Several recent studies have revealed that high caliber European professional soccer players often have diminished levels of neurological functioning, yet no study has been able to identify the specific aspect of soccer participation responsible for these decreases. In an effort to identify a source of mild traumatic brain injury present in everyday participation in soccer, this study investigated whether a single bout of heading a soccer ball would have acute detrimental, measurable effects on sensorimotor and neurocognitive functioning. We hypothesized that subjects would exhibit significant changes in postural stability, memory, and concentration immediately after an acute bout of repeated heading a soccer ball. Additionally, we evaluated the protective effect(s) associated with wearing a mouthguard while performing the acute bout of heading. Twenty-eight elite level soccer players (mean age, 20.9 �� 2.5 yrs) were randomly assigned to one of three experimental groups: Headers with mouthguard (n=10), Headers with no mouthguard (n=10), and Control (n=8). Subjects in the two treatment groups performed 12 headers of soccer balls projected at 40 km/hr from an electric soccer ball-launching machine. Postural stability was evaluated using a Biodex Stability System, while memory and concentration were assessed using Wechsler Digit Span (WDS) tests (digits forward and digits backward) in a 3 x 2 factorial ANOVA design (��=0.05). There were no significant main effects or interactions among the three measures of postural stability scores in the three groups (p>0.05). The WDS Forward group means ranged from 10.4 �� 1.8 to 13.5 �� 1.2 while the WDS Backward means ranged from 6.4 �� 1.1 to 7.7 �� 3.0, but were not different among the groups (p>0.05). We concluded that a single bout of 12 soccer headers approximating the number of headers performed during a typical NCAA Division I-A soccer practice did not produce significant deficits in postural stability, memory, or concentration. While our findings are similar to several recent studies, we suggest that more sensitive measurement tools such as ImPACT neurocognitive testing and functional magnetic resonance imaging be utilized to determine the effects of acute as well as chronic exposure to headers in soccer players. / Graduation date: 2003

Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 46-05, page: 2660. Adviser: Arch I. Carson. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2002. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 153-165).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri--Columbia, 2003. / "May 2003." Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 309-329).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2002. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 141-148).

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Dissertation submitted in partial compliance with the requirements for the Master's Degree in Technology: Chiropractic, Durban University of Technology, 2009. / Modern surfing dates as far back as the 1960’s when the first amateur and professional surfing competitions were held (1). Since these humble beginnings, surfing has enjoyed a sustained growth over the last half a century, principally through increased commercialization of surfing apparel and an increased positive association with the lifestyle of surfers. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine a retrospective cohort analysis of the injury profile of internationally competitive surfers and provide information on chronic, repetitive strain injuries suffered by them. Therefore, for the purpose of this study, the following information was gathered in order to create an injury profile: • Demographics of internationally competitive surfers competing in the Mr. Price Pro, Durban, South Africa, • Prevalence of surfing injuries, • Treatment received for injuries. Methods: This study was a retrospective, quantitative, epidemiological study (9), on the Chiropractic Student Sports Association’s (CSSA) questionnaire in order to produce a retrospective cohort analysis of the injury profile of internationally. On entry into the Chiropractic treatment facility, the surfer is requested to complete their portion of the CSSA questionnaire. Thereafter the senior intern then takes a brief case history, elaborating on the information provided by the surfer, followed by a standard clinical assessment related to the anatomical region or list of differential diagnoses based on the history. iv The study was limited to any surfer, male or female, who was competing on the World Championship Tour or the World Qualifying Series and registered to compete in the Mr. Price Pro. Results: Chronic injuries made up for 52.7% of surfing injuries, with the spine and surrounding musculature being the most commonly affected regions. Factors associated with injury were the repetitive nature of certain aspects of surfing and the age of the surfer. The findings in this study concurred with previous literature with the respect to sustaining of an injury related to surfing. However, many of the findings in this study differed to that of previous literature with respect to the common site of injury. The spine was the most common site of injury, as opposed to lower extremities as had been previously reported. The factors associated with injury also differed somewhat from previous literature. Therefore, this warrants further investigation with due consideration to the recommendations from this study.

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