付記する学位プログラム名: 充実した健康長寿社会を築く総合医療開発リーダー育成プログラム / 京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(薬科学) / 甲第22400号 / 薬科博第122号 / 新制||薬科||13(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院薬学研究科医薬創成情報科学専攻 / (主査)教授 掛谷 秀昭, 教授 二木 史朗, 教授 土居 雅夫 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Pharmaceutical Sciences / Kyoto University / DFAM

Presentada a la Universidad de Chile para optar al Grado de Doctora en Farmacología / Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) es una patógeno gástrico humano asociado al desarrollo de cáncer gástrico. En células epiteliales gástricas, la infección con H. pylori promueve la activación de diversas vías de señalización asociadas tanto a la progresión como al arresto del ciclo celular. Por otro lado, H. pylori ha demostrado inducir los niveles del Factor Inducible por Hipoxia-1α (HIF-1α), un factor transcripcional relacionado con la expresión de genes necesarios para la progresión tumoral. Fuera de sus funciones canónicas, se ha descrito que, en el contexto de la hipoxia, HIF-1α es capaz de promover arresto del ciclo celular en la fase G1 como parte de una acción no transcripcional. No obstante esto, HIF- 1α puede ser inducido por la activación de la vía PI3K/Akt/mTOR, vía de señalización relacionada con progresión del ciclo celular que ha sido asociada también a la acción de H. pylori. Aunque se ha descrito que la infección con H. pylori promueve la inducción de HIF-1α, actualmente no hay antecedentes precisos acerca de la vía de señalización precedente a este fenómeno, así como tampoco de su efecto sobre el destino de las células epiteliales gástricas. En este trabajo se buscó determinar si HIF-1α representa una transición desde señales que promueven un progreso del ciclo celular hacia un arresto del ciclo celular en la infección con H. pylori. En consecuencia, se propuso estudiar si H. pylori, al activar la vía PI3K/Akt/mTOR, podría llevar a un aumento de los niveles de HIF-1α y éste, a su vez, llevar a una respuesta de arresto del ciclo celular. Para estudiar esto, se utilizó un modelo in vitro basado en células humanas derivadas de cáncer gástrico MKN45 y AGS y la cepa de H. pylori 26695. Los resultados indican que H. pylori induce un aumento transitorio de HIF-1α con localización principalmente nuclear. Al inhibir farmacológicamente la vía PI3K/Akt/mTOR, se obtuvo que la inhibición de PI3K con LY294002 y de mTOR con Rapamicina fueron capaces de prevenir la inducción de HIF-1α por H. pylori. Al silenciar HIF-1α se obtuvo una reducción del arresto del ciclo celular en G0/G1 promovido por la bacteria. Consecuente con esto, los niveles de la proteína ciclina D1, importante para lograr la transición G1/S del ciclo celular, fueron diminuidos por la infección con H. pylori, sin embargo, esta diminución fue menos severa en las células que se silenció HIF-1α. En cuanto a su actividad transcripcional, se observó que al silenciar HIF-1α se previno el aumento del mRNA de GLUT-1 promovido por H. pylori sólo a tiempos tempranos de infección, pero éstos no fueron afectados a tiempos mayores. Por lo demás, el análisis bioinformático mostró que la infección con H. pylori no incrementó significativamente la expresión de genes blancos clásicos de HIF-1α en la mucosa antral. Finalmente, al analizar la acción de los componentes solubles o de la pared de H. pylori sobre la inducción de HIF-1α, se obtuvo que ninguno de ellos fue capaz de promover este efecto, sólo el contacto directo entre el patógeno vivo y el hospedero fue necesario para promover un aumento de los niveles de la proteína. En resumen, los resultados sugieren que H. pylori promueve un aumento de HIF-1α a través de la activación de PI3K y mTOR, y que esta inducción permite el arresto de células gástricas en la fase G0/G1 del ciclo celular. Además, HIF-1α tendría una participación menor en la expresión de su gen blanco GLUT-1. Finalmente, los datos sugieren que el factor de virulencia posiblemente implicado en este fenómeno requiere de la interacción directa entre H. pylori y la célula gástrica para ejercer su función / Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a human gastric pathogen whose presence is linked to gastric carcinogenesis. In gastric epithelial cells, H. pylori infection promotes activation of several signaling pathways associated with both cell cycle progression and cell cycle arrest. On another hand, H. pylori has been linked to the induction of Hipoxia Inducible Factor -1α (HIF-1α), a transcription factor involved in the expression of several genes required for tumor progression. In addition to its canonical functions, in the context of hypoxia, HIF- 1α has been shown to promote cell cycle arrest in G1 phase as a nontranscriptional mode of action. HIF-1α induction in normoxia by activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway has been described, and signaling via this pathway related to cell cycle progression also has been linked to H. pylori infection. However, although H. pylori reportedly promotes HIF-1α induction, currently little data is available concerning the signaling pathway(s) by which H. pylori promotes HIF-1α induction, as well as the consequences of such induction for cell fate. In this study, we sought to determine whether HIF-1α mediates the transition from cell cycle progression to cell cycle arrest observed following H. pylori infection. Thus, we evaluated whether activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway increases HIF-1α levels and whether this leads to cell cycle arrest. To do so, these studies employed as in vitro models the human gastric cancer cell lines MKN45 and AGS as well as the H. pylori 26695 strain. The results indicate that H. pylori induces transient HIF-1α increases and enhances nuclear localization of the transcription factor. Pharmacological inhibiton of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway revealed that the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 and the mTOR inhibitor Rapamycin precluded H. pylori-enhanced HIF-1α induction. HIF-1α silencing prevented H. pylori-induced cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase. Consequently, cyclin D1, an important protein for G1-S phase transition, decreased following H. pylori infection, and this decrease was less dramatic in HIF-1α knockdown gastric cells. With respect to HIF-1α transcriptional activity, we observed that HIF-1α silencing precluded increases in GLUT-1 mRNA promoted by H. pylori at early stages of infection only. Furthermore, bioinformatic analysis revealed that H. pylori infection was not associated with an increase in the expression of classical HIF-1α target genes in antral mucosa. Finally, analysis of the contribution of soluble components or components from the bacterial wall to HIF-1α induction, revealed that none of them individually were sufficient to promote the effect. Rather, the direct interaction between live bacteria and gastric cells was neccessary for H. pylori to increase HIF-1α protein levels. In summary, the results obtained in this thesis suggest that H. pylori increases of HIF-1α protein levels in normoxia through PI3K and mTOR activation, and that this induction promotes cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase. Furthermore, HIF-1α appears to participate to some extent in modulating the expression of the target gene GLUT-1. Finally, the putative virulence factor involved in these events requires the direct interaction between bacteria and the host cell to exert its effect / Conicyt; Fondecyt; Fondap

