"The World Bank's central mission is to fight poverty. Over 2 billion people around the world live in poverty. With such pressing concerns, why bother about arts and culture: because we must accept the importance of social well-being, educational and intellectual fulfilment. Culture is profoundly important. We need to understand the cultural dimension of development: for example effective educational projects must take into account the cultural expression and language of the community. We have moved from involvement solely with financial capital to a financial being balanced with social and structural factors, a more holistic view that incorporates lending criteria that accommodate 'social capital'. We will do our utmost to make a difference. Bank finance in culture is truly complementary to that of others. A Kenyan proverb displayed at the Museum of Natural History in New York reads: "Let us treat nature well. It was not given to us by out fathers but it was lent to us by our children". I suggest we insert 'cultural heritage' for nature." Ian Johnson - Vice President Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development, The World Bank (http:\www.arts&culture trust.htm) The Inner City of Pretoria is rapidly degrading. Businesses are moving out and poorer people are moving in. To create a place for real people, more than just economic stability is needed. At the Vienna Architecture Conference in 1993 "The End of Architecture?" Zaha Hadid stated: " Being an architect today one is faced with the challenge of a profession torn in two distinct aspects. On the one hand architecture became pure technique, as if it were a branch of engineering; on the other hand, it becomes image production, as if it were a branch of advertising."(Noever, 1992; 27) The theme at the conference alluded to the fact that architecture for architecture's sake no longer predominates, and it now seems that only fashion is being rewarded. Architecture for architecture's sake cannot be the solution, cannot be the antidote to fashion; only a social purpose to architecture, publicly formulated, can be such an antidote. There can be no great architecture without a social programme. A visionary architecture has to take part in a political vision, and its reality presupposes a political process, which puts a new architecture on the agenda and thus transforms the profession into a movement with new aims and inspirations. What matters to the inhabitants of the Inner City, apart from the fundamentals for physical survival, is the quality of buildings and the in-between spaces that they generate. Keeping this in mind one should realise that designing outside spaces is as important as designing buildings. There has always been a distinction between interior and exterior space, with architects and interior architects responsible for the latter and landscape architects responsible for the first. If one intends to create a real people's place there should be a fusion between these two elements. They should be perceived as spaces created for people, without drawing a distinction between inside and outside. This is one of the elements which the city lacks most. The open spaces in the Berea precinct are either not planned or not utilised in the way they were planned. Today cities may be increasingly sophisticated in meeting technical needs, but now is the time to bring deeper human needs into the brief. / Dissertation (MArch (Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Architecture / unrestricted

Established communities pursue revitalization to transform struggling downtowns into vibrant hubs and walkable neighborhoods. Vacant and underused parcels can help communities grow sustainably by using excess capacity in existing infrastructure. However, many communities experience limited urban infill activity due to persistent bias favoring low-density development at the community’s edges. In small communities perceptions and processes can favor low-density growth. Infill development can be complicated due to site conditions and neighborhood context, yet planners work with ad hoc techniques and limited staff time. There is a need for efficient ways to identify suitable sites and generate information to use for community decision-making around redevelopment. The primary aim of this research is to develop an Urban Infill Assessment Framework (UIAF). It is organized around three questions: Can the framework assess infill’s potential in a small post-industrial downtown? Is it replicable? Does the framework change how local stakeholders perceive infill potential? To answer these questions this study will develop and test a UIAF in Turners Falls, MA, then test resulting information through stakeholder interviews. The framework uses mixed-methods to integrate social values, fiscal efficiency, and spatial awareness through procedures organized in three Phases. Phase I examines quantitative and qualitative information (e.g., local planning documents, tax data, site visits, and consultations with local experts) to produce mapped context data, and local building typologies with corresponding tax yield per acre. In Phase II these components are used in scenario building, to calculate composite capacity of infill acreage and annual tax yield for defined areas. Finally, interviews with ten stakeholders test how the information influences perceptions of infill in Turners Falls. As a result of this research, planners should be able to replicate the framework. Based on preliminary results, the relevance of an infill assessment tool to planning practice is threefold: It promotes strategic land-use planning by generating information to compare development projects across diverse locations, scales, and spatial configurations. It supports structured application of concepts uniquely suited to managing urban environments. Improved redevelopment tools and expertise can offset procedural and perceptual factors that favor low-density growth and sprawl.

