Syftet med studien var att belysa om och hur lärare i idrott och hälsa arbetar skadeförebyggande i undervisningen. Vi utgick från en kvalitativ metod och intervjuade åtta utbildade lärare med inriktning mot årskurs 6-9 i ämnet idrott och hälsa. Resultatet kopplas till Haddons (1980) strategier om skadeförebyggande arbete. Genom samtliga intervjuer framkom att lärare medvetet arbetar förebyggande med funktionella idrottsskador och integrerar det i undervisningen. Informanterna menar att det i första hand är aktiviteten som står i fokus och inte huruvida undervisningen sker inomhus eller utomhus men nämner att det finns skillnader i planering och utförande. Informanterna betonar vikten av att eleverna lär sig hur arbetet kring förebyggande av funktionella idrottsskador kan implementeras för att kunna använda kunskaperna för ett livslångt lärande. Baserat på Haddons (1980) strategier om skadeförebyggande arbete utformade vi en ny modell för att förebygga skador. Ur ett framtida perspektiv är vår önskan att lärare använder modellen till att strukturera och organisera en lärorik undervisning. / The purpose of this study was to elucidate whether and how teachers in physical education and health work to prevent injuries. We used qualitative method and interviewed eight educated teachers specializing in sixth to ninth grade in physical education and health. The results are based on Haddon´s (1980) strategies for injury prevention. The results showed that teachers consciously work to prevent functional sports injuries and integrate the preventional work into the education. The informants believe that it is primarily the activity that is focused on and not whether the education takes place indoors or outdoors, but mentions that there are differences regarding planning and execution. The informants emphasize the importance of students learning how to work preventively with functional sports injuries and how to use the knowledge for lifelong learning. Based on Haddon´s (1980) strategies we created a strategy model for injury prevention. From a future perspective, it is our desire that teachers use the model to structure and organize a worthwhile education.

Untersuchung von insgesamt 1537 Schulunfällen von Kindern und Jugendlichen im Alter von 6 bis einschließlich 17 Jahren, die in den Jahren 1998 und 1999 an den Kliniken für Unfall- und Wiederherstellungschirurgie und für Kinderchirurgie am Universitätsklinikum Dresden behandelt wurden. Auswertung unter Einbeziehung von Geschlecht, Alter, Schulart, Art der schulischen Veranstaltung, Wegeunfälle, Unfallort, Unfallmechanismus, Unfallumstände, Verletzungslokalisation, Verletzungsart, Diagnose, Behandlungsdauer, Diagnostik, Therapie, Verletzungsfolgen, usw. / Examination of 1537 school accidents of pupils aged between 6 and 17 years who where treated at the university hospital of Dresden in the years 1998 and 1999. Analysis of sex, age, type of school, type of school activity during which injury occured, accident on the way to school, place of accident, mode of accident, backgrounds of accident, localization of injury, type of injury, diagnosis, duration of treatment, clinical diagnostics, therapy, consequences of injury, etc.

Although sports and other forms of physical activities are associated with numerous health benefits, adolescent sports injury has emerged as an important public health problem. As the most immediate caregivers for athletes, coaches are expected to play an important role in preventing and reducing injuries, -considering that sports medical staff, such as athletic trainers are not always available to care for athletes. However, research on coaches' beliefs and practices related to injury prevention has been limited to coaching competency issues, in which injury prevention is considered only one component. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to describe the coaches' beliefs and knowledge pertaining to sports injury and their readiness for injury prevention practice to be incorporated into high school settings. The research questions are: (1) What are the coaches' beliefs and knowledge related to sports injury and their readiness for injury prevention practice?; (2) What are the relationships between coaches' beliefs and knowledge pertaining to sports injury and readiness for injury prevention practice?; and (3) What are the differences in coach-related factors between the coaches who have medical staff and those who do not? The participants in the study had average to low perceptions regarding injuries on their team. The knowledge score related to sports injury was not high. However, a majority of the coaches showed strong beliefs in favor of implementing injury prevention interventions as an effective way to prevent and reduce sports injuries. Supporting previous studies, the present study revealed strong associations between self-efficacy and the injury prevention behaviors assessed. It was also found that coaches who employed medical staff were approximately four times more likely to provide injury prevention programs to their athletes and have emergency plans. Findings from this study will provide a broader understanding of coaches' perceptions regarding sports injury, injury prevention interventions conducted by coaches, and the implications for developing quality coaching programs and policies to prevent and reduce sports injuries.

