Vad är det i den urbana väven av platser och byggnader som på lokal nivå gör den välfungerande, hållbar och till en plats vi människor kan leva i och verka på tillsammans?Hur utformar vi bäst staden när behovet av dess infrastruktur, service, platser att bopå och så många andra aspekter ökar i takt med en ständigt ökande urbanisering?Ett verktyg som tas till hjälp allt oftare i denna utmaning är en förtätning av de redanbefintliga miljöerna med ytterligare nya byggnader, i vilka olika former av funktioner ochverksamheter ska erbjudas i en lämplig blandning för att förtäta och koppla ihop stadenoch dess invånare än mer.Vi undersöker i detta projekt hur ett antal internationella exempel på urban förtätninghar fallit ut och försöker dra generaliserande lärdomar av det, med målet att hitta ochverifiera principer som kan vara vägledande för att skapa väl fungerande och täta urbanabyggnader och miljöer framöver. Utifrån dessa principer samt platsanalys skapar viett designförslag för en obebyggd tomt i centrala Malmö. I vår analys och de tester avgestaltning och form vi genomför av de funna principerna, ska vi se att det är möjligt attlära av den förtätning som skett under de senaste åren och kanske också redan nu dravissa slutsatser av hur framtida urban förtätning bör ske. / What is it in the urban fabric of places and buildings that at the local level makes it wellfunctioning, sustainable and a place where people can live and work together? Howdo we best structure and shape the city when the need for its infrastructure, services,places to live and so much more increase at a rate on par with an ever increasing levelof urbanization? A tool used more and more frequently to handle this challenge is that ofurban infill of the already existing environments with additional new buildings, in whichvarious forms of functions and activities are to be offered in a suitable mix to densify andconnect the city and its inhabitants even more.In this project, we investigate how a number of international examples of urban infill haveworked out and try to deduce generalized principles from it, with the aim of verifyingthose principles to work as guidelines in the creation of well-functioning and dense urbanbuildings and environments in the future. Based on these principles together with siteanalysis we create a design proposal for an undeveloped plot in central Malmö. In ouranalysis and the research-by-design test we carry out of said principles, we shall see thatit is possible to learn from the urban infill projects which has taken place in recent yearsand that we already may draw some conclusions as to how future urban infill shouldpreferably be carried out.

As the world is speeding towards the future that is perceived as desirable, this project looks into trends of shaping the future of consumerism. With the growth of capitalism, particularly after First Industrial Revolution,

La compréhension de la couleur de polymères chargés, utilisés en revêtement de sol pour un environnement lumineux, peut être abordée soit par une approche perceptive, soit par une approche optique et spectrale de la couleur. Sur la base d'un travail principalement expérimental, les travaux de thèse explorent cette seconde voie. A partir de films composites calandrés, nous avons d'abord montré comment les types de polymères et de pigments, leur concentration, et la mise en forme de la surface, influencent l'aspect. D'une part, une formulation PVC existante ne peut être contretypée par une nouvelle matrice PE, en raison d'un fort couplage entre luminance et chrominance. Ce sont les écarts d'indices de réfraction aux interfaces entre particules et matrice, couplés aux pertes intrinsèques des pigments, qui interviennent au premier ordre pour expliquer la couleur. D'autre part, trois types de rugosité contrôlée induits par grainage ont permis de montrer que toutes les échelles, caractérisées par rugosimétrie confocale et AFM, influencent la luminance L* des matériaux, mesurée par gonio-spectro-colorimétrie. Le modèle géométrique proposé a permis de quantifier les variations de L* en fonction de la topographie des matériaux et de leur orientation. Le rôle de l'éclairage sur la couleur a été étudié avec une source halogène et une LED. L'analyse de matériaux PVC colorés a montré que l'approche spectrale permet de déterminer l'origine du métamérisme et de rechercher ses effets maximaux, par l'association de méthodes perceptive et quantitative dans l'espace CIE-L*a*b*. Le couplage des spectres d'émission des illuminants, de réflectance des matériaux, et de réponse de l'observateur est le principal résultat utilisé pour la conception d'un matériau à changement chromatique. Ces changements sont caractérisés et validés dans un espace réel, où intervient la réflexion-diffusion liée à l'environnement. La recherche par le design a finalement permis de faire émerger de nouvelles typologies de sol, à partir d'un revêtement d'aspect changeant en fonction de l'ambiance lumineuse. Si l'innovation s'accomplit au-delà de la seule réalisation des prototypes, ceux-ci révèlent néanmoins des variations d'aspects marquées pouvant induire de nouveaux usages du sol dans l'habitat. / The colour of filled polymers, used in flooring applications for a given lighting environment, can be dealt either with a perceptual approach or with an optical and spectral method. This thesis experimentally investigates the second option. The characterizations of calendered composite films lead to a better understanding about how the types of polymers and pigments, their volumetric concentration, and surface embossing, influence the visual aspect. On the one hand, no formulation made from PVC can be matched in colour with a new one made from PE, owing to a strong relationship between luminance and chrominance. In addition to the internal losses within fillers, the refractive index mismatch between matrix and fillers do account for chromatic variations amongst the materials. On the other hand, embossing materials with controlled surface roughness, which is measured by a confocal scanning system and AFM, proves that the luminance L*, measured by gonio-spectro-colorimetry, depends on all the roughness scales. Modelling the reflected L* based on geometric laws quantifies the variations in L* depending on the topography and the scan direction of the material. The influence of lighting on colour has been studied with a halogen and a LED light sources. The colorimetry of PVC colored materials reveals the need for a spectral approach in order to determine the origin of metamerism and to enhance its effects, by combining perceptual and quantitative methods within CIE-L*a*b* space. Matching the emission spectra of the illuminants, the reflectance spectra of the materials and those of the observer sensitivity, is the main result leading to the design of a new color-changing material. The color change has been characterized and qualitatively approved in a human-scaled box, where light reflection and scattering occurs from the walls. New flooring typologies have eventually stemmed from the research by design, putting forward a material that can tune its pattern with the lighting atmosphere. Making prototypes does not necessary lead to innovation. However, new ways, new thoughts about flooring in inner spaces may be brought forth by the strong visual change that has been obtained.

