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Purpose- The purpose of this paper is to examine franchise relationships by using an interaction approach which involves several exchanges or actor bonds between a franchisor and franchisee, such as information, social, and cooperative exchanges, which create a long-term relationship. The objective is to provide a conceptual framework to investigate the relationship from the franchisee’s point of view since little research has been conducted from this perspective. Design/methodology/approach- This study is based on a web survey directed towards franchisees in Sweden. A total of 191 survey responses were obtained from a wide range of industries, representing a 16.2% response rate. A Pearson Correlation test was performed for the hypotheses. Findings- The findings supported all five hypotheses. The results show that 160 firms exchange information with the franchisor through an IT system. It is also evident that the majority who use IT systems are small businesses, however, this is due to the fact that the largest sample of this study consists of small firms (n=180). Research limitations/implications- Limitations of this study involve the somewhat difficulty to obtain access to a large sample of franchisees because of franchisors´ unwillingness to provide contact and email information (in some cases due to confidentiality). The majority of firms participating in the study are categorized as small organizations, a desired comparison of results from larger firms is, consequently, limited. Originality/value- The paper contributes to filling the gap within franchise relationship literature by applying an interaction approach in contrast to prior economic theories in this field of study.

A pesquisa Letalidade da ação policial e teoria interacional: análise integrada do sistema paulista de segurança pública visa dimensionar os fatores associados a letalidade policial. Dada a complexidade da ação policial, que envolve aspectos criminais, sociais e institucionais, a pesquisa propõe a formulação de um modelo teórico penológico que unifique diferentes tradições das Ciências Sociais. O modelo teórico interacional, adotado na tese, integra em uma dimensão analítica as premissas presentes nas teorias racionalista, contextual, institucional e ecológica. Tal estratégica metodológica é necessária, porque os modelos paradigmáticos selecionam um único parâmetro analítico para correlacionar com a ação policial e essa simplificação do comportamento policial não encontra suporte na realidade. Nesse sentido, encontrar uma alternativa as preposições teóricas clássicas foi o principal objetivo desse trabalho. Como estratégia de comprovação empírica do modelo teórico interacional foram utilizadas técnicas de regressão multivariadas, que permitem o teste simultâneo de validade das hipóteses alternativas e a verificação das interações entre os modelos teóricos e as variáveis independentes. A base empírica foi coletada junto a Comissão de Letalidade Policial da Secretaria de Segurança Pública do Estado de São Paulo. A amostra é de 1.111 casos de letalidade de não-policias registradas no Estado, entre 2001 e 2003 / The objective of the research Lethality of police action and interaction theory: integrated analysis of São Paulo public security system is to understand factors connected with police lethality. As police action is a complex issue, with criminal, social and institutional aspects, the study aims to formulate a penal theoretical model able to unify different traditions of Social Sciences. The interaction theoretical model adopted in the thesis integrates in an analytical dimension the premises presented in the rational, contextual, institutional and ecological thesis. This methodological strategy is necessary because the traditional models select only one parameter to police action. This simplification of police behavior does not find basis in social reality. The main proposal of this work was to find as alternative to classical theory propositions. As empiric form to check strategy of interaction theory model, the author used multiple regression techniques that permit simultaneous test of alternative hypothesis validation and the verification of interaction between theoretical models and independent variables. The empiric basis was the São Paulo State Public Security Secretary of Police Lethality Committee with 1.111 lethality non-policeman cases in the State in 2001-2003

Master of Science / Department of Journalism and Mass Communications / Major Professor Not Listed / Based on the Uses and Gratifications (U&G) approach and Parasocial Interaction (PSI) theory, this study examined how people use live streaming platforms in China. Uniquely, it sought to understand the effect of romantic relationships on how and why people watch Host Live Shows (HLSs) and explored the relationships between Chinese audiences and live- streamers. Through an online survey, four viewing motivations were identified: Community Building, Ego-boost, Escape, and Bandwagon. Ego-boost is a relatively new motivation of media use, which means audiences watch and interact with HLSs to get compliments, self-confidence, self- validation, and ego-boosts. This study found audiences’ perceived realism and PSI were both very neutral. However, emotion projection of audiences onto streamers was observed – most viewers highly agree that streamers are their friends. Moreover, this study found the quality of interpersonal communication is affecting audiences’ HLS dependence and the degree of PSI, while the quantity of interpersonal communication might not be – the more satisfied a person is about his/her interpersonal communication, the heavier he/she depends on HLSs and the stronger his/her PSI is. As expected, the degrees of both romantic relationship status and romantic relationship satisfaction influence people’s HLS use. While compared with females, males are affected by romantic relationships more, both the status and satisfaction level. Lastly, when it comes to people’s romantic lives and social lives, HLSs are more likely to be used as alternatives to meet their unsatisfied needs from their “real partners.”