Tissue ischemia is a major cause of morbidity contributing to disease processes such as cardiovascular diseases, stroke, cancer, and traumatic injury and may lead to death. Failure to quickly reestablish flow to ischemic tissue results in tissue death. However, even timely return to normal flow has a downside in that the reintroduction of oxygen to ischemic tissue results in ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury that produces an oxidant stress. This pathological process requires new therapeutic strategies and agents to reduce the personal, social and economic loss. One of the most generally accepted mechanisms for the pathology of I/R injury is the production of the reactive oxygen species (ROS), suggesting antioxidants may ameliorate I/R injury. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), a plant derived polyphenolic compound, has been shown to protect organs from I/R induced damage in vivo, and this effect has been attributed to its antioxidant activity. To better understand the mechanism of CAPE protection, a model using menadione-induced oxidative stress in human endothelial cells to simulate I/R injury in vitro was developed. Gene expression analysis was performed with microarrays undergoing cytoprotection with CAPE. The dose-dependent cytoprotection of CAPE has been related to its induction of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). With the aim of improving the beneficial effect of CAPE and understanding structure activity relationship, six new catechol ring-fluorinated CAPE derivatives were synthesized and evaluated in the menadione-endothelial cell model. The data suggest good cytoprotective effects of CAPE and some analogues and indicate important structural features for cytoprotection. Further investigation of the mechanism of cytoprotection showed that cytoprotection profiles of CAPE and derivatives correlate better to their ability to induce HO-1 in human endothelial cells than free radical scavenging activity. One CAPE derivative (FCAPE) with cytoprotective effects similar to CAPE in vitro exhibited better stability in rat plasma. A validated ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometric method was developed that allowed for quantification of CAPE and FCAPE in plasma samples. Pharmacokinetic studies in male Sprague Dawley rats following intravenous bolus administration of 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg CAPE and 20 mg/kg FCAPE were performed. The results indicate that dose proportionality for CAPE does not exist in the dose range studied. Although the elimination half life was found not to be significant different between CAPE and FCAPE, significant difference was observed between the total body clearance of FCAPE and CAPE which may due to the difference in volume of distribution.

