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Submitted by SBI Biblioteca Digital (sbi.bibliotecadigital@puc-campinas.edu.br) on 2018-08-22T17:53:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 BEATRIZ MARTINS ARRUDA.pdf: 2882217 bytes, checksum: 52d64f618e1a092e19c3d8e4464e6245 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T17:53:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 BEATRIZ MARTINS ARRUDA.pdf: 2882217 bytes, checksum: 52d64f618e1a092e19c3d8e4464e6245 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-26 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / The work investigated the scientific and geographic coverage of the socio-spatial phenomenon of ecovillages in Brazil. We sought to understand the emergence of the concept of ecovillage since its historical origins as an anti-system movement, as well as its contemporary theoretical foundations, emphasizing the understanding of sustainability in the ecological, economic, social and spiritual dimensions. We also verified its presence in society, especially within the academy, conducting a review study of Brazilian works on ecovillages. From these works and other databases, we built up a map of ecovillages and other projects that identify themselves with the concept in the country, and characterized them, in order to obtain an overview of their dispersion and performance on Brazilian territory. We located ecovillages in seventeen states and in the Federal District too. We identified several enterprises, communities and families also, somehow inspired by the ecovillage ideas to make houses, farms, institutions and various businesses sites more sustainable. Despite the fact that almost 80% of the municipalities that host these initiatives are small, they have a greater presence in regions where the Brazilian urban network is better served by infrastructure and services. This added to the educational and tourist activities existing in a wide way in the ecovillages and related projects showed that, unlike alternative communities of previous times, there is currently active interaction between them and the hegemonic system. Although the science about ecovillages is recent, its multidisciplinarity has enabled studies in twenty major areas of knowledge within Brazilian academy, predominantly in Architecture, Urbanism and Design. We point out the need for greater articulation between researchers with different professional backgrounds who are dedicated to ecovillages for their effective consolidation as a theme in scientific context. / O trabalho investigou a abrang?ncia cient?fica e geogr?fica do fen?meno socioespacial das ecovilas no Brasil. Buscou-se compreender a emerg?ncia do conceito de ecovila desde suas origens hist?ricas como movimento antissistema, at? seus fundamentos te?ricos contempor?neos, destacando-se o entendimento da sustentabilidade nas dimens?es ecol?gica, econ?mica, social e espiritual. Verificou-se tamb?m a presen?a do tema na sociedade, em especial dentro da academia, realizando um estudo de revis?o dos trabalhos brasileiros sobre ecovilas. A partir desses trabalhos e de bancos de dados, realizou-se um mapeamento das experi?ncias que se identificam com o conceito de ecovilas no pa?s, localizando-as e caracterizando-as, de modo a obter uma vis?o geral da sua dispers?o e a atua??o no territ?rio brasileiro. Constatou-se a presen?a de ecovilas em dezessete estados e no Distrito Federal. Identificou-se, ainda, diversos empreendimentos, comunidades e fam?lias que se inspiram nas ecovilas para tornar casas, s?tios, institui??es e neg?cios mais sustent?veis. Embora quase 80% dos munic?pios que abrigam essas iniciativas sejam de pequeno porte, t?m maior presen?a nas regi?es onde a rede urbana brasileira ? mais bem servida de infraestrutura e servi?os. Isto somado ?s atividades educacionais e tur?sticas existentes de forma ampla nas ecovilas e projetos afins demonstrou que, diferentemente de comunidades alternativas de tempos anteriores, na atualidade h? intera??o ativa com o sistema hegem?nico. A ci?ncia sobre ecovilas ? recente e multidisciplinar, com frentes de estudos j? abertas em vinte Grandes ?reas do Conhecimento, predominantemente em Arquitetura, Urbanismo e Design. Observou-se a necessidade de maior articula??o entre estudiosos de diferentes forma??es profissionais que se dedicam tema para sua efetiva consolida??o no contexto cient?fico.

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Previous literature, although helpful in demonstrating the insidious nature and effects of Islamophobia on Muslims, does not underscore the varying forms and intensities of Islamophobia that a diverse range of Muslims in the West face and the powerful ways in which race and socio-economic class factor into their experiences, coping mechanisms, and stigma responses. This dissertation contributes to the literature on Muslims in The West in three ways: (1) offering a qualitative approach to understanding the ways in which Islamophobia is perpetuated through media discourse and coinciding political legislation, and is experienced differently by a diverse range of Muslims in Canada, (2) adding the concepts of spiritual marginalization, spiritual homelessness, and social status optimization to the analytic vocabulary on integration and articulating their relationship with identity, and (3) making a connection between race and social class and the response to Islamophobia and articulating their relationship with human agency. In chapter one, I provide an in-depth literature review on Islamophobia in the West. In chapter two, I present the results of a discourse analysis study that highlights the structural dimensions of Islamophobia through media representations and framing of incidences involving Muslim vs. non-Muslim perpetrators of violence. In chapter three, I present the results of a study that showcases group level experiences of racism amongst a relatively powerless group of Muslim refugee youth in Hamilton Ontario and St. John’s Newfoundland and Labrador. In chapter four, I provide a contrasting response to stigma by reporting on the experiences and mobilization of a socioeconomically privileged group of first, second and third generation Muslims in Edmonton. Finally, I summarize the conceptual findings of each paper, review and discuss the general theoretical and conceptual contributions of the dissertation to existing literature, and provide suggestions on future directions for studying Islamophobia and Muslim integration in The West. / Dissertation / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / This dissertation analyses the varying forms and intensities of Islamophobia that a diverse range of Muslims in Canada face and the powerful ways in which race and socio-economic class factor into their experiences, coping mechanisms, and stigma responses. The thesis explores three themes: 1) how Islamophobia may be structurally maintained and propagated through media discourse and coinciding political legislation, 2) how Islamophobia and anti-Muslim hate is experienced differently by different groups of Muslims in Canada, and (3) how there may be a connection between race and social class in individual responses to Islamophobia. By adding the concepts of spiritual marginalization, spiritual homelessness, and social status optimization to the analytic vocabulary, this work is a unique contribution to existing literature, and to our understanding of the differing lived experiences of being Muslim in the West and the varying ways in which Islamophobia informs the day to day lives of Muslim Canadians.