Since the early part of the 1800s many aspects of music education have remained "very traditional" with little changes in underpinning rationales (Jorgensen, 2003, p. 3). Due to this lack of change, a divide exists "between musical ideology and education practice" (p. 4). The primary purpose of this thesis is to suggest that changing the music education profession begins with reconceptualizing music education. The secondary purpose is to propose one solution, the Timeline Integration Model. Reconceptualization is the process of challenging the atheoretical and ahistorical perspectives of traditional curricula (Pinar, 1975). Rethinking curriculum research starts at the intersections of social structure, history, and biography (Popkewitz, 1988). This philosophical qualitative research thesis presents an analysis of the social structure of School of Music programs. It uses the symbolic interaction theory to investigate how language and music-for-music's-sake ideology influence the music education profession. It briefly examines the history of music education and provides a review of literature of symbolic interaction theory and reconceptualization in relation to music education. The symbolic interaction theory is also applied to an autobiography to further investigate the social structure of School of Music programs and the music education profession. The autobiography demonstrates how social structure, history, and biography are interconnected. This thesis introduces the Timeline Integration Model. The Timeline Integration Model is an interdisciplinary approach developed by the author that uses socio-historical contexts to rethink musical learning. The Timeline Integration Model also provides teachers with tools to design meaningful and integrative lessons in K-12 general music classrooms.

Conflict archaeology is a fairly new discipline and is in the process of defining its methods and theories. Recently, the American Battlefield Protection Program has started requiring that grant applicants perform a KOCOA analysis. KOCOA is a modern military technique and stands for Key terrain, Obstacle, Cover and Concealment, Observation, and Avenues of Approach. However, this method was developed for modern warfare, and its adoption by the archaeological community has not yet been analyzed. I argue that this method needs a few modifications to make it more applicable to historical research and that it can be broadened to investigate more complex questions regarding decision-making processes. In its current form, KOCOA only looks at how a landscape was used during conflict based on the results of what happened. I contend we can use this method to analyze the landscape and look at the decisions that went into selecting it. Employing KOCOA in this manner will allow us to understand how militaries adapted, or failed to adapt, to a given landscape. The Second Seminole War in Florida (1835-1842) can serve as an ideal case study. For one thing, the military had never experienced the Florida environment, and therefore adaptations to landscape utilization will be readily apparent. Also, in the early 19th-century, the military as a cultural institution indoctrinated its members through extensive training at the United States Military Academy in West Point, NY, and I propose this standardized education had a significant negative effect on the shape, direction, and outcome of the Second Seminole War due to the gap between the knowledge gained through training and the knowledge needed in the field when fighting a war with Indians in the swamps and hammocks of Florida. Using modern military theory, the purpose of this research is to develop tools to measure how traditional European educational methods, which officers received while at the Military Academy, hindered their ability to adapt to the unique and challenging environment they encountered while trying to remove the Seminole Indians from the Florida territory. Conflict archaeology is also well suited to investigate the more human side, such as the decision-making processes and adaptations required, moving beyond the "what" and "how" aspects of conflict to the "why." One traditional approach to conflict archaeology is KOCOA. As used archaeologically, KOCOA employs modern cartographic information. Those participating in the conflict, however, would not have had access to this level of detail. Therefore, I propose that KOCOA be revised to incorporate the knowledge that would have been available to the decision makers at the time of the conflict. The aim of this research is to expand the methodologies of conflict archaeology to include indirect expressions of warfare and to incorporate them into a meaningful discussion of their role in the outcome of conflict. To accomplish this, I have developed a model against which hypotheses about the decision-making processes and their effectiveness can be compared.

Because of the fast development of mobile computing in recent years, this study attempt to research the acceptance of mobile computing for employees on business. Different from the past studies based on people-determined and system-determined to verify technology acceptance, we base on interaction theory viewpoint and diamond model to create four technology compatibilities. We treat these four compatibilities as external variables of technology acceptance model (TAM), and hypothesize each of the compatibility influencing perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use. According to the analysis result of this study, we focus on these hypotheses to discuss. Final, we also discuss the implications for theory and practice and point out the importance of technology compatibility to mobile computing acceptance.

