Little change has resulted from decades of attempts at reforming the teaching of mathematics (Davis et al., 1990). This study involved approximately 43 teachers who had completed an inquiry-based professional development program prior to being provided with a new mathematics curriculum designed to support inquiry-based teaching. It analyzed the relationships between their implementation of the inquiry-based teaching and their use of the curriculum materials. A series of bivariate correlations were run to investigate the relationships between the professional development and aspects related to the implementation of the new curriculum. The factors being so inter-related, it was hypothesized that relationships would exist between all of the factors, but only some of the expected relationships materialized. Like others before, this study supports the idea that merely providing professional development and new curriculum will not always result in a change in teaching. While the teachers in this study were not necessarily resistant to change, a lack of time to implement new teaching does seem to have affected the level of change in teaching. Future research is needed related to methods and timing related to the implementation of new teaching practices and curriculum and their relationship to teacher change.

O presente trabalho foi elaborado com o intuito de mapear quais ações tomadas por um professor promovem a argumentação dos estudantes. Para isso levamos em conta o contexto do ensino por investigação e a importância dessa abordagem didática para a promoção da Alfabetização Científica. Caracterizamos o que é o ensino por investigação e explicitamos qual é o espaço da argumentação em um ambiente de ensino pautado em seus pressupostos. Com base na revisão da literatura, discutimos especificidades em torno do que vem a ser argumentação em sala de aula e qual a sua importância para a construção de entendimento pelos estudantes sobre conteúdos científicos, bem como seu espaço na implementação de abordagens investigativas. À luz dessas conjecturas, estruturamos um grupo de categorias denominadas propósitos epistêmicos para promoção da argumentação que, em conjunto com os indicadores de alfabetização científica propostos por Sasseron (2008) e com os tipos de perguntas realizadas pelo um professor propostas por Machado (2012), nos permitiu construir um instrumento analítico para estudo de uma situação empírica de sala de aula. Nossa fonte de dados consistiu nos registros oriundos da implementação de uma Sequência de Ensino Investigativa que abordou o tema dualidade onda-partícula da luz. Por meio da análise das transcrições das falas de alunos e professor referentes às duas aulas finais desta sequência de ensino foi possível encontrar diferentes tipos de argumentos construídos pelos alunos e estabelecer como estes foram favorecidos. Concluímos, entre outras coisas, que o professor exerce papel importante para a promoção e o desenvolvimento de situações argumentativas, uma vez que nossa interpretação dos dados evidenciou aspectos, como, por exemplo, a necessidade da retomada de informações, da problematização de situações de investigação e exploração de distintos pontos de vistas para a construção de argumentos e entendimento pelos alunos sobre o objeto que estava sendo investigado coletivamente. / This research was performed aiming to map out which teacher\'s actions can promote argumentation by students. Therefore, we considered the context of inquiry-based teaching and the importance of this didactic approach to promote Scientific Literacy. We characterized the inquiry-based teaching and explained what is the place occupied of argumentation in an educational environment based on their assumptions. Based on the literature review, we discussed what is argumentation and its relevance to building up understandings by students about scientific contents. In light of these conjectures, we have structured a category group called epistemic purposes to promote argumentation that, together with the scientific literacy indicators proposed by Sasseron (2008) and the types of questions asked by a teacher proposed by Machado (2012), allowed us to design an analytical tool to study classroom empirical situation. Our data source consisted of records arising from the implementation of an Inquiry-based Teaching Sequence that addressed the subject wave-particle duality of light. Analyzing the transcripts of the speeches of students and teachers concerning to the final two classes of this teaching sequence was possible to find different types of arguments built by students. We concluded, among other things, the importance of the role of the teacher to promote the development of argumentation situations, since our interpretation of the data indicated aspects, as, for example, the need for resumption information, the questioning of situations and exploration of different points of views to construct arguments and understanding by students about the object that was being investigated collectively.

