In this thesis is investigated how magnetic field varies at different instants of time in the air gap of linear induction motor and outside of it. The are given results of simulation, which show the change of magnetic flux at different instants of time of linear induction motor in the air gap, outside the inductors, also magnetic flux dependencies on air gap width. Two models of linear induction motor with secondary element and without it are compared.

Since most of the electrical energy is consumed by the electrical motors, it is necessary to use the electrical energy as efficient as possible. Throughout this study four different types of motors (induction motor, permanent magnet radial flux DC motor, permanent magnet axial flux DC motor, switched reluctance motor) are considered and compared based on their torque per unit volume and speed performance comparison. Torque per unit volume equations are obtained for each of the motor, related to quantities such as magnetic flux density and electric loading and the speed performances are compared by using a washing machine application, which has a wide speed range. As a result of this study torque per unit volume and speed performance of each of these four types of motors are obtained and motors of different types are evaluated due to their torque per motor volume, torque per ampere, efficiency and etc. over a wide speed range to have an idea about the applications of these motors.

This thesis is part of a major research project to analyse vibro-acoustic characteristics from variable speed inverter driven induction motors (VSIDIM). The overall projects??? aimed at providing a better understanding of the mechanisms of sound generation from electromagnetic origins and developing a numerical model to predict the sound power emitted from a VSIDIM. The scope of this thesis is to assess experimentally the effect of various controller strategies on the radiated sound power and to develop a finite element method for calculating the electromagnetic force distribution over the stator. Various sources of noise in induction motors and their behaviour with speed and load have been reviewed. Models of the electromagnetic field and vibro-acoustic character have been discussed. An outline of various techniques of reducing noise in induction motors through design of inverters and modifications to the motor structure has been given. Experiments were conducted to assess the effect of controller strategies on the radiated sound power. Three different supplies were tested: a dynamotor which produces an almost sinusoidal supply with very low harmonic content, an inverter with a low switching frequency (less than 1kHz) and an inverter with a high switching frequency (8kHz) and various levels of random modulation. Results indicate that the sound power level of the MSC drive is a lot higher than that of the VSC 2000 drive and the dynamotor drive. The sound power level of the VSC 2000 drive and the dynamotor drive increases almost linearly with motor speed, that for the MSC drive is almost independent of speed. The sound power level of the MSC drive is almost 28dB higher than that of the dynamotor drive at 450rpm and the difference is reduced to 14dB at 1500rpm where the aerodynamic noise becomes more dominant. It has been found that at the rated speed (1500rpm), the sound power level varies by less than 3dB from no load to full load for all three sources. Although increasing the switching frequency increases the cost of the inverters and switching losses, results from the MSC and VSC 2000 drives clearly show that it reduces the radiated sound power by shifting the harmonics into higher and inaudible frequency range. The tonal nature around the switching frequency has been reduced by increasing the levels of random modulation to spread the energy over a wider range of frequencies, although the sound power level has not varied by more than 0.2dB. A finite element model has been developed to calculate the electromagnetic force distribution. The quasi-static solution method has been implemented by stepping the rotor through the time domain using a fine regular mesh in the air gap. The stator currents were experimentally obtained while the rotor currents were obtained using a 4 parameter state space model of the motor. Results of the simulation indicate the influence of stator and rotor slots, saturation and time harmonics in the current. The calculated electromagnetic force distribution has been used in a FEM/BEM acoustic model and SEA acoustic model to predict the radiated sound power which agrees reasonably well with the measured sound, thus validating indirectly the electromagnetic force simulations.

