In recent years, the Game Ready® unit has become a popular cryotherapy modality to treat musculoskeletal injuries. The purpose of this study was to determine which cryotherapy method, wetted ice bag with elastic wrap or Game Ready®, decreases triceps surae intramuscular tissue temperature the most during a 30-minute treatment. The independent variables were the cryotherapy modalities (Game Ready® and wetted ice with elastic wrap) and time (baseline, 10, 20, and 30 minutes). Twenty patients participated in this study. Wetted ice with elastic wrap decreased tissue temperatures significantly greater than Game Ready® at 20 minutes (P = 0.03), and 30 minutes (P = 0.02). Since wetted ice with elastic wrap produced a greater and faster decline in intramuscular tissue temperature compared to Game Ready® on medium pressure, this cryotherapy modality should be utilized in the immediate care phase of the injury repair process.

Thesis (M.S.)--Boston University, 2011. / Unlike the process of healing, studies related to the survival time of bone after injury are lacking and a need exists for setting descriptive standards for macroscopic trauma analysis of bone. The rate of macroscopic changes that occur during bone healing can be determined by analyzing specimens that exhibit posttraumatic injury with known survival times. A total of 109 specimens were analyzed from the Civil War Collection housed at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP), National Museum of Health and Medicine (NMHM). All specimens displayed some form of traumatic injury, disease, or both. A macroscopic assessment of each bony element was performed using a method practiced by Barbian and Sledzik (2008), to determine the presence of four responses to trauma that occur in bone and the total number of responses per specimen. The four responses observed in this study include a line of demarcation, osteoclastic activity, osteoblastic activity, and sequestration. Each specimen was scored 1 for the presence and 0 for the absence of each type of bone response. Then the number of responses per specimen was calculated to determine a total score of all responses. Throughout this study, the evaluation of the total score of bone responses [TRUNCATED]

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The elderly are a rapidly growing population in the United States and have the highest rate of TBI-related hospitalization. Across all levels of severity, elderly persons have uniformly poorer outcomes including quality of life, community integration, disability, and mortality, but there is a significant lack of published research regarding communication outcome in the elderly population. The likelihood that speech-language pathologists (SLPs) will clinically treat elderly clients with TBI is great; understanding the effects that age of injury has on communication may inform clinicians’ abilities to accurately and efficiently assess, diagnose, and treat the elderly. The present study examined the relationship between age of onset of injury and severity of communication deficits following traumatic brain injury (TBI); the study included a review of published research and a survey of SLP estimates of severity of impairment. Limitations of the study and directions for further research are discussed. / text

Vitamin D deficiency has been linked with many health problems. Early research demonstrated the importance of vitamin D for bone health, but it may also play a larger role than first reported in muscle health and function. Specifically, low vitamin D may hinder athletic performance, as such evaluation of serum vitamin D levels in high volume training athletes has merit. The purpose of this study was to evaluate serum levels of 25(OH)D in college athletes to determine how many had levels below the recommended values. Data from student-athletes who were attending a large university in the south included: serum vitamin D levels, demographics information, and injury reports. Mean serum vitamin D level for the group was 34.17 ng/mL ± 0.88. Average injury for the group was 1.3± 0.14. The mean value of serum vitamin D for Caucasian players was 38.3 ng/mL ± 1.33 with a range of 23-59 ng/mL. The mean value of serum vitamin D for African American players was 31.16 ng/mL ± 1.08 with a range of 16-52 ng/mL. African American players had significantly lower serum vitamin D levels (p<0.01) than Caucasian players. Players with one or more injury had significantly lower serum vitamin D values (p<0.05) than players who had zero injuries. Forty-eight players (44.4%) had insufficient levels of vitamin D (20-31.9ng/ml). 60 players (55.6%) had values within normal limits (>32 ng/ml). Players with one or more musculoskeletal injury or fracture had significantly lower serum vitamin D levels (p<0.05) compared to players that had zero injuries. African American players had significantly lower serum vitamin D levels (p<0.01) compared to Caucasian players. It is important for athletes to monitor serum vitamin D levels and adhere to a supplementation protocol when levels are insufficient. / text

In the following study, a lexical emotion recognition test via written stimuli was administered to 10 (8 male and 2 female) brain injured participants. Performance of brain injured individuals was compared to 30 non brain injured adults. A two way analysis of variance (groups, conditions) revealed significant effects for groups, conditions, and the interaction of groups and conditions. Implications and significance of the present results for future research are discussed. / text

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