El crecimiento económico en Perú ha conllevado al incremento de la informalidad así como el empleo independiente o autoempleo como en la ciudad de Chiclayo donde actualmente se encuentra congestionado por un gran porcentaje de comercio informal o ambulatorio (tomando veredas, plazas, etc.) El objetivo general es implementar una infraestructura comercial en el ex coliseo cerrado con la propuesta de una Nueva plaza mercado para el ordenamiento del comercio informal, con este se pretende brindarle a los ciudadanos las condiciones físicas de confort y seguridad permitiendo el desarrollo económico y la mejorando el impacto visual del centro urbano de la ciudad de Chiclayo. Los objetivos específicos son: Analizar la imagen física del sector urbano en el comercio informal de la ciudad de Chiclayo, Analizar los factores que originan el comercio ambulatorio, Describir los tipos de rubros pertenecientes al comercio informal en la Av. Balta entre la calle Arica y Juan Fanning, analizar el entorno y la infraestructura actual de coliseo cerrado y Evaluar alternativas que contribuyan con la mejora de la imagen física del centro urbano de la ciudad de Chiclayo. Para llegar a estos objetivos se pretende hacer una recopilación previa y estadística sobre la situación actual del comercio informal, se conseguirá los planos de diseño y construcción verificando así los sistemas que emplearon para su realización a través de la municipalidad provincial de Chiclayo y el Instituto Peruano del Deporte (IPD) donde se procederá a levantamientos de la infraestructura actual del coliseo. / Tesis

Cette thèse a pour objectif d’analyser des effets du salaire minimum en Turquie où le salaire minimum est un instrument de politique sociale essentiel. Cette thèse s’articule autour de quatre chapitres : Le premier chapitre présente les institutions du salaire minimum et les principaux résultats obtenus dans la littérature concernant les divers effets du salaire minimum sur les différentes variables économiques et sociales dans les pays en développement. Le deuxième chapitre identifie empiriquement le profil des salariés payés au salaire minimum. Les résultats indiquent que la probabilité d’être rémunéré au salaire minimum est élevée parmi la population considérée comme « fragile ». Le troisième chapitre examine les effets du salaire minimum sur l’emploi dans le cadre de la demande et de l’offre du travail et montre que le salaire minimum n’a pas d’impact négatif sur l’emploi. Par ailleurs, une hausse du salaire minimum exerce un effet positif sur la probabilité de rester en emploi. Le dernier chapitre étudie l’évolution de la distribution des salaires au cours de la dernière décennie en Turquie. Les résultats indiquent que la hausse du salaire minimum en 2004 a contribué à réduire les inégalités salariales. / Minimum wage is an important tool of social policy. It consists of four chapters: The first chapter presents the institutions of the minimum wage and the main results in the literature concerning the effects of minimum wages on the various economic and social variables in developing countries. The second chapter identifies empirically the profile of workers paid at minimum wage. The results indicate that the probability of receiving the minimum wage is high among the groups considered "fragile". The third chapter examines the impact of the minimum wage on employment in the context of demand and supply of labor and shows that the minimum wage has no negative impact on employment. Besides, a minimum wage increase has a positive effect on the probability of remaining employed. The last chapter analyzes the evolution of the wage distribution over the last decade in Turkey. The results show that the minimum wage increase in 2004 contributed to reduce wage inequality in this country.

Magister Educationis - MEd / South Africa has undergone major transformation after the election of the first democratic government in 1994. The acceptance of a humane constitution as well as equal rights for all its citizens necessitated the banning of corporal punishment in all schools under the South African Schools Act 84 of 1996. Accordingly, this change in the education policy as well as a change in society regarding equal rights for all citizens required teachers to adjust and improve their practices related to classroom management and discipline. The abolition of corporal punishment in 1996 (South African Schools Act 84 of 1996) can thus be regarded as such a changed aspect which required teachers to find alternative ways of keeping discipline in schools. It is expected from teachers to manage learning in classrooms, while at the same time practise and promote a critical, committed and ethical attitude towards the development of a sense of respect and responsibility amongst learners. It is with this in mind that one should remember that classroom locations and environments are complex as well as dynamic. Learners can now use their rights in a court of law while at the same time become more unruly, disruptive and at times even violent. Teachers on the other hand are left with limited alternative procedures or guidelines to manage unruly learners. As such, teachers now rely on their own informal learning in order to deal with such learners since alternatives to manage ill-disciplined learners are not included in formative teacher training courses. This study therefore concerns itself with the way teachers acquire classroom management skills in the absence of corporal punishment and learn how to deal with behavioural problems in order to carry on with day-to-day classroom activities. This is essentially viewed as informal learning. Because of the absence of much-needed training and support from educational authorities, teachers adjust and improve their practice, relying on hands-on experience in classrooms since they only incidentally receive opportunities to engage in ongoing formal professional development. This study explores the nature and content of informal/incidental as well as nonformal (courses not leading to formal accreditation) teachers learning related to managing classroom discipline in the absence of corporal punishment and investigates how skills, to manage classroom discipline, impact on the learning and teaching enterprise. A qualitative approach within the interpretive paradigm was followed throughout this study. Unstructured interviews were used to gather data which resulted in the gaining of rich detailed descriptions of participants responses to acquiring classroom management skills. This qualitative investigation included a literature review that explored and analysed different perspectives on the learning process. This study confirms that teachers acquire classroom management and discipline skills through workplace learning, initiated by themselves as well as collaboratively through interaction with colleagues and learners. Learning within the workplace was possible due to the opportunities they were afforded within the working context they found themselves in. / South Africa

