Family Life Cycle Theory holds that families progress through stages interrupted by transition points. Critical Transition Theory holds that developmental and situational events disrupt a family's patterned ways of behaving frequently resulting in disorganization and reorganization, that is crisis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between critical transitions and coming to therapy. Fifteen clinical and 15 comparison families provided information about the timing of developmental and situational stressor events for three generations of their families. Developmental events included birth and infancy, preschool, schoolage and adolescent transitions. Situational stressors included leaving home, becoming financially self-sufficient, marriage, divorce, births of children, job and career changes, relocation, illness, financial hardship, retirement and death. A computer program was written and used to graph individual life lines with stressor events marked and to sum the total number of stressors for the family in a given year. The families also reported which years they felt had been particularly stressful due to disorganization and restructuring of family rules and roles. In this study three events in a year were used to indicate potential critical transitions. It was hypothesized that families in therapy would have had a critical transition in the previous year whereas this would not hold for control families. An analysis showed no significant relationship between coming to therapy and experiencing a critical transition. It was hypothesized that families' perceptions of disorganization would coincide with the timing of a critical transition. This was found to be true 35 percent of the time. There were no differences between groups in their reporting of periods of disorganization. No differences were found between clinical and control / families in the timing or frequency of stressors, or their perception of periods of family stress and disorganization. Family therapy graduate students found the Family Life Cycle Profile moderately useful as a diagnostic and didactic tool. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 49-03, Section: A, page: 0630. / Major Professor: Mary W. Hicks. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--The Florida State University, 1987.

<p> The qualitative multiple case study adds to the previous research regarding the orientation thoughts, context, and understandings of teachers, parents, and prekindergarten administrators when investigating parental involvement in prekindergarten. Teachers in preschools are encouraged to find ways to involve parents for higher levels of student achievement. To address the needs of improving parent participation in prekindergarten, teachers and administrators need parent information on their willingness to participate or not. In order for a school to change strategies, staff members of the organization need to understand the problem which may motivate the need for change. In this study, teachers, parents, and administrators among three prekindergarten programs share their thoughts, beliefs, and views to define the problem of parental involvement in prekindergarten. The research questions asked: Why are some parents more involved than others with their children in prekindergarten? How do parents perceive influencers which invoke their involvement? How does prekindergarten curriculum drive parent engagement? The qualitative multiple case study will aid in understanding parent perceptions about effective actions taken by schools to improve the performance of prekindergarten children. The prekindergarten stage for children includes emotional and developmental challenges that can impose hardship during kindergarten entry and beyond. </p><p>

The starting point for the study is concern for the quality of education available to the rural child in Lao PDR. Donor agencies are supporting the Government of Lao in education reform and the study explores how education policy becomes practice in one small, poor, socialist, country. Using a variety of research methodologies based in critical ethnography and including interviews and observations, the study explores some significant discourses that make up the discourse of donor supported education reform. A contention of the study is meanings and ultimately changed practice are generated in action and reaction between constituent discourses, at a number of levels and in a range of contexts. Attention is given to the use and impact of the concept, ‘capacity development’, in development aid and the study questions the inexplicit manner of its use and its negative connotation. Data inspection for this study is based in Fairclough’s procedures for critical discourse analysis, with adaptation to the particular social, political, cultural and language contexts of Lao PDR. The procedure was found a useful tool for following policy into practice at classroom level. The study is also able to question how far either research or policy is emancipatory.