The tool-less additive manufacturing (AM) or 3D printing processes (3DP) use incremental consolidation of feed-stock materials to construct part. The layer by layer AM processes can achieve spatial material distribution and desired microstructure pattern with high resolution. This unique characteristics of AM can bring custom-made form and tailored functionality within the same object. However, incorporating form and functionality has their own challenge in both design and manufacturing domain. This research focuses on designing manufacturable topology by marrying form and functionality in additively manufactured part using infill structure. To realize the goal, this thesis presents a systematic design framework that focuses on reducing the gap between design and manufacturing of complex architecture. The objective is to develop a design methodology of lattice infill and thin shell structure suitable for additive manufacturing processes. Particularly, custom algorithmic approaches have been developed to adapt the existing porous structural patterns for both interior and exterior of objects considering application specific functionality requirements. The object segmentation and shell perforation methodology proposed in this work ensures manufacturability of large scale thin shell or hollowed objects and incorporates tailored part functionality. Furthermore, a computational design framework developed for tissue scaffold structures incorporates the actual structural heterogeneity of natural bones obtained from their medical images to facilitate the tissue regeneration process. The manufacturability is considered in the design process and the performances are measured after their fabrication. Thus, the present thesis demonstrates how the form of porous structures can be adapted to mingle with functionality requirements of the application as well as fabrication constraints. Also, this work bridges the design framework (virtual) and the manufacturing platform (realization) through intelligent data management which facilitates smooth transition of information between the two ends. / National Science Foundation #OIA-1355466 / National Science Foundation-DMR- MRI #1625704 / National Institute of Health - COBRE: CDTSPC; Grant # P20GM109024 / US-DOT # 693JK31850009CAAP / Dept. of Commerce Research-ND, Award # 17-08-G-191 / CSMS, NDEPSCoR / NDSU Grand Challenge and Development Foundation

In this work I study the advanced geophysical method - the time domain electromagnetics. In the theoretical part I summarize principles of the method, describe several measuring systems and guide the reader through the software for data processing. I further prove reliability of the applied methodology by forward and inverse computations for a simplified model of supposed target structures. The results show that for the selected configuration of field measurements with a depth range of 100-200 m the influence of 3D structures is significant when placed in a distance smaller than approximately 100 m. In the practical part I test the method in the sedimentary environment and find that results of the method are in accordance with the vertical electrical sounding method. Subsequently, I show that the artificial highly conductive object placed inside the current loop significantly affects the outcomes of the method. Artificial conductive object has only minute effect if placed in a close distance but outside of the current circuit. Besides the theoretical and experimental findings about the reliability of the method I have applied the method for research of maar volcanoes. I have confirmed with high probability the presence of maar volcano near the Jablonná village. The results measured close to the...

Remember the Future is a typological addition to the renowned Stockholm suburb of Fittja, an area built during the Million Programme in the early 70’s, and the project tries to weave itself into this unfashionable urban fabric. Fittja’s different building types share a strong common language, they remind us of a family, a group of siblings, all of the same generation. Our project enacts the return of a lost sibling, raised under very different circumstances, but unmistakably of the same blood, and its return changes the family dynamic forever. / Remember the Future är ett typologiskt tillägg till den ontalade Stockholmsförorten Fittja, byggd under Miljonprogrammet på tidigt 70-tal, och projektet försöker tråckla sig in i denna otidsenliga stadsväv. Fittjas olika byggnadstyper delar ett utpräglat gemensamt språk, de påminner om en familj, en syskonskara, alla från samma generation. Projektet iscensätter återkomsten av ett förlorat syskon, uppväxt under helt andra förutsättningar men tveklöst av samma blod, och dess återkomst förändrar familjedynamiken för alltid.

