Submitted by Caroline Xavier (caroline.xavier@pucrs.br) on 2017-06-30T14:23:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DIS_RENATA_FLORIANO_DE_SOUSA_COMPLETO.pdf: 1346325 bytes, checksum: bd4ca4c9ac55b13e2fd78ecc65544608 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-30T14:23:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DIS_RENATA_FLORIANO_DE_SOUSA_COMPLETO.pdf: 1346325 bytes, checksum: bd4ca4c9ac55b13e2fd78ecc65544608 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-06 / This dissertation has the objective to present the construction of the concept of Just War Theory, since its beginning on Ancient Philosophy to its refinement throughout the modern reformulation done by Francisco de Vitoria. It is an attempt to tell the moral evolution of history of war from the perspective of philosophy's history. The core of this work intends to show the philosophical and Christian influences for the moralization of war throughout the centuries until its peak in Francisco de Vitoria. For this, it is presented three distinguished authors from different eras who have constructed throughout their literature and war experiences their conception of just war: Cicero, Augustine of Hippo, and Thomas Aquinas. In this scenario, we will try to connect Cicero's natural Roman law, the adoption of Augustine's Christian principles, and the systematization of Aquinas's just war, all of which are present in the work of Francisco de Vitoria. From this frame of reference, we will investigate the meaning of State in Francisco de Vitoria, as well as explain how his ethics of war follows from such a conception. In the end, we will demonstrate through a detailed exposition the whole theoretical composition of the Victorian "Bellum Iustum" and its historical and philosophical importance for the inauguration of the international rights. / Esta disserta??o tem como objetivo apresentar a constru??o do conceito de guerra justa desde os prim?rdios da filosofia antiga at? o seu refinamento atrav?s da reformula??o moderna de Francisco de Vitoria. Trata-se de uma tentativa de contar a evolu??o moral da Hist?ria da Guerra sob a ?gide da Hist?ria da Filosofia. O eixo central deste trabalho pretende mostrar as influ?ncias filos?ficas e crist?s para a moraliza??o da guerra ao longo dos s?culos e at? o seu auge em Francisco de Vitoria. Para esse fim, foram selecionados tr?s autores distintos de diferentes ?pocas que constru?ram atrav?s da sua literatura e experi?ncia com a guerra a pr?pria ideia de guerra justa, s?o eles: C?cero, Agostinho de Hipona e Tom?s de Aquino. Neste cen?rio, tentaremos ligar o direito natural romano de C?cero, a ado??o dos princ?pios crist?os de Agostinho e a sistematiza??o da guerra justa de Tom?s de Aquino, todos presentes na obra de Francisco de Vitoria. A partir deste quadro referencial investigaremos qual o sentido de Estado em Francisco de Vitoria e como desta concep??o se deriva a sua ?tica da guerra. E ao fim, demonstraremos atrav?s de uma exposi??o detalhada toda a composi??o te?rica do Bellum Iustum vitoriano e sua import?ncia tanto hist?rica quanto filos?fica para a inaugura??o do direito internacional.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:13:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MarcosDL.pdf: 394769 bytes, checksum: 9d488c1ed88a3702407b23c55a28b19b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-11-28 / Objective: To determine the clinical maternal and neonatal outcomes in HELLP syndrome patients treated with dexamethasone who either developed renal injury or renal insufficiency and to identify predictive values of urea and creatinine for the identification of subjects with HELLP syndrome at risk of developing renal insufficiency. Methods: Non-radomized intervention study of dexamethasone use in HELLP syndrome. A total of 62 patients were enrolled at Maternidade Escola Janu?rio Cicco (MEJC). Patients received a total of 30 mg of dexamethasone IV, in three doses of 10 mg every 12 hours. A clinical and laboratory follow up were performed at 24, 48 and 72 hours. Patients were followed up to 6 months after delivery. Patients were grouped in accordance to renal function, i.e, normal and some type of renal lesion. Renal lesion was considered when creatinine was equal or greater than 1.3 mg/dl and diuresis less than 100 ml in 4 hours period and renal insufficiency was defined when dialysis was needed. Results: A total of 1230 patients with preeclampsia were admitted at MEJC. Of those 62 (5%) developed HELLP syndrome. There was no statistical difference in the groups with renal involvement or normal renal function with respect to the demographics, type of anesthesia used and delivery, and weight of the newborn. An improvement in the AST, ALT, LDH, haptoglobine, antithrombine, fibrinogenen and platelets was observed within 72 hours after dexamethosone use. There was a significant increase in the diuresis within the interval of 6 hours before the delivery and 24 hours after it. Of the 62 patients, 46 (74. 