The purpose of this study is to compare an inquiry-based teaching method for natural sciences in municipal schools and special education and to find out if this way of teaching may be helpful when working with students with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The Swedish national curriculum of 2011 states that teaching methods should be fitted to every student’s needs and preconditions. The implication of this is very important for all students, especially for children with special needs. The theoretical framework that has been applied as a foundation for this study is Vygotskijs "Zone of Proximal Development" and Deweys "Learning by Doing". The method applied for the study is a semi structured interview and five teachers where interviewed. The result of the study shows that teachers with a higher education in natural sciences are more confident with regards to teaching natural sciences and the application of the inquiry-based way of teaching. All the interviewed teachers find inquiry-based teaching to be helpful to all students but perhaps in particular for students with ADHD due to the fact that these lessons are broken down into smaller pieces of activities which helps the students keep their focus easier. This is particularly helpful for students with ADHD since their main challenge is hyperactivity.

This diploma thesis deals with both theoretical part of the new trend in education, it is meant inquiry based teaching/ learning, and practical part which is useful mainly for geography teachers on the 2nd stage of primary schools. Inquiry based teaching has the aim in increasing the efficiency of the science subjects education on primary schools and getting pupils interested in study and interests. In view of the fact that the physical geography has many under parts, there were chosen three main categories for this work: hydrology, meteorology and climate, cartography and geographical informational system. In the theoretical part there is dealt with a definition of a term inquiry based teaching and learning, its using in the world educational systems and its integration into Czech educational system. On the grounds of the studied materials it was made "A set of projects for inquiry based teaching in geographical lessons on the 2nd stage of primary school. This practical portfolio includes both methodical sheets for teachers and worksheets for an explorer. Chosen projects were tested in practice and they are evaluated in the final part of the whole of the diploma thesis.

This diploma thesis briefly introduces the concept of inquiry based teaching mathematics. In inquiry based teaching, emphasis is placed primarily on the active activity of the pupil, the aim of which is to discover a certain reality. This activity mainly involves solving problems and finding the right paths to achieve the right goal. We can call this path to a goal as a research. The inquiry process involves observing, formulating questions, identifying information, designing possible processes, and verifying them. In this educational method, the role of the teacher is not to pass the facts to the pupils, but to target them and to supervise the correctness of their practices. We can understand the teacher here as a guide, adviser or assistant on the path to the goal (discovery). In the thesis a few examples of mathematics of elementary and secondary schools are given, in which the inquiry based approach is applied. Mathematics in the given examples is not complicated, emphasis is put on the practical use. In the examples interdisciplinary relationships are developed as well, which is an important part of the inquiry based teaching. In each example, additional questions are provided.

O presente trabalho foi elaborado com o intuito de mapear quais ações tomadas por um professor promovem a argumentação dos estudantes. Para isso levamos em conta o contexto do ensino por investigação e a importância dessa abordagem didática para a promoção da Alfabetização Científica. Caracterizamos o que é o ensino por investigação e explicitamos qual é o espaço da argumentação em um ambiente de ensino pautado em seus pressupostos. Com base na revisão da literatura, discutimos especificidades em torno do que vem a ser argumentação em sala de aula e qual a sua importância para a construção de entendimento pelos estudantes sobre conteúdos científicos, bem como seu espaço na implementação de abordagens investigativas. À luz dessas conjecturas, estruturamos um grupo de categorias denominadas propósitos epistêmicos para promoção da argumentação que, em conjunto com os indicadores de alfabetização científica propostos por Sasseron (2008) e com os tipos de perguntas realizadas pelo um professor propostas por Machado (2012), nos permitiu construir um instrumento analítico para estudo de uma situação empírica de sala de aula. Nossa fonte de dados consistiu nos registros oriundos da implementação de uma Sequência de Ensino Investigativa que abordou o tema dualidade onda-partícula da luz. Por meio da análise das transcrições das falas de alunos e professor referentes às duas aulas finais desta sequência de ensino foi possível encontrar diferentes tipos de argumentos construídos pelos alunos e estabelecer como estes foram favorecidos. Concluímos, entre outras coisas, que o professor exerce papel importante para a promoção e o desenvolvimento de situações argumentativas, uma vez que nossa interpretação dos dados evidenciou aspectos, como, por exemplo, a necessidade da retomada de informações, da problematização de situações de investigação e exploração de distintos pontos de vistas para a construção de argumentos e entendimento pelos alunos sobre o objeto que estava sendo investigado coletivamente. / This research was performed aiming to map out which teacher\'s actions can promote argumentation by students. Therefore, we considered the context of inquiry-based teaching and the importance of this didactic approach to promote Scientific Literacy. We characterized the inquiry-based teaching and explained what is the place occupied of argumentation in an educational environment based on their assumptions. Based on the literature review, we discussed what is argumentation and its relevance to building up understandings by students about scientific contents. In light of these conjectures, we have structured a category group called epistemic purposes to promote argumentation that, together with the scientific literacy indicators proposed by Sasseron (2008) and the types of questions asked by a teacher proposed by Machado (2012), allowed us to design an analytical tool to study classroom empirical situation. Our data source consisted of records arising from the implementation of an Inquiry-based Teaching Sequence that addressed the subject wave-particle duality of light. Analyzing the transcripts of the speeches of students and teachers concerning to the final two classes of this teaching sequence was possible to find different types of arguments built by students. We concluded, among other things, the importance of the role of the teacher to promote the development of argumentation situations, since our interpretation of the data indicated aspects, as, for example, the need for resumption information, the questioning of situations and exploration of different points of views to construct arguments and understanding by students about the object that was being investigated collectively.

