This thesis is a topical history of The Haqerstown Exponent, which is a thriving weekly newspaper in Wayne County, Indiana. This paper is divided into five chapters. Chapter One, the "Introduction," briefly reviews all the newspapers that have been published in Hagerstown, Indiana, since its founding in 1832. Chapter Two, "Content of The Haqerstown Exponent," reviews the general content of the Exponent through its one hundred years of publication. Chapter Three, "Technical Developments and Problems," presents technical changes and problems in the publication of the Exponent. Chapter Four, "Biographical Sketches of the Exponent Editors and Publishers," contains biographical information on the five editors and publishers of the Exponent. Chapter Five presents a summary and the findings of this study of the Exponent, including suggestions for possible extensions of research presented in this paper.

Territoriality has been disputed for the red squirrel in different habitats. A small, isolated population of red squirrels in a central Indiana deciduous woods was studied by behavioral observation to determine if territoriality existed. Territorial behavior was operationally defined as consistent display of calling and chasing by one squirrel toward all other squirrels within a particular area.A behavioral map of recorded observations revealed that each adult squirrel possessed an exclusive and clearly bounded area of land which it defended against all intruders. The Wilcoxin Matched-Pairs Signed-Ranks Test revealed that the number of in-own-territory observations differed significantly from out-of-own-territory observations.The establishment of a feeding station in one territory led to confrontations among the red squirrels which eventually resulted in the exclusive possession of the feeding station by a squirrel from another territory. A dominance hierarchy was formed among the red squirrel, chipmunks, and birds at the feeding station.

The mixture of Late Woodland and Fort Ancient ceramics found on sites in central Indiana has presented a problem for archaeologists for over fifty years. This unique combination of ceramic traits has become known as the Oliver Phase. Materials recovered from the Bowen Site, (Dorwin 1971) have in the past been used to define this phase. Originally, the Bowen Site was believed to represent the excavation of an entire synchronically occupied prehistoric site. A reanalysis of the distribution of diagnostic ceramic attributes from the Bowen Site suggests multicomponent occupations resulting from diachronic settlement. Therefore, the full range of ceramic variation originally attributed to this phase needs to be reexamined in the light of this new information, and it's usefulness as a diagnostic assemblage should be carefully evaluated. / Department of Anthropology

The relationship between the media and politicians is uncertain at best. This study examined the attitudes of Indiana state senators and representatives with regard to the way they are treated by their local media. It is based on a study conducted in 1990 by Dr. Daniel Riffe, that sought similar opinions from Alabama state lawmakers.The hypothesis assumed that legislators who indicated they found the media useful would not view them as adversarial. A 39% response rate was achieved, which while not high enough to statistically validate findings did indicate a rejection of the hypothesis, as well as reveal other interesting observations. / Department of Journalism

This research examines the relationship between community festivals and social capital across time and place. Social capital includes the social networks, norms, and trust that enable groups of individuals to cooperate in pursuing shared objectives, and benefits accrue to both the individual and the community. Research shows the ancient Greek and American Indian civilizations relied on festivals for a variety of purposes relating to social capital, including the bridging of social divides, the transmission of cultural heritage, and the reinforcement of community identity. Today, research findings from five small town festivals in Indiana indicate a similar relationship with social capital. Festivals can bring a community together, offer a shared experience for a diverse group of people, build new relationships, and foster community pride and identity. As such, community festivals may serve as a tool for community planners in building or sustaining social capital in a community. / Department of Urban Planning