This thesis investigates the effects of low oxygen culture conditions and fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2) on adult human dermal fibroblasts. It was previously shown that low oxygen and FGF2 culture conditions lead to an extension of proliferative lifespan, low-level activation of stem cell genes, and global transcriptional changes in adult human dermal fibroblasts. Additionally, an increased in vivo tissue regenerative response can be observed when human muscle-derived fibroblasts grown with FGF2 and low oxygen are implanted into mouse muscle injury, leading to a decrease in collagen deposition and scar formation and increase of functional skeletal muscle regeneration, including formation of Pax7+ muscle stem cells. These findings led to an analysis of key cellular oxygen sensors, hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs) and their role in this regenerative response. Directly linking these factors with the regenerative response, I have shown, with knockdown experiments, that HIF-2α is required for the increased proliferative capability and decreased senescence of human dermal fibroblasts (hDFs) induced by hypoxia. I have also determined that low oxygen causes an early and transient increase of HIF-1α and late and sustained increase of HIF-2α protein accompanied by increased nuclear translocation. Using overexpression and knockdown approaches via lent-virus, I determined that HIF-2α appears to modulate FGF2 signaling through the FGF receptors. First, under low oxygen conditions, exogenous FGF2 led to downregulation of endogenous FGF2, which can be mimicked by overexpression of HIF-2α. In ambient oxygen we didn't see this effect. Second, HIF-2α overexpression appears to lead to increases in FGFR1 phosphorylation and consequently increased ERK1/2 phosphorylation, and increases in the expression of heparan sulfate modifying enzymes (NDST1, NDST2, and EXTL2). Lastly, sustained supplementation with FGF2 in low oxygen inhibits receptor-mediated FGF2 signaling. To understand these effects at the transcriptional level, using microarray technology, we identified oxygen-mediated FGF2 effects on genes involved in cell survival and proliferation. Through bioinformatics analyses, I determined that genes involved in wound healing (extracellular matrix genes, adhesion molecules, cytokines) are upregulated in FGF2 treated fibroblasts grown under low oxygen. By utilizing a gain-of-function approach, we were able to assess the effects of altered HIF-2α activity on the expression of Oct4, Sox2, Nanog, Rex1, and Lin28 in adult hDFs. The results indicate that overexpression of the HIF-2α transcription factor increases Oct4 mRNA, but not Oct4 protein, levels, and had no effect on Nanog and Lin28 proteins. HIF-2α overexpression also mediated FGF2 induction of Sox2 and Rex1 proteins of higher molecular weight. This thesis expands our knowledge about effects of low oxygen and FGF2 on adult human dermal fibroblasts and explains in part, how FGF2 under low oxygen conditions may lead to increased proliferation, extended life span, regenerative competency and increased developmental plasticity of adult hDFs.