Skolans uppdrag kan ses som tudelat. Dels ska elevens behov tillgodoses men samtidigt ska samhällets behov tillgodoses då morgondagens samhällsmedborgare formas. En omfattande studie visar att elevers intresse för de naturvetenskapliga ämnena sjunker efter tredje klass och vidare upp mot högstadiet. En annan studie visar att allt färre elever väljer att söka till naturprogrammen på gymnasiet och att ingenjörsutbildningar har allt svårare att rekrytera unga studenter. Då mellanstadieelever själva uttrycker vad som är roligast och mest intressant med NO är svaret oftast undersökningar eller laborationer. Däremot visar det sig att undersökande arbete fortfarande är undantaget i svensk skola, trots läroplaners upprepade försök att styra undervisningen mot en mer undersökande karaktär. Med detta som bakgrund ämnar denna kvalitativa forskningsöversikt belysa huruvida mellanstadielärare idag har möjlighet att tillgodose både elevers behov och samhällets behov, detta genom att tillämpa ett undersökande arbetssätt. Forskningen som analyserats har tyngdpunkt i Sverige men även internationella studier har granskats. I resultatdelen redovisas hur undersökande arbetssätt har potential att intressera och engagera alla elever, samtidigt som viktiga förmågor har möjlighet att utvecklas. Bland dessa förmågor återfinns exempelvis att kritiskt kunna värdera källor, som av Skolverket poängteras särskilt viktigt i en tid av stora informationsflöden genom kanaler som intenödvändigtvis har för avsikt att opartiskt dela påstådda fakta och information. I resultatdelen presenteras också det etablerade skolutvecklingsprogrammet Naturvetenskap och Teknik för Alla (NTA), som många verksamma lärare använder sig av då de tillämpar undersökande arbetssätt. Resultatet visar att både elever och lärare generellt har en positiv bild av NTA, men att läraren har en krävande roll. Ett annat alternativ till undersökande arbetssätt som presenteras i resultatet är Kolstøs konsensusprojekt. Projektet erbjuder eleverna att ta rollen som experter då de arbetar kring en aktuell samhällsfråga med naturvetenskaplig anknytning. Denna form av undersökande arbetssätt utvecklar elevers förmåga att granska information, tränar dem i att fatta informerade beslut samt ger en inblick i den naturvetenskapliga arbetsgången. Dessa förmågor kan ses som särskilt viktiga efter Skolverkets beskrivning av ett samhälle med stora informationsflöden, samt då egna erfarenheter säger att elever idag har allt svårare att skilja åsikt från fakta. Slutligen diskuteras bland annat hur forskare uttryckt en oro för NO-undervisningens framtid då erfarna lärare går i pension samtidigt som den svenska skolan ser en ökande andel outbildade NO-lärare. Vidare diskuteras hur forskningen visat att lärarens roll då undersökande arbetssätt tillämpas är mycket krävande. Läraren ska ha djup ämneskunskap, didaktisk fingertoppskänsla samt vara trygg i sitt ledarskap av gruppen. Kanske är det så att forskares uttryckta oro för framtiden har belägg med detta som grund, och att det undersökande arbetssättet på sikt är hotat, trots att dess fördelar och positiva inverkan på samhället i framtiden troligen kommer behövas minst lika mycket som nu, om inte mer.

