<p>The 19th century is often described as a period when sexual differences were strongly accentuated in medical interpretations. While this is not an inaccurate description, it is in need of greater nuance. For one thing, notions of the male are usually forgotten in the process. As the female body by the shift to the 18th hundreds, to a greater extent than before, became associated with reproduction and biological constraints of various kinds, representations of the male body also changed. According to medical texts published in Sweden in the 19th century, men’s blood, bones, breath and digestion bore witness to their "freedom" from a forced sexual body. Physically, the male constituted an abstract, cultivated and highly differentiated individual, focused on his own development and wellbeing. The male body was described as clearly fit for public and political life, which legitimized male claims to a monopoly on power as well as the doctrine of "the separate spheres" in 19th century bourgeois society. </p><p>But there is more to this story. A closer examination of more limited discussions in medical texts and advice literature reveal that representations of the male and female body were remarkably unstable and marked by tensions and contradictions. During the Romantic era of medicine in Sweden during the 1830’s and 40’s, the way sex and individuality in the body were valued were totally different from the description above. Reproduction and physical desires were characteristic, according to a number of medical men, of highly developed creatures, connected to God, society, and culture, whereas sexless species, immature children and "lower" peoples were seen as materialistic and focused only on their own individual development. Discussions regarding female puberty and single men further reveal the unstable polarization between sex and individuality as well as culturally constructed differences, not only between men and women, but also between classes, age groups, single and married persons, cultivated and non-cultivated peoples. Notions about nature/culture, tradition/progress, female/male, sex/individuality were not organized into stable dichotomies—rather they constituted an unstable body of representations. </p>

The 19th century is often described as a period when sexual differences were strongly accentuated in medical interpretations. While this is not an inaccurate description, it is in need of greater nuance. For one thing, notions of the male are usually forgotten in the process. As the female body by the shift to the 18th hundreds, to a greater extent than before, became associated with reproduction and biological constraints of various kinds, representations of the male body also changed. According to medical texts published in Sweden in the 19th century, men’s blood, bones, breath and digestion bore witness to their "freedom" from a forced sexual body. Physically, the male constituted an abstract, cultivated and highly differentiated individual, focused on his own development and wellbeing. The male body was described as clearly fit for public and political life, which legitimized male claims to a monopoly on power as well as the doctrine of "the separate spheres" in 19th century bourgeois society. But there is more to this story. A closer examination of more limited discussions in medical texts and advice literature reveal that representations of the male and female body were remarkably unstable and marked by tensions and contradictions. During the Romantic era of medicine in Sweden during the 1830’s and 40’s, the way sex and individuality in the body were valued were totally different from the description above. Reproduction and physical desires were characteristic, according to a number of medical men, of highly developed creatures, connected to God, society, and culture, whereas sexless species, immature children and "lower" peoples were seen as materialistic and focused only on their own individual development. Discussions regarding female puberty and single men further reveal the unstable polarization between sex and individuality as well as culturally constructed differences, not only between men and women, but also between classes, age groups, single and married persons, cultivated and non-cultivated peoples. Notions about nature/culture, tradition/progress, female/male, sex/individuality were not organized into stable dichotomies—rather they constituted an unstable body of representations.

