Universidade Federal do Cearà / A teoria econÃmica e as evidÃncias empÃricas mostram que o capital humano à decisivo para determinar tanto os rendimentos individuais quanto a renda agregada. Como decorrÃncia, o capital humano à determinante do bem-estar individual. Nesse sentido, o presente estudo foge ao comum ao definir capital humano como um vetor de duas variÃveis tidas a priori como endÃgenas â educaÃÃo formal e estado de saÃde do trabalhador â as quais comporÃo um trinÃmio base na determinaÃÃo dos diferenciais de rendimentos individuais, aqui tomados em termos domiciliar per capita. Para atender as hipÃteses teÃricas montou-se, como base metodolÃgica, um modelo de equaÃÃes simultÃneas envolvendo aquelas trÃs variÃveis endÃgenas, tendo como mÃtodo de escolha para estimaÃÃo os mÃnimos quadrados em trÃs estÃgios. Para a verificaÃÃo empÃrica foram utilizados os microdados da Pesquisa sobre PadrÃo de Vida (PPV) do IBGE, para o perÃodo 1996-1997, comparando-se as regiÃes Nordeste e Sudeste. Das estimaÃÃes, comprovou-se a simultaneidade da hipÃtese teÃrica de endogeneidade envolvendo as duas variÃveis de capital humano e rendimentos. As duas componentes de capital humano contribuem, sobremaneira, para explicar o diferencial de rendimentos dos indivÃduos em favor da regiÃo Sudeste. Os resultados mostram que a condiÃÃo de saÃde dos indivÃduos pode ser explicada em atà 11% pelo seu nÃvel educacional, enquanto que indivÃduos que possuem uma condiÃÃo de saÃde entre regular a excelente chegam a possuir um nÃvel educacional atà 4,32% maior que a mÃdia. Jà os indivÃduos com a renda domiciliar per capita mÃnima tendem a possuir um nÃvel educacional 9,61% a menos que a mÃdia, em situaÃÃo contraria os que possuem o valor mÃximo da renda domiciliar per capita chagam a possuir 54,58% a mais que a mÃdia educacional dos indivÃduos. Outro resultado importante mostra que sob as mesmas condiÃÃes indivÃduos residentes na regiÃo Nordeste tendem a ganhar 28,03% a menos que os residentes na regiÃo Sudeste. Corroborando com a literatura jà existente o estudo trÃs tambÃm resultados inerentes aos atributos individuais que geram discriminaÃÃo no mercado de trabalho, onde se constata que sob as mesmas condiÃÃes: as mulheres tendem a ganhar em torno de 7,81% a menos que os homens e indivÃduos nÃo-brancos chegam a contribuir para a renda do domicÃlio com 9,24% a menos que os brancos.

O presente trabalho investiga a necessidade de tipificação do delito de corrupção no setor privado, no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro. Para tanto, necessário aprofundar o estudo do fenômeno da corrupção, bem como a moderna interpretação de seu conteúdo pela comunidade jurídica internacional. Partindo de uma perspectiva de Direito Comparado, é possível verificar a evolução no controle da corrupção transnacional, fruto de diferentes compromissos assumidos por diversos Estados, em verdadeiro esforço conjunto para erradicação das práticas corruptivas e seus nefastos efeitos ao mundo globalizado. Nesse cenário, exsurge a relevância do debate acerca da ampliação do conceito de corrupção para além da esfera pública, abarcando também condutas estritamente relacionadas ao setor privado, de modo que alguns países hodiernamente já tipificam essa nova modalidade delitiva em seus ordenamentos. Indispensável acurado exame da forma como o delito de corrupção entre particulares ganhou contornos na legislação e doutrina estrangeiras para desenvolver o modelo pátrio de incriminação da conduta, uma vez que tal tema é hoje objeto de proposta legislativa específica. Assim, verificase a atualidade e importância da pesquisa aqui proposta, cujo escopo é auxiliar no desenvolvimento de um tipo penal adequado ao bem jurídico protegido, levando-se em conta, principalmente, os documentos internacionais que impulsionam sua criação. / This paper intends to investigate the need for private-sector corruption crime classification in the Brazilian legal system. Therefore, it is necessary to deepen the studies about corruption’s historical roots, as well as the modern interpretation of its content by the international legal community. Through the mechanisms of Comparative Law it is possible to verify corruption’s combat evolution in a supranational level, consequence of various commitments assumed by various States, in true combined efforts to eradicate corruption acts and their disastrous effects in the globalized world. In this scenery, the relevance in debating the widening of corruption’s concept to beyond the public spheres arises, embracing also the conducts strictly related to the private sector, in a way that some countries already class the new crime form in their systems. Necessary rightful exam of the way corruption crime between individuals has outlined both international legislation and doctrine to develop the native method of the behavior incrimination, here is that said theme is nowadays subject of specific legislation proposal. Thus, it is verified the timeliness and importance of the research here proposed, which scope is to help the development of a crime class adequate to the protected juridical asset, taking into account, mainly, the international documents that impel its creation.