This research is to discuss the welfare stigma and social policy that influences the low-income family of Hope Project. Through the interview with the case individuals, this article is going to analyze the process of socialization within parents and teenagers to see if the poor status of those individuals influences their interactive action with other individuals or group in this social action. Moreover to discuss the client of Hope Project whether has experience of welfare stigma or not. What follows is the goal of this research: 1.What have been low-income client¡¦s experience of discrimination treatment as participating in Hope Project? 2. How do low-income clients perceive welfare stigma and what strategies do they use to manage? 3. How do low-income clients affect their strategies to respond to welfare stigma after participating in Hope Project? The findings from this research are that discrimination treatment results welfare stigma, and poor adult than teenagers are affected obviously by process of socializing degree, but under social control of school that leads teenagers to perceive welfare stigma. Experience of discrimination treatment and individual values produce welfare stigma, and that affects how they use manage to welfare stigma. The series of courses and community service could encourage latent capacity of clients also reduce welfare stigma to promote self-identification and self-confident. Furthermore the experience of community service in the remove poverty program makes teenagers feel that they have ability feed back society not only just welfare recipients but also reduce perception of welfare stigma.

This research focuses on the nature and extent of social relationships between two Late Woodland Lewis phase villages, ca. A.D. 650 to 900, in southern Illinois and western Kentucky. These villages are the Cypress Citadel site in Johnson County, Illinois (111JS76), and the McGilligan Creek site in Livingston County, Kentucky (19LV197). Relationships between the two communities are examined through a detailed comparison of their ceramic assemblages, especially the decorated pottery. Chi square and Cramer's V statistics are used along with the social interaction and information exchange theories to determine the most likely to association between the sites. The results suggest a distancing of the social relations between these sites over their 250-year occupations. With a lack of firm temporal data, however, these conclusions are only a best-fit model. Other significant similarities and differences are noted which provide clues for future avenues of study.

A pesquisa Letalidade da ação policial e teoria interacional: análise integrada do sistema paulista de segurança pública visa dimensionar os fatores associados a letalidade policial. Dada a complexidade da ação policial, que envolve aspectos criminais, sociais e institucionais, a pesquisa propõe a formulação de um modelo teórico penológico que unifique diferentes tradições das Ciências Sociais. O modelo teórico interacional, adotado na tese, integra em uma dimensão analítica as premissas presentes nas teorias racionalista, contextual, institucional e ecológica. Tal estratégica metodológica é necessária, porque os modelos paradigmáticos selecionam um único parâmetro analítico para correlacionar com a ação policial e essa simplificação do comportamento policial não encontra suporte na realidade. Nesse sentido, encontrar uma alternativa as preposições teóricas clássicas foi o principal objetivo desse trabalho. Como estratégia de comprovação empírica do modelo teórico interacional foram utilizadas técnicas de regressão multivariadas, que permitem o teste simultâneo de validade das hipóteses alternativas e a verificação das interações entre os modelos teóricos e as variáveis independentes. A base empírica foi coletada junto a Comissão de Letalidade Policial da Secretaria de Segurança Pública do Estado de São Paulo. A amostra é de 1.111 casos de letalidade de não-policias registradas no Estado, entre 2001 e 2003 / The objective of the research Lethality of police action and interaction theory: integrated analysis of São Paulo public security system is to understand factors connected with police lethality. As police action is a complex issue, with criminal, social and institutional aspects, the study aims to formulate a penal theoretical model able to unify different traditions of Social Sciences. The interaction theoretical model adopted in the thesis integrates in an analytical dimension the premises presented in the rational, contextual, institutional and ecological thesis. This methodological strategy is necessary because the traditional models select only one parameter to police action. This simplification of police behavior does not find basis in social reality. The main proposal of this work was to find as alternative to classical theory propositions. As empiric form to check strategy of interaction theory model, the author used multiple regression techniques that permit simultaneous test of alternative hypothesis validation and the verification of interaction between theoretical models and independent variables. The empiric basis was the São Paulo State Public Security Secretary of Police Lethality Committee with 1.111 lethality non-policeman cases in the State in 2001-2003