Students do not always evaluate explanations based on the mathematics despite their teacher's effort to be the guide-on-the-side and delegate evaluation to the students. This case study examined how the use of three features of the Discourse—authority, sociomathematical norms, and classroom mathematical practices—impacted students' evaluation and contributed to students' failure to evaluate. By studying three pre-service elementary school students' evaluation methods, it was found that the students applied different types of each of the features of the Discourse and employed them at different times. The way that the features of the Discourse were used contributed to some of the difficulties that the participants experienced in their evaluation of explanations. The results suggest that researchers in the field must come to believe that resistance to teaching methods is not the only reason for student failure to evaluate mathematical explanations and that authority is operating in the classroom even when the teacher is acting as the guide on the side. The framework developed for the study will be valuable for researchers who continue to use for their investigation of individual student's participation in mathematical activity.

A presente pesquisa de mestrado visa investigar as relações entre as ações do professor e o engajamento dos estudantes durante uma aula investigativa de Física abordando o tema \"dualidade onda-partícula da luz\". Para tanto, analisaremos a mesma aula de uma mesma Sequência de Ensino Investigativa ministrada por dois professores distintos em suas respectivas salas de aula, em duas diferentes escolas públicas de São Paulo. Através das transcrições realizadas, foi possível realizar comparações entre alguns aspectos das aulas como: tempo de fala total de cada professor e dos estudantes, tipos de perguntas realizadas e ações tomadas pelos professores, o surgimento e desenvolvimento da argumentação pelos estudantes e a promoção do Engajamento Disciplinar Produtivo. Concluímos que, além do Ensino por Investigação possibilitar um ambiente propício para o envolvimento dos estudantes, algumas ações específicas dos professores, como: conceder autoridade, explorar a visão dos estudantes, fornecer subsídios teóricos a eles e elucidar de forma clara o problema a ser investigado realizando questionamentos levam aos casos de Engajamento Disciplinar Produtivo. / The present master\'s research aims to investigate the relations between the actions of the teacher and the engagement of the students during an investigative class of Physics addressing the theme \"wave-particle duality of light\". To do so, we will analyze the same class of the same Inquiry-Based Teaching Sequences applied by two different teachers in their respective classrooms, in two different public schools of Sao Paulo. Through the transcripts, it was possible to make comparisons between some aspects of the classes such as: total speaking time of each teacher and students, types of questions asked and actions taken by teachers, the emergence and development of students\' argument and the promotion of Productive Disciplinary Engagement. We conclude that, in addition to Inquiry-Based Teaching, it is possible to provide an environment conducive to students involvement, some specific actions of teachers, such as: granting authority, exploring the students\' vision, providing theoretical subsidies to them and clearly elucidating the problem to be investigated conducting questioning lead to cases of Productive Disciplinary Engagement.

This diploma theses deals with a new trend of current teaching of science subjects and that is inquiry-based teaching. The main goal of this, for now in Czech environment unknown, teaching method is to make the teaching of science subjects more attractive and to renew the interest of pupils in these subjects. The theoretical part describes inquiry-based teaching, defines the educational subject of geography and it elaborates the connections with the generally educational programme the Primary education. The main part of the diploma thesis introduces created subjects of the teaching activities using the inquiry-based teaching of geography at the secondary school with the focus on the local region SO ORP Jindřichův Hradec. The submitted subjects of the teaching activities in socio-geographical region are thematically dedicated to transport, the quality of life and tourism, while the physically-geographical regions analyze the themes of meteorology and hydrology. The thesis includes the feedback on real created subjects of teaching activities. The attachment contains the worksheets related to the above mentioned activities.