No description available.

Claritromicina era considerada um antibiótico de escolha para infecções causadas pelo complexo Mycobacterium abscessus, entretando, recentemente falhas no tratamento com este antibiótico têm sido reportadas. A resistência adquirida a claritromicina está relacionada à mutações pontuais que acarretam substituição da adenina na posição 2058 ou na posição 2059 na região do gene rrl que codifica o domínio peptidil transferase do rRNA 23S. Um mecanismo secundário de resistência à claritromicina tem sido descrito como resistência induzida, que é conferida pelo polimorfismo T/C no nucleotídeo 28 do gene erm(41). A resistência adquirida pode ser detectada em até 3 dias de incubação do M. abscessus com a claritromicina enquanto que a resistência induzida requer mais do que 5 dias de incubação. Por outro lado, o uso de marcadores moleculares para detecção de resistência adquirida e induzida no complexo M. abscessus têm sido propostos. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o perfil de suscetibilidade e os marcadores moleculares de resistência à claritromicina no complexo M. abscessus. Um total de 42 isolados de um estudo prévio de vigilância, entre os anos 2007 e 2013 foram utilizados. O perfil de suscetibilidade para a claritromicina foi determinado por microdiluição em caldo com leituras em 3, 5, 7 e 14 dias. Mutações nos genes rrl e erm(41) foram avaliados por PCR com primers específicos e posterior sequenciamento. Resistência à claritromicina, em até 3 dias de incubação, foi observada em 31 dos 42 (73,8%) isolados. Resistência induzida à claritromicina foi observada em 6 de 11 (54,5%) isolados que apresentaram resistência após 5 ou 7 dias de incubação. Todos os isolados com resistência induzida foram M. abscessus subsp. massiliense. Além disso, todos os 28 isolados de M. abscessus subsp. massiliense apresentaram deleção em erm(41). Apenas cinco isolados foram sensíveis à claritromicina após 14 dias de incubação. Nenhum dos 42 isolados apresentaram mutação pontual na região de peptidil transferase do rRNA 23S e todos os isolados apresentaram o polimorfismo T/C no nucleotídeo 28 do gene erm(41). Os dados deste estudo indicam a falta de correlação dos marcadores moleculares com a expressão de resistência à claritromicina. / Infections due to Mycobacterium abscessus complex used to respond to clarithromycin treatment but more recently treatment failure with this antibiotic has been reported. Acquired resistance to clarithromycin is related to substitutions at the adenine either at position 2058 or at position 2059 in a region of the rrl gene encoding to the peptidyltransferase domain of the 23S rRNA. A secondary mechanism related to clarithromycin resistance has been described as an inducible resistance, conferred by T/C polymorphism at the 28th nucleotide in erm(41) gene. Acquired resistance can be detected up to 3 days of incubation of the M. abscessus with the clarithromycin while inducible resistance requires more than 5 days of incubation. Molecular markers to detect acquired and inducible resistance in M. abscessus complex isolates were proposed. This study evaluated the profile of susceptibility and the molecular markers of clarithromycin resistance in M. abscessus complex. A total of 42 isolates from a previous surveillance study (2007 to 2013) were used in this study. The susceptibility profile for clarithromycin was determined by broth microdilution with reads at 3, 5, 7 and 14 days. Mutations in rrl and erm(41) genes were evaluated by PCR with specific primers followed by sequencing. Clarithromycin resistance, up to 3 days of incubation, was observed in 31 of 42 (73.8%) isolates. Inducible clarithromycin resistance was observed in 6 of 11 (54.5%) isolates which presented resistance only after 5 or 7 days of incubation. All isolates with inducible resistance were identified as M. abscessus subsp. massiliense. Moreover, all 28 M. abscessus subsp. massiliense had a deletion in erm(41). Only five isolates proved to be susceptible to clarithromycin after 14 days of incubation. None of the 42 isolates presented a point mutation in the peptidyltransferase region of the 23S rRNA (rrl) and all isolates presented the T/C polymorphism at the 28th nucleotide of the erm(41) gene. The data of this study indicates a lack of correlation of molecular markers of clarithromycin resistance for both acquired and inducible resistance to clarithromycin.