With the advent of power electronics, inverter-driven induction motor are finding increased use in industries because of applications that demand variable speed operations and because of the potential savings in energy usage. However, these drives sometimes produce unacceptably high levels in vibration and acoustic noise. A literature survey has revealed that while there has been intensive research on the design of inverters to minimize acoustic noise radiation from these drives, the vibro-acoustic behaviour of an induction motor structure has received relatively little attention. The primary objective of this research project, therefore, is to develop a general strategy/algorithm for estimating the acoustic noise radiated from inverter-driven induction motors. By using a three-phase, 2.2 kW induction motor, the vibration modes due to various structural components (such as the rotor, the stator/casing, the endshields and the base plate) of the motor structure were analysed by experimental modal testing. Results indicate that the vibration modes due to the rotor are only important at low frequencies. It has been found that the power injection method gives more accurate measurement of the damping of a motor structure than the modal testing and the time decay methods. If a point force excitation is used, then it is more accurate to measure the sound radiation efficiency than the power conversion efficiency for motor structures. The effect of three different inverter designs (an ideal ???almost sinusoidal??? controller and two commercially available PWM inverters) on the radiated acoustic power were assessed for both no-load and load conditions using sound intensity measurements conducted in an anechoic room. The results indicate that although the sound power level due to aerodynamic and mechanical noise increases at a rate of 12 dB per doubling of the motor speed, the electromagnetic noise dominates at low motor speeds and is still a significant noise source even at high motor speeds. For inverters with low switching frequencies, the radiated sound power level is almost 15 dB higher than the ideal case at low speeds and is relatively insensitive to the motor speed. For inverters that implement the random modulation technique, the change in the total sound power level with the level of the random modulation is very small but the tonal nature of the noise is greatly reduced. The vibration behaviour of a motor structure was modeled using the finite element method (FEM) and validated using the experimental modal testing results. It has been found that it is essential to model the laminated stator as an orthotropic structure. While the details of other structural components (such as the endshields, the teeth in the stator and the windings) are not so important, it is essential that they are incorporated into the structural model as simplified structures to account for their mass, stiffness and boundary conditions imposed on the motor structure. Based on this structural model, the radiated acoustic power for various operating conditions has been predicated using the boundary element (BEM) and the electromagnetic force calculated from an electromagnetic finite element model. The predicted results agree reasonably well with experimental measurements. Despite the success of the FEM/BEM approaches, they can be prohibitively expensive (in terms of computer resources required) to apply to large motors and high frequencies. Thus the feasibility of using a statistical method, namely, the statistical energy analysis (SEA), to estimate the radiated acoustic sound power from an inverter-driven induction motor has been examined. In order to carry out this analysis, analytical expressions for calculating the natural frequencies and radiation efficiency of finite length circular cylindrical shells (which are simplified models of the stator and casing of a motor structure) were firstly derived. The internal loss factors and coupling loss factors of the motor structure were determined experimentally using the power injection method. Then by introducing an equivalent surface mobility of circular cylindrical shells for the electromagnetic force, the vibration response and the acoustic noise radiated from each part of the motor structure were estimated. Results indicate that SEA method is potentially an efficient and effective tool in estimating the noise radiated from inverter-driven induction motors.

O uso da tecnologia sensorless é uma tendência crescente para acionamentos industriais aplicados em máquinas elétricas. A estimação dos parâmetros elétricos e mecânicos envolvidos com o controle da máquina elétrica são utilizados freqüentemente para se evitar medir todas as variáveis envolvidas no processo. A redução de custos em acionamentos industriais, além do incremento da robustez do sistema, são algumas das vantagens do uso de técnicas sensorless. Este trabalho propõe o uso de lógica fuzzy para estimar a velocidade de rotação de motores de indução trifásicos. Estão presentes resultados de simulações computacionais e comparação com outras técnicas inteligentes para validação da abordagem apresentada. / The use of sensorless technologies is an increasing tendency on industrial drives for electrical machines. The estimation of electrical and mechanical parameters involved with the electric machine control is used very frequently in order to avoid measurement of all variables from this process. The cost reduction may also be considered in industrial drives, besides the increasing robustness of the system, as advantages of the use of sensorless technologies. This work proposes the use of fuzzy logic to estimate the speed in three-phase induction motors. Simulation results are presented to validate the proposed approach and comparative analyses with other intelligent techniques are also outlined.

