Thesis (Ph. D.)--Northwestern University, 1992. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 545-584).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Southern California, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 70-73).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, Berkeley, 1990. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 285-298).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Yale University, 1994. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 165-172).

Since the regional policy nowadays is an important subject in the European institutions, the involvement of regional and local authorities in the programming, management, evaluation and monitoring of operations is essential for the success of EU level policy. A Regional Problem is defined as a problem that arises in an area of a country where there is dependence on a narrow industrial base often faced with declining manufacturing activity, and lack of general infrastructures. Other challenges include low levels of GDP and a net migration out of a country or region. The EU is trying to overcome these challenges by using the Structural funds financing programs to help firms in these regions. This paper presents a comparative analysis of the innovation policy and the industrial policy at the national and regional levels in Ireland and Finland, over the 1990s. In both countries the period from 1991-99 was marked by expansion, as measured by steady output growth for manufacturing as a whole (albeit at substantially lower levels in Finland than in Ireland). / In general, the evidence presented in this paper suggests a positive relationship between innovation policy as reflected in financial support to firms for R&D and business level investment in R&D and innovation activity. R&D financial assistance to firms has been a significant feature of the industrial development policy in Ireland since the 1980s. At the same time, the proportion of manufacturing firms undertaking R&D, product and process innovations increased steadily throughout the 1990s. In Ireland the construction industry boosted economic development as foreign businesses could find favourable conditions for setting up their businesses. Initially tax and grant incentives were given to firms which were later on complemented by high killed labour that could be utilized in high tech businesses. / zeqavete@gmail.com khanomair82@gmail.com

China's increasing geo-economic blow all-inclusive has pulled in remarkable researchconsideration during recent years. As opposed to entirely embrace a national-particular and waysubordinate viewpoint, this paper investigates Chinese economic developments abroad and itsimpact around the world. Data has been collected from some reliable resources and it’s beenreviewed and analyzed by the researchers. This paper gives a deeper insight of Geoeconomics andfocuses on Industrial policy, export and strategic trade of China. Furthermore, the influence ofChina’s growing geo-economic has been discussed in detail.

The key underlying question of this dissertation is whether and how business actors are able to use their heightened mobility to affect electoral outcomes and constrain the policy choices of elected officials. Focusing on cases of interstate corporate headquarters (HQ) relocation and its effects on gubernatorial elections, this dissertation investigates the electoral effects of HQ relocation and its implications for policy. The first chapter examines electoral effects of interstate HQ relocation. My analysis shows that HQ relocation generates electoral responses but in an asymmetrical manner between HQ inflow and HQ outflow: when HQ relocate in, citizens tend to vote for the incumbent party in gubernatorial elections, expecting similar positive events to continue. When HQ relocate out, voters increase support for the Republican Party in an effort to lower the chances of recurrence. This is because of the pervasive belief that the Democratic Party tends to pursue the main policy drivers of HQ outflow---high corporate tax rates and less- friendly business environments. Building upon the findings in the first chapter, the second chapter investigates whether the asymmetric responses of voters to HQ relocation gives rise to different practices in offering lucrative tax incentives depending on the partisanship of the elected officials. The analysis provides evidence that mobile firms such as multinational corporations and firms operating in multiple states, pay lower effective corporate tax rates under Democratic governors than Republican governors. Lastly, the third chapter investigates microfoundtional support for partisan blame attributions in the wake of HQ relocation using a survey experiment. I find that the effects of party label only prevail in the aftermath of an HQ outflow since voters believe that Democrat politicians tend to support high corporate tax rates and less-friendly business environments, which, these voters believe, push corporate HQ out of their states. The findings of my dissertation have implications for the political economy of business-government relationships, broad debates on the effects of economic globalization on policy levers of governments, and our understanding of electoral accountability.