Bakgrund: Axelskador är vanligt förekommande inom idrott. Det finns ett tydligt samband mellan axelskador och idrotter som innefattar hand- och armrörelser ovanför huvudhöjd, som till exempel handboll. Axellederna utsätts för såväl hård fysisk kontakt som hög belastning vid repetitiva kaströrelser vilket ställer stora krav på axelledens strukturer. Prevalensen av aktuell eller tidigare axelskada rapporteras vara mellan 58 till 75 % hos spelarna. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur ett preventivt träningsprogram riktat mot riskfaktorer för skada i axelleden, utfört under åtta veckor i slutskedet av tävlingssäsong, påverkade prevalensen av överbelastningsskador i axelleden hos elithandbollsspelare i Sverige. Hur påverkas prevalensen av överbelastningskador och av allvarliga överbelastningsskador i axelleden under åtta veckor med samtidigt genomförande av ett preventivt träningsprogram för axelleden på elithandbollsspelare i Sverige? Metod: Studien var av kvasi-experimentell design vilken bestod av sex mättillfällen under åtta veckor. Nio elithandbollslag aktiva i Mellansverige rekryterades, varav 110 av 162 tillgängliga spelare inkluderades vid studiestart. Exkludering under och efter studieperioden gjorde att analysen utfördes på ett färre antal spelare. Lagen delades in i interventions- (n = 48) eller kontrollgrupp (n = 32) genom stratifierat urval, medelålder (± SD) 22.0 (3.3) respektive 21.9 (4.0). Interventionsgruppen tilldelades ett preventivt träningsprogram bestående av tre övningar i syfte att förbättra riskfaktorer för axelskador hos ”overhead athletes”. Kontrollgruppen tilldelades ingen intervention. Träningsprogrammet utvärderades genom att analysera prevalensen av överbelastningsskada och allvarlig överbelastningsskada i axelleden mätt med en modifierad version av The Oslo Sports Trauma Research Centre Overuse Injury Questionnaire. Resultat: Totalt 455 överbelastningssymtom rapporterades hos 42 spelare (53 %) varav 95 symtom var allvarliga hos 18 spelare (23 %). Prevalensen av överbelastningsskada minskade för både interventions- och kontrollgruppen från 42 % (95 % CI 28-56 %) till 25 % (95 % CI 13-37 %) respektive 53 % (95 % CI 36-70 %) till 31 % (95 % CI 15-47 %). Prevalensen av allvarliga överbelastningsskador minskade för både interventions- och kontrollgruppen från 15 % (95 % CI 5-25 %) till 6 % (95 % CI -1-13 %) respektive 19 % (95 % CI 5-32 %) till 13 % (95 % CI 1-24 %). Det fanns ingen signifikant skillnad mellan grupperna gällande prevalensen efter åtta veckors intervention. Allvarlighetspoängen minskade genomgående med en signifikant skillnad (p = 0.001) över tid för båda grupperna där kontrollgruppen förbättrades något mer. Det fanns en tendens till skillnad mellan grupperna (p = 0.064) gällande allvarlighetspoäng. Slutsats: Resultaten av denna studie visar på att prevalensen av allvarlig överbelastningsskada i axelleden hos elithandbollsspelare i Sverige möjligtvis kan reduceras till viss del genom utförande av ett preventivt träningsprogram två eller fler gånger per vecka under åtta veckor. Prevalensen av allvarliga symtom för överbelastningsskada minskade till ett något lägre värde för interventionsgruppen. Skillnaden för prevalens av överbelastningsskada inom interventionsgruppen, undergrupperade på antal utförda förebyggande träningspass, var signifikant (p = 0.044). Allvarlighetspoängen minskade i båda grupperna under studien. Det fanns en tendens till signifikant skillnad mellan grupperna (p = 0,.064), där kontrollgruppen förbättrades något mer trots ett högre värde vid mätning vecka 8. Axelskada och dysfunktioner hos ”overhead athletes” kan orsakas av olika faktorer vilket innebär att även riskfaktorerna bakom var och en av dessa tillstånd kan variera. Det är därför viktigt att upplysa om att träningsprogrammets påverkan på individnivå kan se annorlunda ut jämfört med resultatet på gruppnivå i den större populationen. / Background: Shoulder injuries are common in sport. In particular there is a clear relationship between shoulder injuries and sports that includes hand- and arm movements over the head, for example handball. In handball, the shoulder joints are exposed to hard physical contact as well as high loads during repetitive throwing which puts high demands on the structures inside and surrounding the shoulder joint. The prevalence of current or previous shoulder injuries is reported to be between 58 to 75 % in studies of handball players. Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate how a preventive training program aimed at risk factors for shoulder injuries in the shoulder joint, performed during eight weeks in the final stage of competitive season, affected the prevalence of overuse injuries in the shoulder joint for elite handball players in Sweden.  How is the prevalence of overuse injuries and severe overuse injuries in the shoulder joints of elite Swedish handball players affected by the implementation of an eight-week preventive training program? Method: The study was of a quasi-experimental design which consisted of six measurements taken during eight weeks. Nine elite handball teams active in the middle regions of Sweden were recruited, from which 110 of the 162 available players were included. Exclusions during and after the study period reduced the number of players. The teams were divided into an intervention (n = 48) or control group (n = 32) through stratified sampling, with mean age (± SD) 22.0 (3.3) and 21.9 (4.0), respectively. The intervention group was assigned a preventive exercise program consisting of three exercises with the purpose of improving riskfactors for shoulder injuries for overhead athletes. The control group was not assigned any intervention. The training program was evaluated by analyzing the prevalence of overuse and severe overuse symptoms in the shoulder measured with a modified version of The Oslo Sports Trauma Research Centre Overuse Injury Questionnaire. Results: A total of 455 overuse symptoms were reported by 42 players (53 %) of which 95 symptoms in 18 players (23 %) were severe. The prevalence of overuse injuries decreased in both the intervention and the control group from 42 % (95 % CI 28-56 %) to 25 % (95 % CI 13-37 %) and 53 % (95 % CI 36-70 %) to 31 % (95 % CI 15-47 %), respectively. The prevalence of severe overuse injuries decreased in both the intervention and the control group from 15 % (95 % CI 5-25 %) to 6 % (95 % CI -1-13 %) and 19 % (95 % CI 5-32 %) to 13 % (95 % CI 1-24 %), respectively. There was no significant difference between the groups regarding prevalence after the intervention of eight weeks. Severity score consistently decreased with a significant difference over time (p = 0.001) for both groups, with a slightly greater improvement in the control group. There was a tendency towarda difference between the groups (p = 0.064) regarding the severity score. Conclusions: The results of this study show that the prevalence of severe overuse injuries in the shoulder joint of elite handball players in Sweden might be reduced to some extent by performing a preventive exercise program two or more times per week for eight weeks. The prevalence of severe symptoms of overload injury decreased to a slightly lower value for the intervention group. The difference of prevalence of overuse injuries within the intervention group, stratified by the number of executed preventive exercise programs (<2 and ≥2), was significant (p = 0.044). Severity score decreased in both groups during the study. However, there was a tendency to a significant difference between the groups (p = 0.064), where the control group improved slightly more in spite of a higher value when measured at week 8. Shoulder injury and dysfunctions of overhead athletes can be caused by various factors, which means that the riskfactors for each of these conditions may vary. It is therefore important to highlight that the effects of a training program may be different at the individual level compared with the results at group level.