A Doença de Alzheimer (DA) vem apresentando aumento progressivo, sendo a causa de demência mais comum nos idosos (acima de 60 anos). Diante disso, há preocupação com alterações do estado de saúde dos cuidadores que compreendem na sua maioria familiares. Cuidar dos pacientes com demência por Doença de Alzheimer pode levar ao estresse crônico e má qualidade de vida. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar fatores de risco cardiovascular, cognição e humor em cuidadoras idosas de pacientes com demência por Doença de Alzheimer, comparando-as com as não cuidadoras. As cuidadoras foram selecionadas por meio da revisão de prontuários do Hospital das Clínicas e do Centro de Saúde Escola da FMRP-USP. As idosas do grupo controle foram selecionadas na mesma área de moradia das idosas cuidadoras. Todas as participantes assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido. Foram realizadas visitas previamente agendadas na casa de todas as participantes. Critérios de exclusão: diabetes; neoplasias malignas e doenças autoimunes, além de outras doenças debilitantes. Foram avaliadas idade, escolaridade, peso, altura, circunferência abdominal e Indice de Massa corpórea (IMC). Foi realizada avaliação laboratorial: dosagem de insulina de jejum; glicemia de jejum; colesterol total e HDL; triglicérides; creatinina; ureia; sódio; potássio; cálcio e TSH. Além disso, foi feita a avaliação da pressão arterial (PA) em domicílio pela pesquisadora e com a Medida Residencial de Pressão Arterial (MRPA), além da avaliação da cognição e humor, com a Escala de Depressão Geriátrica (EDG), Mini Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM) e Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.). A análise estatística foi realizada com o Teste Quiquadrado, Teste \"t\" de Student, Mann-Whiney e regressão logística simples e múltipla para a estimação do Odds Ratio bruto e ajustado (ORA). Foram avaliadas 62 idosas, sendo 31 cuidadoras de pacientes com Doença de Alzheimer e 31 do grupo controle. Verificou-se que os níveis de colesterol total foram mais elevados em idosas cuidadoras. Não houve diferenças entre os valores de PA sistólica e diastólica entre os grupos em relação às medidas realizadas pela pesquisadora e com a MRPA. De acordo com os resultados, as idosas cuidadoras apresentaram rastreio positivo para depressão em 58%, enquanto que o grupo controle apresentou apenas 16% (ORA=6,62, p<0,01). Em relação ao diagnóstico feito pelo M.I.N.I, 38,7% das cuidadoras apresentaram episódio depressivo, sendo superior ao controle (9,7%) (ORA=5,42, p=0,02). Verificouse que 35,5% das cuidadoras apresentaram transtorno de ansiedade diagnosticado, com 16% no grupo controle (ORA=4,79, p=0,03). A presença do companheiro interferiu para que as cuidadoras apresentassem mais transtorno de ansiedade (p=0,04). Não houve diferença entre a cognição dos grupos pela avaliação do MEEM. Cuidadoras idosas de pacientes dementados com Doença de Alzheimer apresentaram níveis de colesterol mais elevados, mais episódios depressivos e mais transtorno de ansiedade do que as não cuidadoras. A presença do companheiro interferiu para que apresentassem mais transtorno de ansiedade / Alzheimer´s disease (AD) has shown a progressive increase in incidence, being the most common cause of dementia in the older individuals (above 60 years old). Therefore, there is concern with health status change in caregivers, who are mostly relatives. Taking care of AD patients with dementia can lead to chronic stress and poor quality of life. This study aimed to evaluate cardiovascular risk factors, cognition and mood in older caregivers of patients with AD dementia, comparing them with non-caregivers. The caregivers were selected through the review of the Hospital\'s medical records and School Health Center of FMRP-USP. Control group of elderly women were selected in the same housing area of older caregivers. All participants signed a consent form. Visits were previously scheduled and were at the home of all participants. Exclusion criteria: diabetes; malignancies and autoimmune diseases, and other debilitating diseases. Were evaluated: age, education, weight, height, waist circumference and body mass index (BMI). Laboratory testing was performed: fasting insulin; fasting glucose; Total and HDL cholesterol; triglycerides; creatinine; urea; sodium; potassium; calcium and TSH. In addition, blood pressure (BP) evaluation was made at home by the researcher and by the Home Blood Pressure Monitoring (HBPM), and the assessment of cognition and mood, with the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), Mini Exam Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). Statistical analysis was performed with Chi-square test, test \"t\" test, Mann-whiney and multiple logistic regression and simple to estimate the gross and adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR). 62 older women were assessed, 31 caregivers of demented AD patients and 31 control group It was found that the total cholesterol levels were higher in elderly caregivers (AOR = 3.57, p = 0.03). There was no difference between the systolic and diastolic values between the groups in relation to the measures carried out by the researcher and HBPM. According to the results, older caregivers had a positive screening for depression in 58%, while the control group showed only 16% (AOR = 6.62, p <0.01). Regarding the diagnosis made by M.I.N.I, 38.7% of caregivers had depressive episode, higher than the control (9.7%) (AOR = 5.42, p = 0.02). It was found that 35.5% of caregivers had diagnosis of anxiety disorder, with 16% in the control group (AOR = 4.79, p = 0.03). The presence of the companion interfered, so that the caregivers presented more anxiety disorder (p = 0.04). There was no difference between cognition groups by assessing the MMSE. Concluding, caregivers of patients with AD have higher cholesterol levels, more depressive episodes and anxiety disorder than non-caregivers. The presence of the companion interfered to submit more anxiety disorder