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are synthetic organic chemicals that persist in the environment and are known to be carcinogenic to humans. Virtually all of the deleterious effects of PCB 126, the most potent dioxin-like PCB, are mediated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). By means of the common cofactor ARNT, the AhR signaling pathway can crosstalk with the hypoxia signaling pathway. Regulated by hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), the hypoxia pathway mediates responses to environments of reduced oxygen availability (hypoxia). This dissertation specifically examines the crosstalk and interference between these two pathways in the context of PCB 126 exposure. The results of this dissertation show that the antagonistic relationship between the AhR and hypoxia signaling pathways affects the function and responses of both AhR and HIF-1Α. We provide substantial evidence that ARNT is indeed a crucial factor in both the AhR and HIF-1Α signaling pathways. Furthermore, this dissertation examines regulatory mechanisms involved in AhR-mediated gene expression and identifies epigenetic regulation as a critical factor in AhR target gene expression. In summary, this dissertation helped to improve the understanding of mechanisms of PCB 126 toxicity. Understanding the detrimental biological effects of these ubiquitous environmental pollutants might ultimately have significant implications for human health.

The nature of the subunit interactions in the inducible arginine decarboxylase from Escherichia coli B is of considerable interest because of the observed differences in the catalytic activities of the dimer and the decamer; the decamer is active and the dimer is inactive. To study these interactions, inactive dimers were prepared by sodium borohydride reduction of the E-amino--pyridoxal-P Schiff base. Hybrid decamers were then prepared from varying molar ratios of native and reduced dimers. The hybrid decamers were indistinguishable from native decamers as observed in the analytical ultracentrifuge and on acrylamide gel electrophoresis. Kinetic studies indicated that true hybrids were formed rather than mixtures of all-native and all-reduced decamers. Results obtained with the decamers containing 1, 2, 3, or 4 parts in 5 of reduced enzyme showed no significant changes in Km values from the native decamer. However, the Vm values for these hybrids are greater than predicted from the mole fraction of active dimers. For example, the hybrid containing 20% reduced enzyme approaches the Vm of the native decamer. These observations suggest that, in the intact molecule, two active sites cooperate catalytically but only one is catalytically active.