Soccer accounts for a third of the Swedish sports movement with 3 503 fields of both natural and artificial turf. The European Union will make a decision in 2021 on how to handle the issue of rubber performance infill. This infill can be found in artificial turf fields and are used for performance properties. The problem with this infill is the microplastics that spreads into the nature which is considered as toxic. Because of this the EU have decided to either ban or provide mandatory rules to reduce the spread of rubber performance infill. The north and the majority of Sweden’s climate is not adapted for play of soccer on natural turf according to FIFA, and EU want to ban or provide mandatory rules for artificial turfs. This action from the EU can perturb the entire Swedish sports movement since soccer accounts for a third of that movement. This study was therefore created to show if artificial turf fields are as bad for the environment as rumours has said compared with the natural turfs. To investigate this, a life cycle assessment (LCA) was performed regarding the global warming potential (GWP) and embodied water consumption for three different field types: an artificial turf field with recycled SBR, an artificial turf field with cork and a natural turf field. The result visualised that a natural turf field had the highest embodied water consumption and the highest impact on the GWP of a ten-year life cycle while the artificial turf field with recycled SBR had the least embodied water consumption and the least impact on the GWP. The findings of this LCA were that Sweden for the moment is dependent on artificial turf and the rubber performance infill, since the material properties are the best adapted to their climate. Therefore, a ban would be a risk for the Swedish sports movement. It was also revealed that natural turf fields in Sweden consumes at least 50 % municipal drinking water when irrigate. The high GWP impact came from the production of fertilisers (NPK). This report has shown how artificial turf and natural turf can work together in an industrial symbiosis by making the artificial turf field constructed to collect rainwater and use that water to irrigate the natural turf with.

Vad är det i den urbana väven av platser och byggnader som på lokal nivå gör den välfungerande, hållbar och till en plats vi människor kan leva i och verka på tillsammans?Hur utformar vi bäst staden när behovet av dess infrastruktur, service, platser att bopå och så många andra aspekter ökar i takt med en ständigt ökande urbanisering?Ett verktyg som tas till hjälp allt oftare i denna utmaning är en förtätning av de redanbefintliga miljöerna med ytterligare nya byggnader, i vilka olika former av funktioner ochverksamheter ska erbjudas i en lämplig blandning för att förtäta och koppla ihop stadenoch dess invånare än mer.Vi undersöker i detta projekt hur ett antal internationella exempel på urban förtätninghar fallit ut och försöker dra generaliserande lärdomar av det, med målet att hitta ochverifiera principer som kan vara vägledande för att skapa väl fungerande och täta urbanabyggnader och miljöer framöver. Utifrån dessa principer samt platsanalys skapar viett designförslag för en obebyggd tomt i centrala Malmö. I vår analys och de tester avgestaltning och form vi genomför av de funna principerna, ska vi se att det är möjligt attlära av den förtätning som skett under de senaste åren och kanske också redan nu dravissa slutsatser av hur framtida urban förtätning bör ske. / What is it in the urban fabric of places and buildings that at the local level makes it wellfunctioning, sustainable and a place where people can live and work together? Howdo we best structure and shape the city when the need for its infrastructure, services,places to live and so much more increase at a rate on par with an ever increasing levelof urbanization? A tool used more and more frequently to handle this challenge is that ofurban infill of the already existing environments with additional new buildings, in whichvarious forms of functions and activities are to be offered in a suitable mix to densify andconnect the city and its inhabitants even more.In this project, we investigate how a number of international examples of urban infill haveworked out and try to deduce generalized principles from it, with the aim of verifyingthose principles to work as guidelines in the creation of well-functioning and dense urbanbuildings and environments in the future. Based on these principles together with siteanalysis we create a design proposal for an undeveloped plot in central Malmö. In ouranalysis and the research-by-design test we carry out of said principles, we shall see thatit is possible to learn from the urban infill projects which has taken place in recent yearsand that we already may draw some conclusions as to how future urban infill shouldpreferably be carried out.

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