O objetivo desta tese consiste na implementação de sistemas inteligentes para monitoramento e diagnósticos de falhas ocorrentes em motores de indução trifásicos. Para tanto, desenvolveu-se uma bancada de experimentos que visa ensaios de falhas relacionados a curto-circuito entre as bobinas do enrolamento de estator, quebras nas barras da gaiola de esquilo do rotor e, finalmente, rolamentos defeituosos. Mais especificamente, o enfoque principal consiste na proposição de uma abordagem neural de detecção de quebras nas barras de rotores de motores de indução trifásicos mediante a análise do espectro de frequência e aplicação de técnicas de análise das componentes principais. Considerou-se o acionamento do motor de indução tanto pela tensão de alimentação da rede quanto por inversor trifásico em diferentes frequências, operando sob diversas condições de torque de carga para a avaliação da metodologia. / The objective of this thesis consists of the implementation of intelligent systems for three-phase induction motors fault diagnosis and condition monitoring. Therefore, an experimental test stand for stator winding inter-turn short circuit faults, broken rotor bar in squirrel cage and, finally, defective wheel bearing has been designed. The main focus is to propose a neural network approach, which uses spectral frequency analysis and principal component analysis techniques to detect broken rotor bar in squirrel cage induction motor. Induction motor operating at different load torque conditions and supplied with sinusoidal voltage supply and three-phase inverter at different frequency was considered in the experiment for methodology evaluation.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-12T20:27:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Resumo - Eduardo Cavalca.pdf: 79555 bytes, checksum: 90f9b6daaa60256b513924a9a0d2ecdd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-12 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Model-based predictive control (MPC) approaches has been studied in a wide range of areas, as petrochemical and aerospace, mainly due to its capability of easily deal with physical and operational constraints. Moreover, such approaches can be extended for the application in control loops with nonlinear and time-variant systems. At this context, the objective of this work is to study some MPC techniques in order to evaluate their applicability to control a three-phase induction motor. More specifically, it was analyzed a Dynamic Matrix Control (DMC) approach, as well as two MPC techniques that uses state space modeling. The control algorithms in question and the nonlinear mathematical model of the motor in study were programmed using the free computing environment Scilab-Xcos®. The models of the threephase motor used in the MPC were obtained by a system identification method (based on the step response of the classical non-linear motor model) and by a phenomenological three-phase modeling approach. Multiple simulations have been performed considering variations in load and speed reference. Besides, some discussions are made related to the influence of the control parameters and about the computational cost. Finally, the results showed that the use of MPC techniques in induction machines has great potential. / Abordagens de controle preditivo baseado em modelo (MPC, do inglês model-based predictive control) têm sido estudadas em diversas áreas, como petroquímica e aeroespacial, principalmente devido à capacidade que apresentam em tratar restrições físicas e operacionais de forma simples. Além disso, tais abordagens podem ser estendidas para aplicação em malhas de controle de sistema não lineares e variantes no tempo. Nesse contexto o objetivo desse trabalho é estudar algumas técnicas de MPC a fim de avaliar sua aplicabilidade no controle de um motor de indução trifásico. Mais especificamente, é analisada a técnica DMC (do inglês Dynamic Matrix Control) bem como duas técnicas de MPC que utilizam modelos no espaço de estados. Os algoritmos de controle em questão e o modelo matemático não linear do motor estudado foram programados utilizando o Scilab-Xcos®, um ambiente de processamento de código livre. Os modelos do motor de indução trifásico utilizados no MPC foram obtidos por meio de um método de identificação de sistemas (baseado na resposta ao degrau do modelo clássico não linear do motor) e por uma abordagem de modelagem fenomenológica trifásica. Múltiplas simulações foram realizadas, considerando variações de carga e referência de velocidade, sendo então apresentadas algumas discussões sobre a influência dos parâmetros de controle e custo computacional. Finalmente, os resultados obtidos demonstraram que a aplicação de técnicas MPC em máquinas de indução apresenta um grande potencial.

