The first measurements of CR at the Radiation source ELBE of the Forschungszentrum Dresden-Rossendorf have been performed in the fall of 2003, where the most important attempt for an application of CR in radiobiological research was the optimization of its yield and spectral line width as well. Since diamond single crystals have been found to probably be the most suitable ones for an intense CR production because of their outstanding properties to withstand rather high average electron currents, a first measurement series was directed to the studying of the dependence of the yield of planar CR on the thickness of the diamond crystal.

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Nanofluids representing nanometer-sized solid particles dispersed in liquids are of interest in many fields of process and energy engineering, e.g., heat transfer, catalysis, and the design of functionalized materials [1]. The physical, chemical, optical, and electronic properties of nanofluids are strongly driven by the size, shape, surface potential, and concentration of the nanoparticles. For the analysis of diffusive processes in nanofluids allowing access to, e.g., particle size and its distribution, dynamic light scattering (DLS) is the state-of-the-art technique. It is based on the analysis of microscopic fluctuations originating from the random thermal movement of particles in the continuous liquid phase at macroscopic thermodynamic equilibrium. For anisotropic particles or particle aggregates, besides translational diffusion also rotational diffusion occurs. To obtain the sum of the orientation-averaged translational (DT) and rotational (DR) diffusivities by depolarized DLS [2], a homodyne detection scheme is usually applied which can hardly be fulfilled in the experimental realization. Furthermore, the experiments are restricted to limited ranges for temperature, particle concentration, and viscosity.

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We present the results of a molecular simulation study of fluid mixtures, where complex diffusion behavior has experimentally been found and offer an explanation based on the hydrodynamic and thermodynamic components of the Fick diffusion coefficient. Special attention is paid to mixtures near critical and demixing regions, where in many cases strong discrepancies between different measurements of the Fick diffusion coefficients are found. Also molecular simulations are challenging in these regions and require extensive sampling due the presence of pronounced density fluctuations.

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Self-diffusion coefficients give insight into the mobility of molecular species and serve as benchmark variables for molecular modeling. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is an excellent method for the measurement of self-diffusion coefficients: In the present work, a pulsed gradient stimulated echo (PGSTE) pulse sequence was employed for their determination in binary and ternary liquid systems at 298 K and 1 bar. To ensure a high quality of the measurements, a preliminary gradient mapping was carried out. The experimental results are compared to molecular simulation data by Guevara-Carrion et al. [1] for binary systems (acetone/toluene, acetone/ethanol and acetone/cyclohexane) and to molecular simulation data that was determined in the present work for the ternary system acetone/toluene/cyclohexane.