The purpose of the study was to examine the relationships among the Indiana State Board of Education, the State Superintendent of Public Instruction, and the Governor of Indiana within the present legal structure, 1945-70. The focus of the study was toward determining the effectiveness of the structure rather than a consideration of the responsibilities, powers or functions of any of the parties. It was attempted to learn if pressures were applied by or toward any of the parties and to ascertain the degree of cooperation among the participants. There was an effort made to obtain suggestions from the people involved for changes in the structure. An examination was made of the records of the Indiana State Board of Education records in the Governor's office, and of the minutes of the commissions comprising the Board, which were located in the Superintendent's office. A questionnaire was developed, modified, and mailed to members of the Board, Superintendents, and Governors who served during the present structural arrangement. Fifty-two of the sixty-four Board members thought to be still living, five of the six Governors who are living, and all four of the surviving Superintendents responded.Personal interviews were conducted with twenty-nine of the Board respondents to the questionnaire, three of the Governors and two of the Superintendents who responded. The interviews were unstructured, but based on the matters covered in the questionnaire. I t was assumed that a state board of education and a chief state school officer should serve in Indiana, since all the states have some kind of state board of education and a chief state school officer.ConclusionsIt was found that the records of the Board in the Governor's office and the minutes of the Board's commissions in the Superintendent's office were kept in a manner that only shows actions taken without providing background or reasons for those actions. It was concluded that pressures were not applied by or against any of the parties in the structure. It seems clear that Superintendents cooperated with the Board, though Superintendents have been free to conduct the affairs of the State Department of Public Instruction free from interference by the Board or any of the commissions. While many participants in the structure indicated a lack of satisfaction with it, fewer were willing to suggest changes in the structure. A frequently expressed sentiment was the idea that laymen make more independent Board members than the public school administrators more often selected.It was recommended that additional study be given to the proper roles of the Board, the Superintendent and the Governor in public education. I t was suggested that the method of selecting the Board and the Chief State School Officer needs more attention. It was further recommended that more study was needed in the area of relations between the office of the Chief State School Officer and the leadership of local school corporations.

The American kestrel (Falco sparverius) population of both Harrison and Washington Townships, Delaware County, east-central Indiana, showed a decline from December, 1985 to March, 1986, stabilization, and then a rise in June and July, 1986. Surveys reflect a larger kestrel population in Harrison than in Washington Township. Sex ratios from December to July indicate a greater number of males than females in both townships. Pasture was the preferred habitat of both male and female birds. No correlation was found between numbers of kestrels sighted and weather conditions. Kestrels occupied two of six nest boxes in the area and fledged a total of ten young. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service data on 1,617 banded kestrels were analyzed. The independent effect of banding flyway on average distance traveled between banding and recovery was not significant. The independent effect of latitude was significant for the total study population of 1,617 kestrels but was not significant for a subsample of 213 birds which exhibited true migratory movement. Sex had no effect on distance traveled. The interaction of banding flyway and latitude on distance traveled was highly significant.

The purpose of the study was to determine the opinions of Indiana middle level principals as to what criteria are most essential for middle level schools. Another purpose of the study was to determine the principals' opinions of middle level teacher certification requirements, current state curriculum requirements, length of school day requirements, and length of school year requirements. The final purpose of the study was to determine any significant relationship between the principals' opinions and the size, setting, and grade level arrangement of the schools in which the respondents worked.A review of the literature revealed a number of criteria deemed essential to middle level schools which became the basis for the study. Fifty-five such criteria were submitted to a panel of experts in middle level education. The validation process produced forty-four criteria considered essential for middle level schools.This list of criteria was included in a questionnaire sent to the principal of each school In Indiana housing some combination of grades five through eight. The principals were asked to select the five criteria from the list they considered most essential and the five least essential to an effective middle level school.Questions were also included dealing with a separate licensing pattern for middle school teachers,''difficulty finding qualified middle school teachers, curriculum requirements, length of school day and length of school year requirements.Respondents were considered as a total sample and also grouped according to school size, school setting (metropolitan, suburban, town and rural), and grade levelarrangement. The demographic data were determine any statistically significant analyzed to relationship between the factors and the principals' opinions. Conclusions1. In identifying criteria most essential for middle level schools, Indiana middle level principals tend to emphasize student discipline, teaching techniques appropriate to student need, a core academic curriculum, recognition of the unique characteristics of middle level students, and opportunities for teachers to work together on curriculum and problem solving.2. In general, Indiana middle level principals do not favor a separate licensing pattern for middle level teachers.3. In general, Indiana middle level principals find the current requirements for middle level school curriculum, length of school day, and length of school year to be adequate. / Department of Educational Administration and Supervision