2%) had normal renal function and 16 (25.8%) evolved with renal lesion, with 5 (8.1%) needing dialysis. These 5 patients who received dialysis recovered the xi renal function. The delay in administering dexamethasone increased in 4.6% the risk of development of renal insufficiency. Patients with renal insufficiency had received significantly more blood products than subjects without renal lesion (p=0.03). Diuresis, leukocytes, uric acid, urea, creatinine were significantly different between the groups with normal renal function, renal lesion and renal insufficiency. The levels of creatinine 1.2mg/dl and uric acid 51mg/dl, at admission are predictive of subjects who will evolve with renal lesion (p<0.001). Maternal mortality was 3.2%. None of the subjects with renal insufficiency evolved with chronic renal disease. Conclusions: Dexamethasone in patients with HELLP syndrome seems to reduce significantly the hepatic microthrombosis and normalize hemostasis as seen by improvement of liver function. Renal injury can be considered, in HELLP syndrome, when creatinine levels are greater than 1.3 mg/dl and diuresis less than 100 ml/h in interval of 4 hours. The level of creatinine greater than 1.2 mg/dl and urea greater than 51mg/dl are predictive of subjects with HELLP syndrome who will develop renal injury. Patients who receive more red cell packs develop renal insufficiency. Finally, the delay in administering dexamethasone increases the risk of developing renal insufficiency / Objetivo: Determinar os perfis cl?nicos, maternos e fetais das pacientes com s?ndrome HELLP completa, que desenvolveram inj?ria renal ou insufici?ncia renal, submetidas ao uso da dexametasona em altas doses e identificar valores preditivos de ur?ia ou creatinina que, identificariam as pacientes que com inj?ria renal, evoluiriam para insufici?ncia renal. M?todos: Estudo prospectivo de interven??o terap?utica, n?o randomizado, no qual foram arroladas 62 pacientes com s?ndrome HELLP completa, internadas na Maternidade Escola Janu?rio Cicco (MEJC). As pacientes foram submetidas ao uso de dexametasona endovenosa, num total de 30 mg, divididas em tr?s doses de 10 mg a cada 12 horas. Foi realizado seguimento cl?nico e laboratorial, a partir do diagn?stico, e, ap?s 24, 48 e 72 horas, sendo mantido o seguimento cl?nico at? seis meses ap?s o parto. Foram divididas em tr?s grupos: sem les?o renal, com inj?ria renal e com insufici?ncia renal. A inj?ria renal foi definida, quando os n?veis de creatinina eram maiores ou iguais a 1.3 mg/dl e a diurese era inferior a 100 ml no per?odo de 04 horas. Considerou-se insufici?ncia renal, quando houve necessidade de di?lise. Resultados: No per?odo avaliado, 1230 pacientes apresentaram pr?-ecl?mpsia e destas 62 (5%) evolu?ram para s?ndrome HELLP completa. N?o houve diferen?a estat?sticas dos grupos avaliados quanto aos par?metros demogr?ficos, tipo de anestesia, parto e pesos dos rec?m-nascidos. Observouse melhora nos n?veis de AST, ALT, LDH, haptoglobina, anti-trombina III, fibrinog?nio e plaquetas, quando avaliados no per?odo de 72 horas. O aumento do volume da diurese foi significativo no intervalo de 06 horas antes do parto e 24 horas ap?s o parto. Das 62 pacientes, 46 (25,8%) n?o apresentaram ix comprometimento renal, 16 (74,2%) evolu?ram com les?o renal, e, destas, apenas 05 (8,1%) necessitaram de di?lise, sem evolu??o para doen?a cr?nica. Ap?s o parto, cada hora de atraso, na administra??o da dexametasona, aumentou em 4,6% o risco de desenvolvimento de insufici?ncia renal. As pacientes com insufici?ncia renal receberam anteriormente uma maior quantidade de transfus?o sangu?nea (p=0,03). A diurese, leucometria, ?cido ?rico, ur?ia, creatinina foram significativamente diferentes entre os grupos sem les?o renal, inj?ria renal isolada e as com insufici?ncia renal. N?veis de creatinina, acima de 1.2mg/dl e ur?ia de 51mg/dl, s?o n?veis preditivos de evolu??o para inj?ria renal (p<0,001). A mortalidade materna, no grupo estudado, foi de 3,2%. N?o houve evolu??o