Research by design refers to the design of architectural research as an integral part of architectural design processes. In 1980s, it emerged as a third way in design research that was dominated until then by the methods of natural sciences and humanities. With this new formulation of design research, a methodological and epistemological transformation occurs, leading to the integration of practical knowledge into architectural research. The primary epistemological question transforms from knowing what design is and knowing how to design to knowing what through the act of design. The integration of the act of design in research transforms the status of design in design research from being an object of inquiry to being a research approach. In the literature on research by design, this transformation is often related with Donald Sch&ouml / n&rsquo / s conceptualization of &ldquo / reflective practice.&rdquo / The main discussion of reflective practice is primarily methodological rather than epistemological. Although it provides methodological insights, it is not sufficient to constitute an epistemological basis for research by design. Thus, the epistemological basis of research by design has not yet been adequately defined. In this study, the notion of &ldquo / reflective practice&rdquo / is investigated in a broader context relating it to its sources in the concepts of &ldquo / tacit knowledge&rdquo / and &ldquo / action research.&rdquo / A conceptual framework for research by design is constructed by relating these concepts with the discussions on research by design and with practical philosophy, the implications of which has remained rather uninvestigated in this context. Aristotle&rsquo / s elaboration of knowledge generation in action and the concept of phron&amp / #275 / sis (practical knowledge, prudence, or practical wisdom) constitute the underpinning of this conceptual framework. The conceptual framework that is constructed on the basis of the key concepts in practical philosophy is discussed in the context of architectural design education. When architectural design education is formulated as a process of research by design within this framework, knowledge generated in the educational design processes promises not only to improve the particular educational context and architectural education but eventually to contribute to architectural knowledge.