The purposes of the study were twofold: first, to identify the causal variables of effective teaching as perceived by teachers and principals in selected Indiana elementary public schools; and secondly, to compare the compiled responses of elementary teachers with the compiled responses of elementary principals to establish areas of agreement and disagreement.A review of literature and related research pertaining to the perceptions of teacher effectiveness was conducted and categorized in terms of the historical development of the study of effective teaching. The population of the study consisted of an arbitrarily selected sample consisting of fourteen principals in Indiana elementary public schools, and 227 regular faculty members in the fifteen elementary public school buildings administered by these same principals.Data obtained from two questionnaires were analyzed, summarized, and presented in narrative form. Tables were developed to report the data.Findings of the study were based upon the data from the responses of fourteen principals in Indiana elementary public schools and 227 regular faculty members in the fifteen elementary public school buildings administered by these same principals, as well as a review of the literature pertinent to the topic of teacher effectiveness. Major findings were as follows:1. The mean percentage of agreement between teachers and principals was 36.6 percent regarding the selection of the same teacher as selected by the principal.2. The following characteristics of teachers that result in effective teaching were reported as most significant by 227 Indiana elementary public school teachers:a. Knowledge of Subject Matter b. Personal Interest in Each Studentc. Caring-Loving-Concern-Warm Atmosphere d. Enthusiastic with Students3. The following characteristics of teachers that result in effective teaching were reported as most significant by fourteen Indiana elementary public school principals:Instructional Planning/OrganizingChild-oriented Enthusiastic with Students 4. A comparison of the top ten rank ordered responses of teachers and the top ten, plus ties, rank ordered responses of principals regarding strongly supported characteristics of effective teaching resulted in the following findings:a. Instills a desire and willingness in the students to work and learn was most highly ranked by teachers (82%) and was fifth most highly ranked by principals (80%).b. Communicates a positive attitude about school was most favored by principals (93%) and was fifth choice among teachers (66%).c. Shows concern for students was ranked second most highly ranked by teachers (7896) and was third most highly ranked by principals (86%). The respondents had a high level of agreement on the importance of this item.Major conclusions based upon the findings of the study were:1. Teachers and principals do not have unanimity on what characteristics result in effective teaching.2. Teachers and principals should increase the amount of time spent on goal setting together to establish expectations for effective teaching.3. Teachers should be provided ongoing in-service in the area of staff development for the implementation of effective teaching.

The purpose of the study was to measure and analyze accessibility of area vocational facilities in Indiana to physically disabled persons. Empirical data did not exist to determine accessibility of area vocational facilities in Indiana. The vocational facilities were all self-contained, or not attached to comprehensive high schools.Federal fiscal support of vocational education had been constant beginning with the Morrill Act of 1862. Intent of federal legislation toward accessibility and vocational education was to insure any person, regardless of handicap, an unobstructed, free and appropriate education.Enrollment of secondary vocational education students in Indiana has increased over ninety percent since 1967. Vocational schools' receiving federal monetary support have mandated accessibility for handicapped persons. Therefore, it is important that existing vocational facilities maintain accessibility compliance and future buildings be designed with accessibility for handicapped persons kept paramount.Twenty-two area vocational facilities were visited and surveyed between December, 1981 and March, 1982. The instrument used to survey vocational facilities was The Revised Accessibility Checklist as recommended by the Iowa Chapter of the American Institute of Architects.The Revised Accessibility Checklist was based on American National Standards Institute Specifications 117.1. ANSI Specification 117.1 was the established standard used in determining compliance with the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. The Rehabilitation Act of 1973 required all buildings receiving federal funds be accessible to physically handicapped persons. Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 required structures to be in compliance by June, 1980.Individual vocational facilities were evaluated according to specific accessibility checklist criteria. Classifications in determining individual building accessibility were Excellent, Good, Average, Below Average, and Poor. None was judged excellent, four were good, none was average, fourteen were below average and four were poor.Conclusions based on the findings and data were:The majority of facilities were not accessible to physically disabled persons. 2) Federal legislation mandating accessibility has had limited effect. 3) Facilities constructed after 1975 were in substantial compliance with accessibility standards. 4) Parking lots, restrooms, water fountains and telephones could be feasibly altered to comply with accessibility standards.Recommendations for specific renovations to the twenty-two facilities surveyed were made for improving accessibility.