The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an injury prevention and training programme for elite cricketers in regard to biomechanical, physical and motor and anthropometric variables over a period of six cricketing off-seasons (1998/1999-2003/2004). A secondary aim was to investigate the injury epidemiology of elite cricket players over a six-season period (1998/1999 – 2003/2004). A total of 93 cricket players, who were part of the North-West professional cricket squad, were evaluated over a six-season period stretching from the 1998/1999 cricket season to 2003/2004 cricket season. The players were all evaluated at the end of the off-season (middle September) of the commencing season and the injury lists were compiled throughout each playing season. This included all players who needed medical attention due to injury sustained while representing the North-West cricket team in a cricket match. An analysis was done of literature sources by making use of electronic media, library search and sports medicine journals. Databases such as Pubmed, EbscoHost (Academic Search Elite), Sciencedirect, Medline, Eric, Health Source - Consumer Edition, Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition and SPORTDiscus were used. Special consideration was given to cricket injury epidemiology, injury prevention strategies in cricket, biomechanics in cricket and general injury prevention strategies. The recorded data were statistically processed and the practical significances were calculated. Three different protocols were followed to evaluate the effectiveness of the injury prevention and training programme. The recorded data were analysed for the six off-season periods (1998/1999-2003/2004, protocol 1) of the study for the biomechanical, physical and motor and anthropometric evaluations, as well as for the injury epidemiology. The players were then divided into four exposure times (protocol 2) in the study for the biomechanical, physical and motor and anthropometric evaluations. Then the players were divided into two groups (protocol 3), with each group consisting of the same players, and over a three off-season period each evaluated for the biomechanical, physical and motor and anthropometric variables. Lastly, the results for the last three seasons of protocol 1 were compared with the result of the last three seasons of protocol 3 (group 2) for the biomechanical, physical and motor and anthropometric evaluations, as well as for the injury epidemiology. The results for this study indicate that the injury prevention and training programme was successful in improving and maintaining the biomechanical, physical and motor and anthropometric profile of the cricketers over the six off-season periods (1998/1999-2003/2004). Although all injuries could not be prevented, injuries resulting from structural vulnerability did decrease. Injuries resulting from structural vulnerability (mechanism of injury) decreased from the 1998/1999 season (67,67% of the total injuries suffered during the 1998/1999 season) to the 2003/2004 season (10% of the total injuries suffered during the 2003/2004 season), indicating that the training and prevention programme played a role in the prevention of these injuries. Injury incidence per 10 000 hours of play was 5,82 injuries for the six-season period (1998/1999- 2003/2004). The injury prevention and training programme used in this study can be utilised to improve the biomechanical, physical and motor and anthropometric profile of cricketers. The biomechanical, physical and motor and anthropometric evaluations can also be used as injury prevention strategies by identifying possible injury risk factors as a result of poor biomechanical, physical and motor and anthropometric profiles. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Education))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.

<p>Background: Three epidemiological studies conducted in Rwanda have highlighted that many people at different levels in the community of soccer do not implement accepted control measures for reducing the risk of injuries. However, little is known about what soccer community members themselves know about injury prevention. Purpose: The aim of this study was to identify perceptions of factors influencing the implementation of soccer injury prevention strategies in Rwanda.</p>

Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) are a major health and socioeconomic problem throughout the world, with an estimated 10 million deaths and instances of hospitalization annually. Numerical methods such as finite element (FE) methods can be used to study head injuries and optimize the protection, which can lead to a decrease in the number of injuries. The FE head models were initially evaluated for biofidelity by comparing with donated corpses experiments. However, there are some limitations in experiments of corpses, including material degradation after death. One feasible alternative to evaluating head models with living human tissue is to use reconstruction of real accidents. However, the process of accident reconstruction entails some uncertainties since it is not a controlled experiment. Therefore, a deeper understanding of the accident reconstruction process is needed in order to be able to improve the FE human models. Thus, the aim of this thesis was to evaluate and further develop more advanced strategies for accident reconstructions involving head injuries. A FE head model was used to study head injuries in accidents. Existing bicycle accident data was used, as were hypothetical accident situations for cyclists and pedestrians. A FE bicycle helmet model having different designs was developed to study the protective effect. An objective method was developed based on the Overlap Index (OI) and Location Index (LI) to facilitate the comparison of FE model responses with injuries visible in medical images. Three bicycle accident reconstructions were performed and the proposed method evaluated. The method showed to have potential to be an objective method to compare FE model response with medical images and could be a step towards improving the evaluation of results from injury reconstructions. The simulations demonstrated the protective effect of a bicycle helmet. A decrease was seen in the injurious effect on both the brain tissue and the skull. However, the results also showed that the brain tissue strain could be further decreased by modifying the helmet design. Two different numerical pedestrian models were compared to evaluate whether the more time-efficient rigid body model could be used, instead of a FE pedestrian model, to roughly determine the initial conditions as an accident reconstruction involves some uncertainties. The difference, in terms of the head impact location, rotation and velocity, attributable to the two models was in the same range as differences due to uncertainties in some of the initial parameters, such as vehicle impact velocity. / <p>QC 20150414</p>

