proper locations. Moreover, these proteins have to retain their function over a considerable length of time, despite the mechanical stress caused by flagellar beating and due to environmental exposure. This raises the question whether and where protein turnover occurs. Previously, it was established that Chlamydomonas reinhardtii flagella are dynamic structures (Marshall & Rosenbaum, 2001). In contrast, in the Trypanosoma brucei flagellum axonemal proteins are remarkably stable (Vincensini et al., 2018). However, the questions of axonemal assembly and stability were so far investigated only for a small number of proteins and during relatively short periods. Moreover, in these experiments expression of studied proteins was controlled by non-native regulatory elements. To elucidate the site of incorporation of proteins from all major axonemal complexes and to find out if and where the protein turnover occurs, T....

The thesis addresses the debate about the impact of immigration policy on the socio-economic incorporation of immigrants. A distinction between rights-based and responsibility-based models of incorporation is made and the effect of a feature of the responsibility-based model, temporary residence permits, on socio-economic incorporation is studied. Empirically, a policy change in Sweden that entailed a shift from permanent to temporary residence permits is explored through individual-level register and survey data. The thesis uses a two-folded methodological approach: a traditional regression approach and a fuzzy regression discontinuity design. The composition of the available data motivates the two-folded approach. The limitations of both approaches are discussed, and the results compared and contrasted. The results indicate that immigrants with temporary residence permits work more than immigrants with permanent residence permits. This result should however be interpreted with caution due to the limitations of the approaches used. The results do not show a significant effect oftemporary residence permits on an educational outcome, Swedish tuition, nor on a labour market activation outcome, participation in labour market programmes. The predictions that immigrants with temporary residence permits study less and participate in labour market programmes more than immigrants with permanent residence permits are thus not supported.

The fact that many OECD countries are reliant on international medical graduates (IMGs) to serve their most vulnerable has become even more apparent in the wake of Covid-19. This dissertation examines the role that nation brands play on the international physician labor market and how visa regimes and migration industries shape IMG pathways to Sweden versus US; two widely different societies where around a third of all doctors are IMGs. The US and Sweden represent two different approaches to addressing the same problem — solving a shortfall of healthcare providers, especially in rural areas populated by ethnic minorities and low-income families. While many Swedish regions actively attempts to facilitate the incorporation of IMGs through an intra-European physician recruitment industry, the US seem to rely on the attraction of its political economy and has done little to modify the substantial financial and visa-related obstacles that IMGs face. As a high-skilled immigrant group, immigrant physicians occupy a complex position of advantage and disadvantage; they are privileged in comparison to low-income migrant workers and unauthorized immigrants, yet face more barriers in comparison to domestic physicians, and are often informally sorted into less prestigious positions. This study centers the two largest immigrant physician groups in each country: Indians in the US and Poles in Sweden. The experiences of these labor migrants are triangulated against a third IMG group that have undergone the asylum process in order to reach their host societies — Iraqis. / 2025-05-11T00:00:00Z

Thesis advisor: Abhisheck Chatterjee / The genetic codon expansion (GCE) is a technique that uses an orthogonal tRNA/aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (aaRS) pair to incorporate noncanonical amino acids (ncAA) into proteins, to enable more protein-based chemistry. In the past two decades, more than 200 ncAAs have been site-specifically introduced into proteins in E. coli, and facilitated studies of protein structures, functions and interaction with other molecules. Although a large variety of ncAAs are available for incorporation in the bacterial systems, significantly fewer ncAAs are accessible for incorporation in eukaryotic cells. An expanded GCE toolbox will be beneficial for numerous applications in eukaryotic systems. Currently, introducing ncAAs in eukaryotes predominantly relies on the archaeal pyrrolysyl tRNA/aaRS pair. Such a strong dependence on a single platform has precluded genetic encoding of many desirable ncAAs, including structural mimics of many important post-translational modifications. The work presented in this thesis first developed an engineered E. coli leucyl tRNA/aaRS pair to enable site-specific incorporation of citrulline, an important PTM, into proteins expressed in mammalian cells. This technology was used to reveal the role of citrullination on site R372 and R374 of PAD4. Additionally, aiming at genetically encoding more diverse ncAAs, all 20 E. coli derived tRNA/aaRS pairs were screened for their ability to suppress TAG and TGA in mammalian cells. This study revealed several tRNA/aaRS pairs that are suitable for ncAA incorporation in mammalian cells, including those selective for phenylalanine, lysine, arginine, serine and glutamine. Efforts are currently under way to engineer these pairs to genetically encode new structural classes of ncAAs. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2022. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Chemistry.

Studies on immigrant women’s political incorporation in Canada suggest that they are less likely to participate politically than immigrant men and Canadian-born women. Many studies have examined the factors that contribute to their lower levels of political participation, yet the impacts of migration experiences have received less attention. To address this gap, this dissertation examines the political incorporation experiences of first-generation immigrant women from the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) in Canada as a case study by employing a trajectory and life course approach to migration to analyze how gendered migration trajectories and experiences influence immigrant women’s political participation in Canada. I also employ La Barbera’s (2012) ‘intersectional-gender’ approach to examine how gender intersects with other social cleavages like race, ethnicity, class, and immigration status to affect immigrant women’s repertoires of political participation. Lastly, I examine how immigrant women may overcome the obstacles imposed by migration and the interlocking systems of oppression in Canada, particularly through the various ways they exercise political agency in the informal political sphere. I draw on life stories interviews with fifteen Congolese women residing in Canada’s metropolitan area of Ottawa-Gatineau. The findings reveal that participants’ migration trajectories to Canada are deeply gendered at the micro, meso, and macro levels, and while most participants felt politically incorporated in Canada, aspects of their gendered migration trajectories limited their participation in the formal political sphere. This includes barriers posed by migration projects, migration types, modes of entry, immigration status, migration experiences, and travelling gender norms from the DRC. However, these barriers generated opportunities for greater participation in the informal political sphere, such as advocacy through ethnocultural and religious groups, protests, school boards, professional networks, and petitions. Furthermore, the findings reveal that participants’ experiences of political marginalization and discrimination in both Canadian society and African immigrant communities, because of their identity as Black Congolese immigrant women, increased their proclivity to participate in informal political activities, as did their socioeconomic status as middle-class immigrant women. The findings make important empirical, analytical, and methodological contributions by providing an original framework for understanding the links between gendered migration trajectories and immigrant women’s political incorporation, enlightening broader understandings of political participation and challenging notions of immigrant women as apolitical, highlighting the understudied impacts of interlocking systems of power on political participation, and disproving the idea that political incorporation is a straightforward process of inclusion and a condition of social cohesiveness.