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The purpose of this study was to understand how teachers define student self-assessment (SSA), why teachers use or do not use SSA, and to explore how beliefs might influence teachers' reasons for using SSA or not. This study used Ajzen's theory of planned behavior to explore the relationships between teachers' stated beliefs about SSA and reasons for using or not using SSA. I interviewed seven teachers from one high school in the Intermountain West and found that five of the seven teachers in this study used SSA. I found that these teachers' definitions of SSA varied between formative and summative approaches. The way teachers defined SSA appeared to influence their implementation of SSA, as well as their reasons for using or not using SSA. I also found that beliefs associated with student outcomes (e.g., student cognitive and skill growth, student motivation) were usually indicators for using SSA. However, beliefs about resources (e.g., time to implement, good models) and concerns about students' ability to self-assess were typically associated with not using SSA. For those studying this issue, or schools or districts intending to implement forms of SSA, a "one-size-fit-all" approach is not recommended. A more effective approach for moving research to practice would be to start with how teachers are defining SSA, and then individually address their reasons and beliefs surrounding SSA.

This chapter describes the implementation of two service-learning courses within the setting of a primary-care clinic for homeless and indigent individuals. The two courses are a campus-wide Introduction to Community Service and a Community Health Nursing Practicum. Although these two courses have different learning outcomes, they both address the primarygoals of service-learning, including (1) developing students' understanding about the responsibility of citizenship and preparing students for effective roles in society; (2) improving students' communication skills, problem-solving skills, and project-specific skills; (3) enhancing students' self-esteem and sense of social reality; and (4) providing an interdisciplinary perspective (Kendall and Associates 1990). The sections that follow describe the setting that the two service-learning courses share, the university-wide course, and the community health nursing practicum. Common issues faced in both courses that are discussed include reflective learning practices, community/client impact, communicating expectations to the student and the site personnel, collaboration to accomplish both service and learning outcomes, and practical issues associated with service-learning in a clinic for the homeless and indigent.

Individuals who sell drugs are often mandated by legal forces to substance abuse treatment because of their criminal offenses and the belief they may have a drug problem. Previous researchers have noted this population may be disruptive in the treatment process, but it has not been explored in depth. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to learn the lived experiences of counselors who work with individuals who report a primary problem of selling drugs, not substance abuse, who are mandated to a substance abuse treatment program. Thirteen semi structured interviews were conducted with counselors who have worked with individuals who sell drugs that were mandated to participate in a correctional-based therapeutic community substance abuse treatment program. Interviews were transcribed and analyzed with the assistance of NVivo for meaning and themes. Data were examined through the theoretical lens of the social learning theory (SLT). The results of the study indicated counselors were prepared for their jobs through education and training to have longevity in working in a correctional environment and provided treatment services. The counselors found that individuals who sell drugs had a history substance use, which the individuals minimized. During treatment, counselors sought to challenge individuals who sell drugs to think and explore the effects of their behaviors. Counselors found individuals who sell drugs were able to engage in treatment to avoid negative consequences. The results of this research can encourage positive social change by initiating a discussion about assessments prior to drug treatment, characteristics of drug treatment program participants, and counselor training to improve quality of drug treatment services provided.