Orientador: Jozué Vieira Filho / Banca: Carlos Antonio Alves / Banca: Tony Inácio da Silva / Resumo: A automação de esteiras rolantes é algo comum e importante em sistemas industriais, mas problemas práticos ainda representam desafios. Um dos desses desafios é manter a precisão em sistemas que exigem paradas sistemáticas, pois folgas mecânicas tendem a provocar variações nas posições de paradas ao longo do tempo. A aplicação de motores de indução têm se tornado comum e soluções eficientes e de baixo custo têm sido pesquisadas. Neste trabalho foi desenvolvido e implementado um sistema de controle de posição e velocidade aplicado em esteiras transportadoras utilizando inversor de frequência, microcontrolador, encoder óptico incremental e sensor indutivo. O movimento da esteira transportadora é efetuado por um motor de indução trifásico, que é acionado pelo conjunto microcontrolador - inversor de frequência. Este conjunto impõe uma frequência no estator do motor através de uma troca de mensagens entre microcontrolador e inversor de frequência (Sistema Mestre-Escravo). Para o envio e recebimento das mensagens, utilizou-se o protocolo de comunicação serial USS® (Universal Serial Interface Protocol) através do padrão RS-485. Os controles de posição e velocidade de rotação do eixo do motor fundamentam-se no sinal gerado pelo encoder óptico incremental, responsável por informar a posição do eixo do motor ao longo da trajetória, e no sensor indutivo que determina uma referência externa importante para a esteira transportadora. Para o funcionamento automático da esteira, elaborou-se um software em linguagem de programação C. Como resultado obteve-se um sistema de controle de posição e velocidade do eixo do motor de indução trifásico que apresenta bons resultados / Abstract: Automated conveyors system have been largely used in industrial applications. However, there are still practical issues to be overcome. One of them is due to the system mechanical limitation which can lead to low accuracy for applications based on "stop-and-go" movements. Induction motors have been largely used in such applications and low costs solutions have been searched. In this work it was developed and implemented a system of positioning and velocity control applied to conveyors which is based on frequency inverter, microcontroller, optical incremental encoder and inductive sensor. The conveyor's movement is made by means of a three-phase induction motor, which is driven by the couple microcontroller-frequency inverter. There are messages exchange between the microcontroller and the frequency inverter (Master - Slave configuration) which is based on the communication serial protocol USS through the RS-485 standard. The position and velocity of the motor spindle are controlled using an optical incremental encoder, which is responsible to provide the position of the trajectory, and an inductive sensor which determines the initial reference to the conveyor. The software used to control the system was developed in C language. The results show a low cost system with good results / Mestre

L’optimisation de l’efficacité énergétique des machines électriques constitue un domaine de recherche bien développé et fait partie des objectifs de plusieurs accords internationaux comme le projet Energie-Climat de la Commission Européenne visant l’amélioration de 20% d’efficacité pour 2020, encore étendu pour 2030 avec des objectifs plus importants. Ainsi, cette thèse propose un procédé d’optimisation du rendement du moteur asynchrone en agissant sur les paramètres du contrôle. Pour atteindre cet objectif, le flux dans l’entrefer est adapté selon un tableau de flux optimal calculé hors ligne pour tous les points de fonctionnement possibles. Ce flux est déterminé avec le plus haut degré de précision possible en se basant sur un modèle dynamique de la machine développé dans ces travaux. Ce dernier pallie le point faible du modèle dynamique classique, en prenant en compte l’effet des pertes fer. Le modèle des pertes fer utilisé est celui de Bertotti, qui les évalue en fonction de la fréquence et de l’amplitude du champ magnétique. Les pertes sont alors représentées par une résistance variable, continuellement évaluée selon le point de fonctionnement. Le tableau de flux optimal obtenu est fonction des conditions d’opération repérées dans le plan couple-vitesse. Ainsi l’étude montre que le flux peut être optimisé pour des valeurs de couple sensiblement inférieures à environ la moitié du couple nominal, ce seuil variant en fonction de la vitesse. La méthode d’optimisation proposée est simulée puis testée pour le contrôle scalaire et le contrôle vectoriel indirect par orientation de flux rotorique, afin de montrer la généricité de l’approche. La validation est conduite sur une maquette expérimentale d’une puissance de 5.5 kW et pour 2 machines asynchrones de générations différentes (IE2 et IE3). Les résultats obtenus montrent la réduction des pertes dans la machine et donc une