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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Inescapable Wrongdoing and the Coherence of Morality: An Examination of Moral Dilemmas

Jackson, Vincent Patrick 01 July 2009 (has links)
In this thesis, I propose an argument against the possibility of moral dilemmas, which I construe as situations in which moral wrongdoing is inescapable. The first chapter addresses some terminological matters and attempts to sort out the main issues of contention between proponents and opponents of moral dilemmas. The second chapter lays out my argument, which I dub the "Argument from Action-Guidingness," against proponents of moral dilemmas. Negative moral judgments of the sort "X is wrong" typically carry with them the implication that X ought not to be done. If judgments of wrongness always have this action-guiding force, then moral dilemmas, which say that all courses of action available to the agent are morally wrong, threaten morality with incoherence. To avoid this problem, proponents of dilemmas will be forced to abandon the action-guiding implications of negative moral judgments when dilemmas arise. But this move is not without its own difficulties, which I elucidate. The final chapter identifies flaws in two prominent arguments in favor of dilemmas: the argument from moral distress and the argument from incommensurable values. The latter half of the chapter examines Sayre-McCord's "fairness argument" against dilemmas, and contrasts it with the argument from action-guidingness. / Master of Arts
2

Dilemas morais, erros inevitáveis e trauma / Moral dilemmas, inescapable wrongdoing and trauma

Nunes, Lauren de Lacerda 14 August 2015 (has links)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This doctoral thesis addresses the issue of moral dilemmas, specifically dilemmas of serious severity. These specific dilemmas are analyzed in an attempt to connect them to the thesis of Inescapable Moral Wrongdoing and the psychological trauma situation experienced by the agent in these situations. At first, examples of literature and philosophy that illustrate and explain each situation are presented. Such examples are Sophie s Choice, by William Styron, the dialogue between Socrates and Cephalus, in Book I of The Republic by Plato, and the case of the student of Sartre, in Existentialism is a Humanism. In a second moment, the study aims to carry out some important distinctions between types of moral dilemmas, namely: soluble, insoluble and symmetrical dilemmas. The main theories that deal with solution of moral dilemmas are exposed, divided in rationalist theories and "experientialist" theories. The former are analyzed so that it is shown that they do not accept genuine moral dilemmas, neither the thesis of the Inescapable Moral Wrongdoing, providing solutions for difficult moral dilemmas and even symmetrical, making use of principles of deontic logic, as the Kant Principle and the Agglomeration Principle. On the other hand, the theories of experientialist nature, which most interest this work, are those that accept the genuineness of moral dilemmas and admit the existence of the Inescapable Moral Wrongdoing. Therefore, some make use of the Remainder Thesis (TR), to which this work is affiliated. This theory states that in some specific moral dilemmas, even though the rational moral deliberation has been followed, the agent will suffer from feelings of regret, due to an emotional remainder concerning the duty that was not fulfilled or a violated value. Thus, according to the Remainder Thesis, the best explanation for this remainder and feelings of regret is the Inescapable Moral Wrongdoing theory. Therefore, the term "wrongdoing" is used in the sense of violating important moral values for the agent, and not in the sense of violating correct moral deliberation conclusions. To systematize the discussion, in a third moment, this study focuses on providing a definition capable of including the specific cases of moral dilemmas with inescapable moral wrongdoings (Definition of Moral Dilemmas with Inescapable Moral Wrongdoings - MDIMW). Moral dilemmas of serious severity are included in this definition, ones with a high moral cost to the agent, which are able to hurt the agent s moral sensibility and generate strong feelings of grief, which can lead to serious psychological trauma. The example of Sophie s Choice plays a crucial role in this discussion, while it fits the MDIMW. Finally, it is brought to the discussion the concept of "moral injury", recent term used in psychiatry to refer to situations of difficult moral choices usually faced by former war combatants. Certain serious moral choices faced by these agents would be able to generate "moral injury" to their moral codes, become risk factors for the manifestation of traumas and, in more serious cases, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Thus, analyzing the relationships between moral choices of serious severity, inescapable moral wrongdoings, trauma and the possibility of its overcoming, are the main objectives of this study. / A presente tese de doutorado aborda o tema dos dilemas morais, especificamente dilemas de séria gravidade. Estes dilemas específicos são analisados buscando-se conectar aos mesmos a tese do erro moral inevitável e à situação de trauma psicológico vivida pelo agente. Em um primeiro momento, expõem-se exemplos da literatura e da filosofia capazes de ilustrar e explicar tais situações. Tais exemplos são a Escolha de Sofia, de William Styron, o diálogo entre Sócrates e Céfalo, no livro I da República de Platão e o caso do aluno de Sartre, em O Existencialismo é um Humanismo. Em um segundo momento, o trabalho objetiva realizar algumas distinções importantes entre tipos de dilemas morais, a saber: solúveis, insolúveis e simétricos. São expostas as principais teorias que se ocupam da solução de dilemas morais, divididas entre teorias racionalistas e experiencialistas . As primeiras são analisadas para que fique demonstrado que não aceitam dilemas morais genuínos e, tampouco, a tese do erro moral inevitável, oferecendo soluções para dilemas morais difíceis e até mesmo simétricos, fazendo uso de princípios da lógica deôntica, como o Princípio de Kant e o Princípio de Aglomeração. Por outro lado, as teorias de cunho experiencialista, que mais interessam a este trabalho, são aquelas que aceitam a genuinidade dos dilemas morais e admitem a existência do erro moral inevitável. Para tanto, algumas fazem uso da Tese do Resquício (TR), à qual este trabalho se filia. Tal tese afirma que em alguns dilemas morais específicos, mesmo que a deliberação moral racional tenha sido seguida, o agente sofrerá de sentimentos de pesar, devido a um resquício emocional relativo ao dever não cumprido ou valor violado. Dessa forma, partindo-se da Tese do Resquício, defende-se que a melhor explicação possível para este resquício e os sentimentos de pesar correlatos é a tese do erro moral inevitável. Assim, utiliza-se o termo erro no sentido de violar valores morais importantes para o agente e não no sentido de violar conclusões de deliberação moral corretas. Para sistematizar a discussão, em um terceiro momento, este trabalho se concentra em oferecer uma definição capaz de abarcar os casos específicos de dilemas morais com erros morais inevitáveis (Definição de Dilemas Morais com Erros Morais Inevitáveis DMEMI). São incluídos em tal definição dilemas morais de séria gravidade, com custo moral alto para o agente, capazes de ferir sua sensibilidade moral e gerar fortes sentimentos de pesar, capazes de levar a traumas psicológicos sérios. O exemplo da Escolha de Sofia desempenha papel crucial nessa discussão, ao encaixar-se em DMEMI. Por fim, é trazido à discussão o conceito de dano moral , termo recente utilizado pela psiquiatria para se referir a situações de escolhas morais difíceis enfrentadas geralmente por ex-combatentes de guerra. Determinadas escolhas morais graves enfrentadas por estes agentes seriam capazes de gerar danos morais aos seus códigos morais e serem fatores de risco para manifestação de traumas e, em casos mais sérios, de Transtorno de Estresse Pós-traumático (TEPT). Assim, analisar as relações entre escolhas morais de séria gravidade, erro moral inevitável, trauma e a possibilidade de sua superação, são os principais objetivos deste trabalho.

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