The use of knee braces prophylactically is still considered as an approach for injury mitigation for those in high-risk sporting activities, though their use is not fully supported. The purpose of this thesis was to examine biomechanical and neuromuscular effects of prophylactic brace wear following standardized repetitive exercise. Twelve participants participated and acted as their own control. The participants were required to participate in two sessions, one control session with no brace and one intervention session with the application of a off-the-shelf prophylactic knee brace. Pre-and post-exercise intervention single leg drop landings were recorded to examine the effects of an acute exercise stimulus on the neuromuscular and biomechanical effects of brace wear. Additionally, trials were collected at 30-minutes post-exercise to examine residual effects of the brace wear on landing kinematics and kinetics. Difference tests using analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that there was a minimal effect of the prophylactic knee brace on biomechanical and neuromuscular variables following exercise as well as 30-minutes following knee brace removal. Further research may be required to identify if braces can be worn prophylactically to reduce the risk of injury during activity.

The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an injury prevention and training programme for elite cricketers in regard to biomechanical, physical and motor and anthropometric variables over a period of six cricketing off-seasons (1998/1999-2003/2004). A secondary aim was to investigate the injury epidemiology of elite cricket players over a six-season period (1998/1999 – 2003/2004). A total of 93 cricket players, who were part of the North-West professional cricket squad, were evaluated over a six-season period stretching from the 1998/1999 cricket season to 2003/2004 cricket season. The players were all evaluated at the end of the off-season (middle September) of the commencing season and the injury lists were compiled throughout each playing season. This included all players who needed medical attention due to injury sustained while representing the North-West cricket team in a cricket match. An analysis was done of literature sources by making use of electronic media, library search and sports medicine journals. Databases such as Pubmed, EbscoHost (Academic Search Elite), Sciencedirect, Medline, Eric, Health Source - Consumer Edition, Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition and SPORTDiscus were used. Special consideration was given to cricket injury epidemiology, injury prevention strategies in cricket, biomechanics in cricket and general injury prevention strategies. The recorded data were statistically processed and the practical significances were calculated. Three different protocols were followed to evaluate the effectiveness of the injury prevention and training programme. The recorded data were analysed for the six off-season periods (1998/1999-2003/2004, protocol 1) of the study for the biomechanical, physical and motor and anthropometric evaluations, as well as for the injury epidemiology. The players were then divided into four exposure times (protocol 2) in the study for the biomechanical, physical and motor and anthropometric evaluations. Then the players were divided into two groups (protocol 3), with each group consisting of the same players, and over a three off-season period each evaluated for the biomechanical, physical and motor and anthropometric variables. Lastly, the results for the last three seasons of protocol 1 were compared with the result of the last three seasons of protocol 3 (group 2) for the biomechanical, physical and motor and anthropometric evaluations, as well as for the injury epidemiology. The results for this study indicate that the injury prevention and training programme was successful in improving and maintaining the biomechanical, physical and motor and anthropometric profile of the cricketers over the six off-season periods (1998/1999-2003/2004). Although all injuries could not be prevented, injuries resulting from structural vulnerability did decrease. Injuries resulting from structural vulnerability (mechanism of injury) decreased from the 1998/1999 season (67,67% of the total injuries suffered during the 1998/1999 season) to the 2003/2004 season (10% of the total injuries suffered during the 2003/2004 season), indicating that the training and prevention programme played a role in the prevention of these injuries. Injury incidence per 10 000 hours of play was 5,82 injuries for the six-season period (1998/1999- 2003/2004). The injury prevention and training programme used in this study can be utilised to improve the biomechanical, physical and motor and anthropometric profile of cricketers. The biomechanical, physical and motor and anthropometric evaluations can also be used as injury prevention strategies by identifying possible injury risk factors as a result of poor biomechanical, physical and motor and anthropometric profiles. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Education))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.