In the last decades the population living in cities has substantially increased. According to the United Nations, by 2050 two thirds of the world population will be living in urban areas. Demographic pressure, through influx of residents or internal growth results in expansion and densification of urban areas and goes hand in hand with increased imperviousness, putting pressure on the provision of urban green. Urban green offers a range of direct and indirect benefits to the urban ecosystem. Green in the city reduces rainwater runoff and flooding risk while improving water quality; it improves air quality, provides natural cooling and contributes to reducing the urban heat island effect. Being the main source of contact with nature, urban green has also been shown to contribute to the physical and psychological wellbeing of urban citizens. The environmental concern for urban nature and re-naturing of cities are thus at the heart of developing more «ecological approaches to sustainable urban design and planning». In the framework of this research, it implies: understanding the (spatial) distribution of green space in relation to the built-up area of the city at different scale levels – the benefits they provide, their quality and proximity for urban residents – and; how to develop diagnostic, analytical and projective capabilities aimed at improving their (urban green) provision to address a host of sustainability challenges related to climate change, demographic growth and densification of the urban area. The research focuses on the development of evidence-based frameworks for planning that incorporate citizens’ needs and that are built on an interdisciplinary foundation. With this scope and focus, this study contributes to the development of a more ecological framework for sustainable urban design and planning aimed at integrating nature in the city more effectively and in an evidence-based way. The first part of the research focuses on the development of a spatially explicit tool for green space quality and proximity assessment reflecting user’s perception. Application of the model in the Brussels context reveals that user’s perception of qualities of urban green spaces such as naturalness and spaciousness can be linked to green space characteristics as described by available GIS-based data. As such GIS-based modelling allows for an extrapolation of questionnaire-based quality assessments for a selection of parks to other public green spaces. Analysis of the proximity of urban green spaces based on user’s perception shows spatial inequalities in green space provision, with less than 50% of Brussels’ citizens having good access to small (residential and play green) and to large green spaces (city and metropolitan green). By coupling multi-scale proximity assessment with quality assessment of green spaces, it is demonstrated that nearly two third of the Brussels population has no access to high quality public green spaces. Through collaborative research by design workshops involving different stakeholders, indicators produced by the quality-proximity model are used to indicate and tackle problem areas. Three alternative scenarios for public green space development are defined. The scenario analysis demonstrates that actions to provide low-income neighborhoods with a good accessibility to public green spaces will require creative solutions, dealing with complex property and management issues, and levels of investment that go well beyond the cost of regular green space development. The second part of the study presents a GIS- and design-based approach to assess potential land cover change for the Brussels-Capital Region anticipating expected population growth. The methodology proposed can be used to assess the impact of spatial policies and the implementation of building codes on future urban land cover. By studying the everyday processes for parcel infill and densification, and by defining a densification process based on the principles of sustainable urban design (e.g. walkable and high-density urban areas near mobility hubs, compact building typologies, preserving valuable natural areas, creative approaches to increasing the provision of urban green (green roofs, bioswales, etc.) space for water and floodscapes, etc.), two land use evolution scenarios are formulated; a business-as-usual and a sustainable scenario. One of the main conclusions of the case study on the Brussels-Capital Region is that densification can be deployed as a vehicle for positive land cover change and greening of the city. / Doctorat en Art de bâtir et urbanisme (Architecture) / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

This dissertation, titled Interactive Music Composition, is a practice based Ph.D. thesis in the field of Musicology. The purpose is to explore if and how one can compose computer based interactive music, that is musically satisfying for an interacting audience, consisting of both laymen and skilled musicians. The text describes the design and reflection in two interactive music installations: Do-Be-DJ, open-air installation in a public park, and, Mufi, with modular and moveable interface. Based on methods and per­spectives in Musicology and Interaction Design, a composition model for interactive music is developed. The model investigates the experience di­mensions listen, explore, compose and collaborate. It also investigates the design dimensions of interaction, narrative structure, composition rule and sound node. The conceptual approach is to apply improvisation and composition methods from jazz, pop and groove based music on interactive music. It also uses the concepts of openess in musical structures and interpretation, musical mediation of actions and meaning and everyday use of music, when composing interactive music. The dissertation contributes to an understanding of how to create composition techniques for interactive music, such as: Direct, varied and shifting response. It reflects on the change in meaning of the musicological terms composition, improvisation, musical work, listener, musician and audience. And on the interaction design terms interaction, gameplay, system and user. The term co-creator is used to describe an actively, interacting and collaborating person, to complement traditional terms like audience, performer and user. / <p>Ljudfiler till avhandlingens bilaga 1, http://musicalfieldsforever.com/dobedj_more.html; Videodokumentation av Do-Be-DJ, Interaktiv installation, http://musicalfieldsforever.com/dobedj_more.html; Videodokumentation av Mufi I och II, Interaktiv installation, http://musicalfieldsforever.com/mufi_more.html; Doktorandtjänsten finansierades av Interactive Institute; Musikinspelning finansierades av Framtidens Kultur genom Skiften på Malmö högskola</p> / Interaktiv musikkomposition / Interactive Music Composition / Interaktiv ljuddesign / Interactive Sound Design / Musik och Hälsa / Music and Health