Peculiarities of the expression of artistic individuality of future teachers are analysed in the dissertation. Problem of the investigation has been formulated: in what way and what impact the musical activity can exert on artistic individuality of future music teachers and to what extent this impact can be optimised. The model of the expression of artistic individuality of future music teachers has been created and substantiated both theoretically and empirically. The model encompasses the components of reflexivity, creativity, high artistic value and responsibility. Manifestations of artistic individuality in musical activity of future teachers and the level of expression of these manifestations, interrelations between components of artistic individuality and their dependence on the external factors (the type of higher education institution that provides different musical education (university, non-university) and the year the students are in, as well as internal factors (musical abilities, artistic experiences and recognition of the significance of values) have been revealed by the diagnostic examination. Statistically significant changes in the expression of artistic individuality of future music teachers have been determined and strategies for developing the expression of artistic individuality of future music teachers have been brought out and tested in the course of the education project. On the basis of the data of the research work the basic brought out strategies... [to full text] / Disertacijoje analizuojami būsimų muzikos mokytojų meninės individualybės raiškos muzikinėje veikloje ypatumai. Iškelta mokslinė problema: kaip ir kokią įtaką muzikinė veikla gali daryti būsimų muzikos mokytojų meninei individualybei ir kiek šią įtaką įmanoma optimizuoti. Sudarytas ir teoriškai bei empiriškai pagrįstas būsimų muzikos mokytojų meninės individualybės raiškos modelis, apimantis refleksyvumo (išreiškiamo per muzikos interpretavimo autentiškumą, savo gebėjimų vertinimą ir savo orumo jautimą), kūrybiškumo (per muzikos interpretavimo originalumą, vertinimų savitumą ir išgyvenimų intensyvumą), meniškumo (per muzikos interpretavimo harmoningumą, vertinimų gilumą ir išgyvenimų estetiškumą) ir atsakingumo (per prisiėmimą atsakomybės už muzikos kūrinių interpretavimą, vertinimų dorovingumą ir pareigos jautimą) komponentus. Atlikus diagnostinį tyrimą atskleista būsimų muzikos mokytojų meninės individualybės muzikinėje veikloje apraiškos, jų tarpusavio sąsajos, raiškos lygis, priklausomybė nuo išorinių (aukštosios mokyklos tipo ir studentų kurso) bei vidinių (muzikiniai gebėjimai, meniniai išgyvenimai ir vertybių reikšmingumo pripažinimas) veiksnių. Atlikto ugdymo projekto metu atskleisti meninės individualybės raiškos pokyčiai ir pagrįstos būsimų muzikos mokytojų meninės individualybės raiškos plėtojimo strategijos. Remiantis atlikto disertacinio tyrimo rezultatais, pateiktos rekomendacijos pedagogams muzikos mokytojų rengimo praktikoje taikyti praktiškai patikrintas... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

A globalizing world is replete with the vulnerable, who are experiencing economic poverty, medical maltreatment, political persecution, and/or cultural misrecognition. The vulnerable are under systematic oppression and domination. Although the wealth of humankind increases continuously, many are excluded from any benefit of this increased wealth. While human beings have achieved significant progress in medical technology, uncountable numbers of people are exposed to a shortage of appropriate medical care. Despite continued expansion of democracy around the globe, the powerless majority and minorities are experiencing ignorance of their differences, culturally and/or politically. This dissertation searches for a viable human rights scheme that will effectively address the systematic oppression and domination of the vulnerable. By addressing oppression and domination of the vulnerable, I focus on overcoming several dichotomies: a dichotomy between transcendence and immanence within human beings, a dichotomy between equality and difference among human beings, and a dichotomy between individual differences and group differences. Those dichotomies have been detrimental to addressing systematic oppression and domination of the vulnerable. With relation to the dichotomy between transcendence and immanence within human beings, I frame the vulnerable as concrete others who have both transcendental dimensions and immanent dimensions. In terms of the dichotomy between equality and difference, my proposal is equality that substantially promotes difference, that is, capability equality and least-gap equality. With regard to the dichotomy between individual difference and group difference, my proposal is multiculturalism based on social individuality. These proposals for overcoming aforementioned dichotomies converge on social multiculturalism. I have argued that equality between groups and equality within groups can best address oppression and domination of concrete others. Specifically, reconfigured basic income guarantee, which includes basic income, public education, public healthcare, and linguistic diversity, is a concrete form of equality within groups that is conducive to promoting equality between groups. Therefore, I think that social multiculturalism based on the reconfigured basic income guarantee is a new, viable version of addressing oppression and domination of the vulnerable.

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abstract: ABSTRACT This study focuses on second language acquisition process amongst East Asian adult learners at an English and Culture Acquisition Program (ECAP) classroom. To understand their English learning experience, this study employs classroom observation, participant interview and document collection as research methods. The findings of this work suggest that ECAP does intend to help learners acquire English language proficiency in ways that were responsive to both the sociocultural backgrounds and individual needs of participants. ECAP also respects and promotes the learners' autonomy in the learning process. However, the program administrators and teachers still need to deepen their understanding of East Asian learners' sociocultural heritage and individual needs and improve facilitation accordingly. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.A. Educational Leadership and Policy Studies 2011