amélioration du rendement global, tout en préservant un comportement dynamique satisfaisant. L’optimisation de l’efficacité énergétique est ainsi validée pour les deux structures de contrôle et pour les deux types de machine. Outre une comparaison avec la simulation, la solution proposée est comparée aux méthodes existantes afin d’en apprécier l’efficacité. / Energy efficiency optimization of electric machines is an important research field and is part of the objectives of several international projects such as the European Commission Climate and Energy package which has set itself a 20% energy savings target by 2020, and was extended for 2030 with higher targets. Therefore, this thesis proposes an efficiency optimization method of the Induction Machine (IM) through the variation of the control parameters. To achieve this goal, the flux in the airgap is modified according to an optimal flux table computed off-line for all possible operating points. The flux table is calculated with the best possible accuracy through an improved dynamic model of the IM, developed in these works. The latter avoids the main drawback of the classic dynamic model, by considering the effect of core losses. The core loss model established by Bertotti is used. It depends on the frequency and the amplitude of the magnetic field. The losses are then represented by a variable resistor, continuously evaluated according to the operating point. The established optimal flux table is a function of the operating conditions in terms of torque and speed. Indeed, the results show that the flux can be optimized for torque values less than about half the rated torque, and that this threshold is influenced by the speed. The proposed optimization method is simulated, then tested for the scalar control and the field-oriented control, in order to show the genericity of the proposed approach. The validation is carried on an experimental test bench for two 5.5 kW induction motors of different efficiency standards (IE2 and IE3). The results obtained show the reduction of the losses in the motor, thus an improvement of the overall efficiency while preserving a satisfactory dynamic behavior. Consequently, the optimization of the energy efficiency is validated for the two control structures and for the two studied motors. In addition to the validation of the simulation results, the proposed approach is compared to existing methods to assess its effectiveness

Submitted by TIAGO VERONESE ORTUNHO null (tiagoveronese@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-02-12T15:21:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertação_Tiago Veronese Ortunho.pdf: 9888051 bytes, checksum: daa0017b5f72b209761888978c268823 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-02-15T11:22:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ortunho_tv_me_ilha.pdf: 9888051 bytes, checksum: daa0017b5f72b209761888978c268823 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-15T11:22:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ortunho_tv_me_ilha.pdf: 9888051 bytes, checksum: daa0017b5f72b209761888978c268823 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-21 / Nesta dissertação apresentam-se o princípio de funcionamento do motor de indução trifásico em regime permanente abordando os ensaios necessários para obtenção de seus parâmetros e as diferentes possibilidades de variação de velocidade. A partir disso, efetuou-se uma análise da modelagem dinâmica do motor, enfocando nas transformações de eixos, além de analisar os tipos de controle, escalar, vetorial direto e indireto (orientado pelo fluxo do rotor, pelo fluxo do estator e pelo fluxo do entreferro) e o controle direto de torque. Também se abordou os conversores CC - CA utilizados para o acionamento do motor de indução trifásico, juntamente com suas principais metodologias de modulação. Fez-se uma revisão do estado da arte dos sistemas de acionamento e controle mais estudados nos últimos anos sobre o assunto. Após, estudou-se os conceitos de estabilidade quadrática proposto por Lyapunov, juntamente com o controle H∞, os quais foram a base para o desenvolvimento de controladores robustos projetados no trabalho com desigualdade matriciais lineares (em inglês Linear Matrix Inequalities (LMIs)). Desenvolveram-se cinco tipos de controladores robustos com LMIs: o robusto, com taxa de decaimento (para sigma 1 e 10), H∞, H∞ com D-Estabilidade e H∞ com D-Estabilidade e realimentação da integral do erro de saída sendo que em todos o motor de indução trifásico foi orientado pelo fluxo do rotor. Os controladores foram projetados para quatro diferentes configurações, sendo considerados, primeiro caso - variação da velocidade (5 rad/s até a nominal); segundo caso - variação da velocidade e incerteza na resistência rotórica (3%); terceiro caso - variação na velocidade e incerteza na constante de tempo do rotor (5%); quarto caso - variação na velocidade e incertezas na constante de tempo do rotor (15%) e do estator (10%). Em todos os controladores projetados foram analisadas a resposta no tempo das saídas para uma entrada degrau unitário de distúrbio do torque de carga. Esta análise objetivou avaliar o comportamento do sistema, porém, para emular o sistema com maior fidelidade, foi montado no software Matlab/Simulink uma plataforma que contém o conjunto completo de acionamento, sistema de potência e controle, com alimentação trifásica, retificador de onda completa, barramento CC – CC, conversor CC – CA, motor de indução de indução trifásico e sensores. Esta plataforma possibilita desenvolver diversos testes no acionamento do motor de indução, além de facilitar a implementação e coleta de resultados com outras topologias de controladores. Nesta plataforma foram desenvolvidas simulações para o sistema sem carga e após 1,5 segundos aplicava-se um degrau de carga nominal no motor. Nesta plataforma analisaram-se o sistema em malha aberta com intuito de entender o comportamento do motor e, em malha fechada, foi simulado o sistema para os quatro casos de análise considerando os seis controladores robustos e o sistema com o controle clássico PI. Nas simulações foram observadas diversas formas de onda, as quais foram comparadas com os resultados do sistema em malha aberta e do controle PI. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos para os controladores H∞ com D-Estabilidade e H∞ com D-Estabilidade e realimentação da integral do erro de saída, pois, seguiram a referência de velocidade solicitada com um tempo de estabelecimento relativamente pequeno. Evidencia-se a viabilidade dos controladores e a possibilidade da implementação em bancada e ambiente industrial, os quais proporcionarão maior confiabilidade ao sistema de acionamento. / This research shows the steady state operating principle of triphasic induction motors to approach the tests necessary to obtain their parameters and different speed variation possibilities. After were performed an analysis of the dynamics of motor modeling, focusing on the transformation of axes, and analyzing the types of control, scalar, direct and indirect vector (guided by the rotor flux at the stator flux and flux air gap) and direct torque control. The converters CC – AC used to drive the induction motor are also aborded, along with their main methods of modulation. A review of the state of the art regarding the drives and control systems most studied in recent years on the subject is presented. After were studied the concepts of quadratic stability proposed by Lyapunov, together with the H∞ control, which were the basis for the development of robust controllers based on Linear Matrix Inequality (LMI). In this research were developed five types of robust controllers with LMI: the robust controller, the controller with decay rate (for sigma 1 and 10), H∞ controller, H∞ controller with D- Stability and H∞ controller with D- Stability and feedback the integral of output error, considering in all cases that the triphasic induction motor is driven by rotor flux. The controllers were designed for four different configurations and were considered the first case - the speed variation (5 rad/s up to the rated); second case - the speed variation and uncertainty in the rotor resistance (3%); third case - variations in speed and uncertainty in the rotor time constant (5%); fourth case - variations in speed and uncertainties in the rotor time constant (15%) and the stator (10%). In all researched controllers were analyzed the response time of the outputs for a unit step input load torque disturbance. This analysis aimed to evaluate system behavior, however, for a complete and rigorous analysis of the system, with greater fidelity, was set up in Matlab/ Simulink software a platform that contains the full set of drive, power and control system with three-phase power, full-wave rectifier, bus DC – DC, converter DC – AC, three-phase induction motor and sensors. This platform allows the simulation of various tests with induction motor drive, and also the implementation and result analysis using a broad class of controllers. Simulations of the system without load and considering a nominal engine load step applied after 1.5 seconds are presented. In this program were analyzed the open-loop system with the aim of understanding the motor behavior, and the closed loop system was simulated considering four cases, six robust controllers and the classic PI controller. The simulations display the waveforms of triphasic current and the line voltage of the MIT, the triggers for inverter drive, currents and voltages of the direct-axis and quadrature, the electromagnetic torque and speed. The best results were obtained for the H∞ controllers with D-Stability and H∞ with D-Stability and feedback of the integral of output error. The feedback system with this controller tracked the speed reference with a small setting time. Based on this results it is possible the application of this control technique in industrial environments.