para insufici?ncia renal cr?nica. Conclus?es: A utiliza??o da dexametasona, provavelmente, reduz, de forma significativa, a microtrombose hep?tica e estabiliza a hemostasia, pela avalia??o dos marcadores hep?ticos. A inj?ria renal pode ser definida, na s?ndrome HELLP completa, como valores de creatinina superior a 1,3mg/dl e diurese inferior a 100ml/h em intervalo maior que 4h. Os valores de creatinina superior a 1,2mg/dl e ur?ia maior que 51mg/dl, na admiss?o da paciente, s?o preditivos de inj?ria renal. Pacientes que foram submetidas ? transfus?o de concentrado de hem?cias desenvolvem insufici?ncia renal com maior freq??ncia e o retardo na administra??o do cortic?ide ? um fator de risco na necessidade de di?lise nas pacientes com inj?ria renal

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:03:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JannisonKCR_DISSERT.pdf: 3798069 bytes, checksum: 8a7cf649e9d79113b8221c30286c11d0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-07 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / Seeds from legumes including the Glycine max are known to be a rich source of protease inhibitors. The soybean Kunitz trypsin inhibitor (SKTI) has been well characterised and has been found to exhibit many biological activities. However its effects on inflammatory diseases have not been studied to date. In this study, SKTI was purified from a commercial soy fraction, enriched with this inhibitor, using anion exchange chromatography Resource Q column. The purified protein was able to inhibit human neutrophil elastase (HNE) and bovine trypsin. . Purified SKTI inhibited HNE with an IC50 value of 8 ?g (0.3 nM). At this concentration SKTI showed neither cytotoxic nor haemolytic effects on human blood cell populations. SKTI showed no deleterious effects on organs, blood cells or the hepatic enzymes alanine amine transferase (ALT) and aspartate amino transferase (AST) in mice model of acute systemic toxicity. Human neutrophils incubated with SKTI released less HNE than control neutrophils when stimulated with PAF or fMLP (83.1% and 70% respectively). These results showed that SKTI affected both pathways of elastase release by PAF and fMLP stimuli, suggesting that SKTI is an antagonist of PAF/fMLP receptors. In an in vivo mouse model of acute lung injury, induced by LPS from E. coli, SKTI significantly suppressed the inflammatory effects caused by elastase in a dose dependent manner. Histological sections stained by hematoxylin/eosin confirmed this reduction in inflammation process. These results showed that SKTI could be used as a potential pharmacological agent for the therapy of many inflammatory diseases / Sementes de leguminosas s?o conhecidas como uma rica fonte de inibidores de proteinases, destacando-se dentre estes o inibidor de tripsina da soja (SKTI) que ? uma prote?na amplamente estudada e caracterizada para muitas propriedades biol?gicas. Entretanto seus efeitos aplicados a desordens inflamat?rias ainda s?o pouco conhecidos. SKTI foi purificado ? partir de uma fra??o comercial de soja atrav?s de cromatografia de troca ani?nica em Resource Q. A prote?na purificada foi capaz de inibir a elastase de neutr?filos humanos (ENH) e a tripsina bovina. O valor da sua IC50 foi de 8 &#956;g.mL-1 (0.3 nM) e nessa concentra??o o SKTI n?o foi capaz de provocar efeitos hemol?ticos ou citot?xicos sobre as popula??es celulares sangu?neas humanas. Por meio do modelo de toxicidade sist?mica aguda, utilizando camundongos, tamb?m n?o foram observados efeitos delet?rios sobre ?rg?os, c?lulas sangu?neas e altera??es nos n?veis das enzimas hep?ticas aspartato amino transferase (AST) e alanina amino transferase (ALT). Neutr?filos humanos incubados com SKTI na concentra??o de 0.3 nM apresentaram uma diminui??o da libera??o de ENH quando estimulados pelos ativadores PAF e fMLP (83,1% e 70 %, respectivamente). Estes resultados mostram que o SKTI foi capaz de afetar ambas as vias PAF/fMLP de libera??o de ENH, sugerindo esta prote?na como um poss?vel antagonista dos receptores PAF/fMLP. Modelos in vivo de inj?ria pulmonar aguda mediante estimula??o por LPS de Escherichia. coli demonstraram uma supress?o significativa dos eventos inflamat?rios atribu?dos ? atividade elast?sica de forma dose dependente. Cortes histol?gicos corados por hematoxilina e eosina confirmaram a diminui??o da inflama??o tecidual. Estes resultados sugerem que o SKTI pode ser indicado como um potencial agente farmacol?gico na terapia de muitas doen?as inflamat?rias