Made available in DSpace on 2019-03-29T23:23:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-08-07 / This study examines the bases upon which there must be constituted a juridical system today. Not what can, in fact, at times, give it some efficiency, but what must justify it as such, in order to perform its intent adequately. Many who, today, dwell in Constitutional Rights and in the Theory of Rights state that the disagreement between natural law thinkers and positivists have been settled, but they don´t usually face the matter of juridical system fundaments, or they do it based sometimes on one or the other dicotomical currents alleged to have been surmounted. So being, this thesis analyses the existing relationship between democracy, freedom and equality, the interdependency among those institutes and their importance in bringing positive law close to what people, whose behavior will be disciplined by it, hope it tobe. Considering that freedom and equality are indispensable to democracy, it points out that its preservation is not an external limit or perhaps undue to the popular sovereignty, but the necessary condition to its exertion. It is demonstrated that a necessity of a democratic regime, guarantor of freedom and equality, results from the institutional nature of Law, and the undying human aptitude to distinguish the real from the possible, data which makes the juridical system not able to impose itself efficiently by force, but rather accepted by consensus. On the other hand, as truth is not something objective, to be definitely discovered, but something intersubjective to be built up temporarily, in an open and tolerant environment, it explains that the concept of justice must go through the same updating process, its content be determined by similar criteria, driving off then, the idea that it would be impossible its apprehension by science. The juridical system has as a goal to realize security and justice, but that must not be sought as something that exists, in itself and by itself, in nature, on the divine or universal human mind, hence, it cannot be evened up by all that might be imposed by the authorities. Just as truth, it shall be constituted intersubjectively and democratically, under the light of each society values, task to which democracy and the protection of freedom and of equality are indispensable prerequisite. From such premises, one can trace patterns to judge the correction of several juridical orders existing in the world, making them feasible to be perfected without suppressing the existing, necessity of mirroring the peculiar social values to the society which they belong to. Light is cast, specially, upon the matter of multiculturalism, for freedom and democracy allow the member of each culturally distinct community assess its adequacy and its practice correction, deciding which aspects to preserve and which to abolish. And, finally, knowing upon what our juridical system must have its fundament it becomes possible to indicate ways and paths for the brazilian juridical system, at the realm of concretion, to be less distant from such ideal. Key words: Freedom. Equality. Democracy. Fundament. Juridical System. / Neste trabalho se examinam as bases sobre as quais deve ser constituído um ordenamento jurídico na atualidade. Não o que pode, de fato, eventualmente, conferir-lhe alguma eficácia, mas o que deve justificá-lo enquanto tal, a fim de que desempenhe adequadamente sua finalidade. Muitos dos que hoje se ocupam do Direito Constitucional e da Teoria do Direito afirmam superada a divergência entre jusnaturalistas e juspositivistas, mas não costumam enfrentar a questão dos fundamentos do ordenamento jurídico, ou o fazem à maneira ora de uma, ora de outra das correntes dicotômicas que dizem ter sido superadas. Diante disso, analisam-se, nesta tese, a relação existente entre democracia, liberdade e igualdade, a interdependência desses institutos e a sua importância para aproximar o direito positivo daquilo que as pessoas cuja conduta será por ele disciplinada esperam que ele seja. Considerando-se que liberdade e igualdade são indispensáveis à democracia, destaca-se que a sua preservação não é um limite externo e talvez indevido à soberania popular, mas condição necessária ao próprio exercício desta. Demonstra-se que a necessidade de um regime democrático, garantidor da liberdade e da igualdade, decorre da natureza institucional do Direito, e da inafastável aptidão humana de distinguir o real e o possível, dados que fazem com que o ordenamento jurídico não se possa impor eficazmente pela força, tendo de recorrer à aceitação e ao consenso. Por outro lado, não sendo a verdade passível de descoberta rigorosamente objetiva e definitiva, mas sim intersubjetiva e provisória, a ser alcançada em um ambiente aberto e tolerante, explica-se que o conceito de justiça deve passar pela mesma atualização, sendo seu conteúdo determinado por semelhantes critérios, afastando-se com isso a ideia de que seria impossível a sua apreensão pela ciência. O ordenamento jurídico tem por fim realizar a segurança e a justiça, mas esta não deve ser procurada como algo que existe, em si e por si, na natureza, na razão divina ou em uma razão humana universal, mas tampouco pode, por isso, ser equiparada a tudo o que venha a ser imposto pela autoridade. De forma semelhante à verdade, há de ser construída intersubjetiva, provisória e democraticamente, à luz dos valores de cada sociedade, tarefa para a qual a democracia e a proteção à liberdade e à igualdade são pressupostos indispensáveis. Com tais premissas, podem-se então traçar padrões para julgar a correção dos vários ordenamentos existentes no mundo, viabilizandolhes o aperfeiçoamento sem lhes suprimir a necessidade, que têm, de espelharem os valores peculiares à sociedade a que correspondem. Lançam-se luzes, inclusive, sobre a questão do multiculturalismo, pois a liberdade e a democracia permitem aos integrantes de cada comunidade culturalmente distinta avaliar a adequação e a correção de suas práticas, decidindo quais aspectos preservar e quais abolir. E, finalmente, sabendo-se no que o ordenamento jurídico se deve fundamentar, torna-se possível indicar meios ou caminhos para que o ordenamento brasileiro, no plano da concreção, torne-se menos distante desse ideal. Palavras-chave: Liberdade. Igualdade. Democracia. Ordenamento jurídico.