The purpose of this study is to examine whether or not CBVI is an effective method in teaching students with intellectual disabilities the skills of locating grocery items in classroom settings and whether or not the acquired skills in classroom settings generalize to actual grocery stores. Four high school students with intellectual disabilities participated in the study. A multiple probe design across students was used to investigate the effectiveness of CBVI. A CBVI program containing video footages, photographs, and text was developed and used for teaching the skills to the students. Seventeen steps of locating grocery items were used as dependent variables across all conditions. Results indicate that CBVI is an effective and efficient means for teaching the skills of locating grocery items to students with intellectual disabilities and facilitates these students to generalize the acquired skills to actual grocery stores. All students acquired the skills during the CBVI intervention condition and generalized the skill to a grocery store depicted in the CBVI program and to a grocery store did not depicted in the CBVI program. Limitations and suggestions for future research were discussed.

The individuals with disabilities are disproportionately vulnerable to hazards. However, there is very little research inquiry focused on evacuation environments and the behavior of individuals with disabilities. The most widely applied computational method used to study how effective the built environment facilities emergency evacuations in individuals-based modeling. Current pedestrian evacuation models rarely include individuals with disabilities in their simulated populations due to there being very few empirical studies of the evacuation behavior of individuals with disabilities. As a result, the models do not replicate accurate patterns of pedestrian or evacuation behavior of a heterogeneous population, which results in the evacuation needs of individuals with disabilities being generally overlooked. To begin addressing this limitation, our research group at Utah State University (USU) has performed empirical research to observe the microscopic evacuation behavior of individuals with disabilities in heterogeneous population contexts. The purpose of this research was to: (1) develop and analyze evacuation curves to understand and assess evacuation strategies for heterogeneous populations, and (2) analyze the microscopic behavior of evacuees at exit doors necessary for developing credible and valid pedestrian and evacuation models. Doing so will contribute to evacuation models which replicate accurate patterns of pedestrian and evacuation behavior of heterogeneous populations, leading to the consideration of the evacuation needs of individuals with disabilities.

The objective of this dissertation was to study walking behaviors of pedestrian groups involving individuals with disabilities. To this end, large scale controlled walking experiments were conducted at Utah State University (USU) to examine walking behaviors in various walking facility types, such as passageway, right angle, oblique angle, queuing area, bottleneck, and stairs. Walking experiments were conducted over four days involving participants with and without disabilities. Automated video identification and semi-structured questionnaires were used to collect revealed and stated walking data. This study provided statistical analysis and models to study three different aspects of operational walking behaviors. Firstly, walking speed was examined as one of the most important behavioral variables. The differences in crowd walking speeds were carefully noted in analyzing the effects of adding individuals with disabilities and the impacts of different indoor walking facilities. Results showed that the presence of individuals with disabilities in a crowd significantly reduces the overall crowd speed. Statistical analysis also provided to compare walking speeds of pedestrian groups involving individuals with disabilities in different walking environments. Secondly, the dissertation proposed a framework to study the interactions of different pedestrian groups. Specifically, a mixed time headway distribution model was used to examine the time headway between followers and different leader types. In addition, the implications of interaction behaviors were studied based on the capacity of the queuing area behind the doorway. Results revealed that: (1) individuals with disabilities had significant effects on capacity reduction; (2) individuals with visual impairments and non-motorized ambulatory devices had the minimum capacity reduction effects in queuing area; and (2) individuals with motorized wheelchairs and individuals with mobility canes had the maximum capacity reduction effects in queuing area. Lastly, this study explored how a heterogeneous mix of pedestrians (including individuals with disabilities) perceive and evaluate operational performance of walking facilities. Both trajectory and survey data sources were used, and an ordered statistical approach was applied to analyze pedestrian perceptions. Results indicated that individuals with disabilities were less tolerant of extreme congested environments. Furthermore, analysis showed that the Level of Service (LOS) criteria provided in HCM does not follow the actual perceptions.