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree M.Com. Development Theory and Policy in the faculty of Commerce, Law and Management at the University of the Witwayersrand, 2013 / This paper undertook qualitative research to determine the trade policy space for South Africa to implement its industrial policy action plan (Ipap). The South African economy was transformed from import substitution in the 1970s to export-orientation in the 1980s. The apartheid regime failed to develop coherent policies for industrialisation. In the 1990s, there was a deliberate government decision as articulated in the GEAR policy to liberalise the economy and with regard to trade this is associated with accession to the World Trade Organisation and commitments made thereof. In 2007, the country adopted the national industrial policy framework to guide its reindustrialisation efforts and subsequently various iterations of the Ipap. Therefore, given that a lot of policy space was lost when the country joined as the WTO as a developed country, the question is “does South Africa have enough policy space to use some of the instruments that were used by successful Asian countries to industrialise”. The WTO made some of these instruments illegal. To analyse policy space, the paper looked at the effect of WTO Agreements on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM), on Trade-Related Investment Measures (TRIMS), on Government Procurement (GPA), as well as the tariff commitments. The study found that although SCM has made certain subsidies illegal, other kinds of subsidies are allowed such as those for economic development in disadvantaged regions and for rural development. Therefore, strategy and packaging of these subsidies for development is important. TRIMS was found to have significantly reduced policy space by making a number of instruments on foreign direct investment illegal such as enforcing local content as well as export requirements. Since South Africa is not party to the GPA, it retains policy space to use government procurement to promote industrialisation in the country. In terms of tariffs commitment, the study found that there is no “water” between applied and bound rate for a number of critical sectors such as textile, clothing, footwear, and furniture. However, other important sectors such as automotive and automotive components and white goods still have “water” to increase tariff in future as necessary. Therefore, the study concluded that there is policy space to implement industrial policy in South Africa but this requires strategy and closer look at the WTO rules for flexibility.

Pode-se posicionar, atualmente, a produtividade como um dos temas mais intrigantes e relevantes da atualidade. Os debates que a circundam vão desde a maneira mais adequada de mensurá-la até seus condicionantes macro e microeconômicos. O cenário brasileiro atual outorga-lhe relevância ainda maior, uma vez que o país passa por um longo período de avanços muito modestos em termos de produtividade. As relações existentes entre produtividade industrial e inovação são descritas amplamente pela literatura econômica. A experiência dos países que caminharam em direção a níveis expressivamente superiores de produtividade aponta a inovação como elemento central em suas estratégias de desenvolvimento, o que ratifica o vínculo existente entre estas duas variáveis. Ademais, a produtividade também deve responder positivamente a esforços direcionados no âmbito da Política Industrial, quando esta encontra-se endossada por política acessórias, entre elas a política macroeconômica. Observa-se, neste contexto, que a Política Industrial brasileira a partir dos anos 2000 pouco impactou a produtividade da indústria nacional. Destacam-se: i) a política macroeconômica contraditória; ii) a desconsideração do ambiente de mudanças em termos econômicos e tecno-produtivos; iii) as falhas de concepção e execução da Política Industrial; iv) e a institucionalidade incapacidade de promoção de adesão e engajamento do setor produtivo como principais motivos para tal. / Nowadays, the productivity can be analyzed as one of the most relevant themes of the economics agenda. The debates that surround it go from the most appropriate way of measuring it to its macro and microeconomic constraints. The current Brazilian scenario provides it even greater relevance as the country goes through a long period of very modest advances in terms of productivity. The relation between industrial productivity and innovation are widely described in the economic literature. The experience of countries that have moved towards significantly higher levels of productivity points to innovation as a central element in their development strategies, which ratifies the linkages between these two variables. In addition, productivity must also respond positively to efforts directed into the scope of the Industrial Policy, when it is supported by ancillary policy, among them the macroeconomic policy. It is observed, in this context, that the Brazilian Industrial Policy from the 2000s had little impact on the productivity of the national industry. The following stand out because of the: i) contradictory macroeconomic policy; ii) misunderstanding of the environment for changes in economic and techno-productive terms; iii) failures to design and implement of the Industrial Policy; iv) and the institutionality inability to promote adherence and engagement of the productive sector as main reasons for doing so.

Business enterprise produces goods and services through the orchestration of factors of production defined in essence by human consumption behaviour. The production and consumption of goods and services are also associated with environmental problems. These socially constructed problems, regardless of the implied incontrovertibility of their dangers, have drawn attention to the importance of sustainable development models as a means of minimising ecological risk. As a consequence of the ecological aspects of business enterprise and its interrelations between the social and physical environment the firm and corporate management have become focus points of attempts to ameliorate environmental change. The ecological orientation of companies can be defined through their internal, social and economic characteristics as well as psychological factors, which are germane to corporate objectives. The development of corporate ecological orientations is on one hand dependent upon actual or anticipated external changes acting upon the operating frameworks of a firm and on the other hand the existence of relevant management values and intentions expressed through their strategic planning process. In this research key features of the notion of environmental consciousness are identified and employed to investigate the corporate environmental consciousness of small and medium-sized enterprises in the United Kingdom and Germany. Environmental consciousness comprises cognitive, affective and conative aspects. Accordingly, the research involves an empirical examination of corporate values, attitudes towards environmental commitments and environmental action within firms. The examination is contextualised by socio-economic factors in which business enterprise is conducted in selected industry sectors within the United Kingdom and Germany. The study concludes with a synthesis of the research findings on environmental management practice and experiences of SMEs in each country.