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / This thesis seeks to examine the making of official policies on street trading in Cape Town’s city centre and the impact of such policies. It covers an extensive period from colonial times to the Union era and from apartheid to democracy. The local government and its role in controlling the trade is the centre of focus but the thesis also explores how the oral testimonies of street traders in the city centre contribute to our understanding of the activity as well as the impact of policy. This thesis poses several questions. What influences policy? What is the impact of policy? Are there continuities or discontinuities in policy? How does one understand street trading and the impact of policy from the perspectives of street traders themselves? Given that there are significant studies of street trading in other municipalities, how does a history of street trading in Cape Town compare? Is there anything distinctive about Cape Town?` Several factors have influenced policy. These have been similar to other local authorities. These have been the desire to raise revenue for the city, to protect the interest of established businesses who feared competition from street traders, the city’s desire to maintain a clean, beautiful and orderly city, as well as traffic and sanitation considerations. Like other local authorities, strategies have included: issuing licenses to street traders and the development and implementation of street trading regulations which either restricted or prohibited street trading. In contrast to studies of other cities, this thesis explores the practice of registration as a measure of control which nonetheless confers rights. This thesis marks the 1980s as representing a decisive shift in policy from one characterized by the prosecution of street traders to a more sympathetic and supportive approach towards street traders. The post-apartheid context saw significant changes in policy motivated by the desire to seek solutions to unemployment and poverty alleviation. Thus permanent stands for street traders in the city centre have been provided, traders have been involved in decision making and power has been devolved to associations. The latter practice has been significant in Cape Town. This thesis has also found that out of the major South African cities, Cape Town comes after Johannesburg in having progressive street trader policies. This measure of progressive is seen in the number of street traders, in the provision of infrastructure such as stands and the encouragement of the sector. While the Cape Town city council has a developmental continuum plan which sees street trading leading to formal businesses, it has yet to put resources to further this. Oral histories have been particularly useful in highlighting that street trading is not only the occupation of the urban poor. This thesis highlights individuals with skills and education and who see the sector as bearing many advantages. The thesis points to the sector as being differentiated. Further, the distinction between the formal and informal gets blurred in the contemporary era. This thesis highlights the hereditary nature of street trading in Cape Town thus challenging ideas of street trading as a transitory occupation. With regard to policy, interviews highlighted the negative impact of policy during apartheid. While traders see the advantages of the democratic era, they nonetheless argue too that the encouragement of the sector has seen an increase in the number of street traders but no significant increase in a customer base. There is thus some nostalgia for the pre-1994 years. This study has allowed one to track continuity and discontinuity and to explore the idea of a progressive policy and to make comparisons with other cities drawing from official and oral sources.

Magister Artium (Development Studies) - MA(DVS) / This study explores the informal saving institutions, with a particular focus on the Kobuakisa Carte practice, which is an informal financial institution that mobilizes savings for poverty reduction among low-income people in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. The research investigates the extent to which the Kobuakisa Carte serves the purpose of mobilizing savings for poverty alleviation. It is hypothesized that Kobuakisa Carte influences informal savings, enables the poor to satisfy their basic material needs, reduces poverty and consequently leads to individual empowerment and development. This study integrated the case study methodology in its research design. It applied both qualitative and quantitative methods. The qualitative research data comprised document analysis, interviews with Kobuakisa Carte’s clients and officers. In addition, a questionnaire was utilized to gather quantitative research information from 50 informal traders. The findings of the study reveals that Kobuakisa Carte has not have a positive impact towards poverty reduction. Informal savings were incapable of helping the poor to increase their income because they were small in amount and were mainly used for fulfilling basic needs rather than financing income-generating activities. Savings from Kobuakisa Carte were used for survival rather than for poverty reduction. The majority of the poor favor Kobuakisa Carte due to its flexibility and adaptation to local culture and values. The study finds that the most positive impact of the scheme on the welfare of the poor was in the areas of education, health, food and housing. The scheme has the potential to empower the poor and to develop local finance system in following bottom up approach. This study recommends the partial integration of Kobuakisa Carte into formal financing channels and should be given proper recognition and adequate consideration in the nation’s financial system. The study concludes that Kobuakisa Carte is an active and dynamic saving scheme. It has demonstrated the potential to alleviate poverty. It needs to be studied and requires support in order to make it more effective.