<p>We have constructed two adenovirus-based gene expression vector systems permitting regulated protein expression. They are based on the tetracycline-regulated Tet-ON- and the progesterone antagonist RU 486-regulated gene expression systems, which were rescued into E1-deficient adenovirus vectors. The vectors function in a number of cell types representing a broad species-variety and the regulation of protein expression was shown to be tightly controlled in cells not permissive for virus replication. Furthermore, the adenovirus-Tet-ON system was shown to perform in mice after intramuscular administration.</p><p>The novel adenovirus-vector systems were then used to study the effects of overexpression of selected proteins on adenovirus replication during a lytic infection, with focus on regulation of adenovirus alternative splicing. Expression of adenovirus transcription units is to a large extent temporally regulated at the level of alternative pre-mRNA splicing, where viral splice site usage shifts from proximal to distal splice site selection as infection proceeds. This makes adenovirus an appropriate model for mechanistic studies of regulated splicing. We show that overexpression of the essential host cell splicing factor ASF/SF2 inhibits this shift by promoting usage of proximal splice sites. As a consequence, the virus displayed a markedly inhibited growth. Interestingly, mRNA expression from the adenovirus major late promoter was almost completely lost as a consequence of ASF/SF2 overexpression. Collectively, the cellular splicing factor ASF/SF2 prevents adenovirus from entering the late phase of infection. This strongly argues for a need for the virus to block the splicing enhancer activity of ASF/SF2 for establishment of a lytic infection. Further, from analysis of the strict inhibition of late region 1 late pre-mRNA splicing we propose that the temporal regulation of alternative splicing is merely a consequence of fitness rather than profoundly deleterious effects of an unregulated expression. During our studies we noted that in 293 cells, which are used for growth of E1-deficient Ad vectors, an unwanted background reporter gene expression was evident in our vector systems. We therefore introduced an additional regulatory element, functioning as a transcriptional road-block, and showed that this methodological innovation represents a way to overcome the potentially deleterious effects of background reporter gene expression. This modified viral vector system should make it possible to reconstruct recombinant viruses expressing highly toxic proteins.</p><p>In conclusion, this work presents a new <i>in vivo </i>model system to study proteins involved in RNA splicing and other gene regulatory mechanisms.</p>

Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2006. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vi, 156 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.

We have constructed two adenovirus-based gene expression vector systems permitting regulated protein expression. They are based on the tetracycline-regulated Tet-ON- and the progesterone antagonist RU 486-regulated gene expression systems, which were rescued into E1-deficient adenovirus vectors. The vectors function in a number of cell types representing a broad species-variety and the regulation of protein expression was shown to be tightly controlled in cells not permissive for virus replication. Furthermore, the adenovirus-Tet-ON system was shown to perform in mice after intramuscular administration. The novel adenovirus-vector systems were then used to study the effects of overexpression of selected proteins on adenovirus replication during a lytic infection, with focus on regulation of adenovirus alternative splicing. Expression of adenovirus transcription units is to a large extent temporally regulated at the level of alternative pre-mRNA splicing, where viral splice site usage shifts from proximal to distal splice site selection as infection proceeds. This makes adenovirus an appropriate model for mechanistic studies of regulated splicing. We show that overexpression of the essential host cell splicing factor ASF/SF2 inhibits this shift by promoting usage of proximal splice sites. As a consequence, the virus displayed a markedly inhibited growth. Interestingly, mRNA expression from the adenovirus major late promoter was almost completely lost as a consequence of ASF/SF2 overexpression. Collectively, the cellular splicing factor ASF/SF2 prevents adenovirus from entering the late phase of infection. This strongly argues for a need for the virus to block the splicing enhancer activity of ASF/SF2 for establishment of a lytic infection. Further, from analysis of the strict inhibition of late region 1 late pre-mRNA splicing we propose that the temporal regulation of alternative splicing is merely a consequence of fitness rather than profoundly deleterious effects of an unregulated expression. During our studies we noted that in 293 cells, which are used for growth of E1-deficient Ad vectors, an unwanted background reporter gene expression was evident in our vector systems. We therefore introduced an additional regulatory element, functioning as a transcriptional road-block, and showed that this methodological innovation represents a way to overcome the potentially deleterious effects of background reporter gene expression. This modified viral vector system should make it possible to reconstruct recombinant viruses expressing highly toxic proteins. In conclusion, this work presents a new in vivo model system to study proteins involved in RNA splicing and other gene regulatory mechanisms.