<p>Parents and speech language pathologist (SLP) typically establish and maintain hierarchical relationships which ascribe excessive authority to the therapist, thus limiting the possibilities for dialogue and mutual learning. The SLPs discussions of children?s communication development often fail to acknowledge the contributions that parents can make, based on their knowledge and experiences with children at home. Neglecting parents? voices in communication intervention means the parents? critical role in supporting children?s communication development is overlooked. By investigating with parents their perspectives on children?s communication facilitation and social interaction experiences in and out of the home environment, this study sought to understand the relationships between parent?s beliefs and practices for communication facilitation and to model processes by which parents and SLP?s develop a reciprocal dialogue. This study draws insights into how parent initiated communication facilitation and social interaction for children with complex communication needs (CCNs) in a rural rehabilitation center in Kerala can be improved through examining a collaboratively created communication partner training program for parents and used a participatory action research approach centered on cooperative inquiry. Six parents of children younger than 6.5 years with CCNs, joined me in a six-month long co-investigation. Individually and collectively we raised questions, observed, documented, and reflected on communication facilitation strategies in and out of the homes. Weekly meetings were held involving all the participants and occasionally with individual families. Data sources included research diaries written by myself about parent?s experiences, audiotapes of meetings, participants? reflective journal entries, and children?s communication profiles constructed jointly by parents and the researcher. When children?s communication was documented based on children?s communication at home, we observed a wide variety that was not assessed in the standard communication assessments. The study?s findings provide evidence that parents can be a rich resource for SLPs and researchers. The data reveal the perceptions and practices of parents for communication facilitation. It also shows some of the real-life challenges for communication and interaction facilitation. Parents raised issues about current practices in communication interventions, misunderstandings about speech therapy, and training/teaching and learning relationships. This suggests that organizing parent training programs based on western models would be inappropriate. Through the parent practitioner research process, we were able to develop and introduce `conversation books? as a way for viewing the child as a communication partner and to provide more interaction opportunities for the children viewed as `sick child.? This process provides further evidence for the importance of including parents? knowledge and experience in the design of effective learning contexts for their children. These findings suggest that beyond the currently existent routine clinician-parent meeting (5 minute or lesser sessions, of giving instructions to parents), alternative structures for dialogue with practitioners are needed that allow for parents? critical reflection and substantive contributions to the children?s communication intervention plans.

<p> Altruistic behavior has been conceptualized from a variety of perspectives. One approach to understanding altruism involves understanding the contextual factors that influence it. Parenting style is a source of early learning that greatly influences a child&rsquo;s social functioning. The flexible connectedness offers three potential mechanisms by which parenting may influence altruism: perspective taking, empathic concern, and psychological flexibility. The current study examined perceived parenting style as a predictor of altruism and the flexible connectedness factors as potential mediators of this relationship. In the context of decision-making tasks involving monetary allocations (i.e., dictator and reciprocity tasks), authoritarian parenting predicted increases in altruism, and permissive parenting predicted decreases in altruism. In the context of a volunteer form, parental care predicted decreases in altruism. Parenting style was consistently associated with only psychological flexibility of the flexible connectedness factors, such that parental care was associated with increased flexibility and parental overprotection was associated with decreased flexibility. None of the flexible connected factors predicted altruism alone, but psychological flexibility moderated the relationship between empathic concern and altruism on the reciprocity task such that increases in psychological flexibility were associated with a stronger negative relationship between empathic concern and altruism. The current study&rsquo;s results suggest that inflexible parenting (i.e., authoritarian parenting and permissive) may influence how we treat others in unexpected ways, sometimes benefiting society at a cost to the individual.</p><p>