Magister Commercii (Industrial Psychology) - MCom(IPS) / The study examines three emerging salient themes. Firstly, it highlights the current perception of informal learning in the workplace which has multiple definitions and descriptions. The second theme draws attention to the sociocultural structures and the impact on individual engagement in workplace learning. The last theme illustrates the potential of informal learning and how individuals and their learning environment at work cannot function independently. Employees no longer have time for the inefficiencies of the past, old-style training they want to be co-participants in learning not simply receivers (Cross, 2007).By diagnosing the current status of informal workplace learning, the research examines the employee engagement, the perceived factors that affect learning engagement and explores the links between informal workplace learning and the performance of the organisation. Against the background of informal learning in the workplace, a learning organisation has been characterised, as an organisation that has development in place that supports learning and recognises the value of learning and extends itself towards the enhancement of employee’s proficiency and transfer of learning to others (Berg & Chyung, 2008).

The discourse investigates the relationship between the hierarchical structure of the formal and the network of the informal at both a socio-economic and programmatic level and as the generator of an approach to the design problem. The site is located in the Health Precinct between Braamfontein and Hillbrow, in an area characterised by a thriving informal economy and much illegal activity. During the Apartheid years, Hillbrow came to symbolise the breakdown of racial segregation. Today, the prominence of the foreign population makes Hillbrow a hot-bed of xenophobic sentiment. A study of the social context points towards the emergence in Hillbrow of a new mode of spatial regulation - tending towards the spatial regimes prevalent in African megacities such as Lagos and Accra - which becomes a critical determinant of the entire discourse. The project is a Cultural Centre for the Foreign Community, providing a refuge for the foreign population; a place of meeting and interaction; a platform for an anti-xenophobia campaign, and a wellspring of economic opportunity through the integration of the programmes of the formal and informal economy. / Dissertation (MArch (Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Architecture / unrestricted

Please read the abstract in the section 00front of this document / Dissertation (MInst Agrar (Agricultural Economics))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development / unrestricted

This study investigated the experiences and survival strategies of informal traders in Mthatha, paying more attention to women. This has included their daily activities to sustain themselves and improve business performance. It has however elaborated on the reasons why people engage themselves in informal trade. Literature review shows that the reasons why people are involved in this form of trade are mainly due to unemployment, lack of education and lack of knowledge. The significance of this form of trade to the economy cannot be underestimated. Emphasis was laid on the challenges encountered by these traders. Such challenges include lack of access to financial facilities such as credit and savings; lack of shelter; harsh weather conditions and harassment and confiscation of their goods by Metro Police. The methodology of this study is primarily based on both quantitative and qualitative methods of research. Several data collection instruments were used. These included questionnaires, participant observation, in-depth interview and photography. Fifty questionnaires were administered to the informal traders and an interview schedule was used to gather information from members of the community and municipality. Description of study site, ethical consideration, limitations and delimitation has equally been presented. Data collected was analyzed using SPSS and manually. The results revealed that informal trading is a survival strategy to a large population of the people in Mthatha and the only source of income. Most of them are breadwinners who support a large number of dependents.

This case study analysis looks at four communities in Rift Valley, Kenya including Matisi, Moi’s Bridge, Sirende and Waitaluk. The research focuses on the role of markets in achieving food and livelihood security for the smallholders in these communities and smallholders’ perceptions of the roles of the Government of Kenya and other institutions in facilitating market access. The largest challenges to market participation, as reported by the smallholders in the studied communities, include low yields, weather inconsistencies, and lack of land. In terms of the Government of Kenya, many smallholders noted the benefits of participating in groups as they are subsequently offered training or field days and subsidies. A significant group of respondents did comment on their lack of interest in joining similar groups as they were seen as unstable or corrupt. The potential roles of formal and informal markets to increase food security were also analyzed. All smallholders wished to be participating in informal markets, but twenty-five percent were constrained by the lack of surplus produce. Similarly, although many reported their desire to be participants in formal markets lack of surplus produce, price fluctuations, inconsistent weather patterns, transportation costs and post- harvest losses or food waster were recognized as significant barriers. In order to mitigate these constraints, most smallholders recommended subsidies on inputs and the overall restructuring of markets. It is recommended that organizations and governments implement a livelihood diversification policy program or initiative to diversify and intensify agricultural activities and other non-agricultural activities. This case study analysis demonstrates the need to recognize the importance of local contexts, specifically Rift Valley as much of the research done in Kenya is found in Nairobi and surrounding areas and cautions labeling communities as food secure based on favorable conditions.