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Orientador: João Eduardo Guarnetti dos Santos / Banca: Marizilda dos Santos Menezes / Banca: Jair Rosas da Silva / Banca: Abílio Garcia Santos Filho / Banca: Cristiane Afonso Zerbetto / Resumo: A aplicação de produtos fitossanitários exige cuidados especiais devido aos riscos de intoxicação. Estas intoxicações podem ser acarretadas pelo contato via ocular, oral, dérmica e respiratória, variando de acordo com o nível de toxidade do produto, o tempo de exposição e o organismo do indivíduo. A forma mais viável de se prevenir a intoxicação é reduzir o tempo de exposição, e isto é obtido com a utilização do EPI adequado. O presente trabalho estudou o EPI disponível no mercado e o material utilizado para sua confecção, relacionando estes ao ambiente e as características fisicas do indivíduo que realiza tal atividade. O campo para a realização do estudo de caso foi a cidade de Brazlândia - DF, escolhida em virtude de sua importância na área rural, sendo a primeira do ranking de produção de morango na região e sétima no país. A formação da cidade se deu pela vinda de famílias tradidionais no ramo da agricultura, característica consolidada com a chegada de japoneses, os quais passaram os ensinamentos e cultura da agricultura familiar. Ao longo dos anos a cidade recebeu residentes de lugares sem estrutura das regiões periféricas de Brasília, sendo alocados em conjuntos habitacionais construídos na zona urbana e em assentamentos rurais. Grande parte das pessoas alocadas era de origem nordestina, que vieram para a capital em sua construção, mas depois foram 'remanejados' para fora do Plano Piloto, em locais sem estrutura/condições para viver. A pequena cidade empregou tais indivíduos na produção agrícola. O estudo de caso foi desenvolvido em uma empresa distribuidora de alimentos, a qual recebe mais de 50% da produção dos trabalhadores rurais, sendo responsável pelo venda/distribuição dos produtos às grandes redes de supermercados do Distrito Federal e demais estudos. Através... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The application of phytosanitary products demands special care due to intoxication risks. This intoxication can be caused by ocular, oral, skin and nasal contact, varying according to the level of toxicity of the product, the time of exposure and the individual's organism. The most viable way of preventing intoxication is by reducing the time of exposure, which is obtained with the use of appropriate IPE. The present work studied available IPE in the market and the material used for its production, relating them to the environment and to be individual's physical characteristics performing such activity. The field for the accomplishment of the case study was the city of Brazlândia, Federal District, chosen due to its importance in the rural area, being the first in the ranking of strawberry production in the region and the seventh nationwide. The formation of the city happened with the arrival Japonese families, traditional in the agriculture field, who passed on the teaching and culture of family agriculture. Along the years, the city received slums originally formed in the outskirts of Brasília. Such population was allocated in social houses built in the urban area and in rural settlements. Most part the allocated people came from the Northeastern areas of the country, who came to the capital in its construction period, but later were "rellocated" outside downtown Brasilia, in places without structure or conditions to live. The small town employed such individuals in the agricultural production. The case study was developed in the Distributing Company of Foods, which receives more than 50% of the tenants' production, being responsible for the sale and distribution of the products to the most important supermarkets chains in the Federal District and other states, through the present study, the safety conditions of 60 rural workers of... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

<p> The Small Circles program was developed as a prevention and intervention demonstration project. It was designed as a new approach to meeting the needs of a vulnerable population with barriers to necessary services, teen mothers and their infants. The goals of the program are the reduction of child abuse and/or neglect and fostering typical development in the infants. Teen parents face gaps in and barriers to services including lack of time as well as paucities of available mental health care, parent child development groups, and dependable transportation. Small Circles is designed to fill those gaps and overcome those barriers by placing the program within shelters for teen parents and their children in Massachusetts. The program has two interacting modalities: dyadic therapy with the teen and her infant and a parent child development group. Each component takes place once a week for four weeks. The program goals would be met through a focus on the development of a positive and flexible attachment relationship through a parallel process with the therapist and teen and the teen and her infant. The demonstration project was developed through an extensive review of the literature and a survey of currently available programs that serve this population. It was evaluated by four expert reviewers, each with a particular area of expertise. The reviewers&rsquo; feedback was overall favorable with relevant suggestions for revision. Feedback was provided that the program would be improved by an emphasis on developing the precursors to attachment that are measurable, a focus on intervention alone rather than a combination with prevention, and by highlighting interventions that are evidence based. These suggestions for revision will move the initial effort to a measurable, flexible program that works to meet the criteria for its targets and goals, and ultimately provides the best services and outcomes for the teen families.</p><p>

Balancing the responsibilities of a job and a family is a critical problem for many people in contemporary society. One of the central questions researchers ask is, what job trade-offs do women make to help them balance jobs and children? The purpose of this study is to extend that question to men. Using qualitative and quantitative data collected from fathers in the United States, Canada, and Australia, I investigated how gender as a social structure influences the job trade-offs fathers make as they juggle the responsibilities of their jobs and their children. I recruited study participants through fathering web sites on the Internet and collected data via an on-line survey and standardized follow-up e-mail interviews. A content analysis of the fathering web sites reveals that web sites in the United States reflect the underlying assumption that job-family issues are a dilemma for individual fathers whereas web sites in Canada, Australia, and the United Kingdom address job-family balance as a social issue as well as an individual problem. Analysis of the survey and interview data show that fathers make career trade-offs as well as everyday job accommodations to be involved with their children. Fathers cite time, travel considerations, and flexible workplace conditions as primary reasons for changing jobs and declining promotions. Logistic regression and Ordinary Least Squares regression analyses of the survey results reveal that working long hours, having a male-dominated job, flexible working conditions, the ages of his children, his attitude toward gendered behavior, his education, his religion, and his level of involvement affect the type of job accommodations a father makes as well as the magnitude of job-family juggling he does. More importantly, my research also provides evidence that gender as a social structure constrains fathers' behaviors. For example, fathers receive encouragement and support when they are somewhat involved with their children, but disapproval and skepticism when they assume primary caregiving responsibility for their children. In addition, there are contradictory ideological assumptions regarding gender and caregiving, for example, fathers and mothers have the same caregiving capabilities but, at the same time, fathers and mothers have different caregiving responsibilities / acase@tulane.edu