Inhomogeneous deformation fields arising from the grain-grain interactions in polycrystalline materials have been evaluated using a crystal plasticity finite element method and extensively compared to neutron diffraction measurements under fatigue crack growth conditions. The roles of intergranular deformation anisotropy, grain boundary damage, and non-common deformation mechanisms (such as twinning for hexagonal close packed crystals) are systematically evaluated. The lattice misorientation field can be used to determine the intragranular deformation behavior in polycrystals or to describe the deformation inhomogeneity due to dislocation plasticity in single crystals. The study of indentation-induced lattice misorientation fields in single crystals sheds lights on the understanding of the scale-dependent plasticity mechanisms. A two-scale micromechanical analysis is performed to study the lattice strain distributions near a fatigue crack tip. The experimental finding of vanishing residual intergranular strain in polycrystals as the increase of the fully reversed loading cycles suggests the intergranular damage be the dominant failure mechanism. Our model predictions are compared to in situ neutron diffraction measurements of Ni-based superalloys under fatigue crack growth conditions. Predicted and measured lattice strains in the vicinity of fatigue crack tips illustrate the important roles played by the intergranular damage and the surrounding plasticity in fatigue growth. Motivated by the synchrotron x-ray measurements of lattice rotation fields in single crystals under indentation, the effect of the orientation of slip systems on the 2D wedge indentation of a model single crystal is investigated. Furthermore, the crystallographic orientations of the indented solids are gradually rotated, resulting changes of lattice misorientation patterns under the indenter. These 2D simulations, as well as a 3D Berkovich indentation simulation, suggest a kinematic relationship between the lattice misorientation and crystalline slip fields. Advanced structural materials such as light-weighted materials, nanocrystalline metals/alloys, and hierarchically structured alloys often encounter unconventional deformation mechanisms. The convolution of crystalline slip and deformation twin are considered in the hexagonal close packed polycrystals. Specifically, we have determined the lattice strain distributions near fatigue crack tips in Zircaloy-4, and the role of tensile-twins on intergranular strain evolution in a wrought Mg alloy, which compare favorable to available neutron diffraction measurements.

Le développement des réacteurs nucléaires de quatrième génération nécessite l’amélioration des matériaux de gainage combustible, afin de résister à des températures, des contraintes et des doses d’irradiation plus élevées. Le renforcement des aciers ferritiques, peu sensibles au gonflement sous irradiation, par de nano-oxydes permet d’obtenir une bonne résistance mécanique à haute température. Cependant, les études publiées sur ces matériaux dans la littérature ouverte mettent en évidence un comportement inusuel en fluage : une forte anisotropie en résistance à l’écoulement comme en durée de vie, une faible ductilité et un stade de fluage tertiaire quasiment inexistant. L’origine de ces phénomènes, encore mal connue, est abordée dans ces travaux de thèse.Trois nuances d’acier ODS à 14 %Cr ont été étudiées. Leur comportement macroscopique est similaire à celui des nuances de la littérature ouverte. La rupture en fluage des éprouvettes lisses procède par amorçage et propagation d’une fissure depuis la surface latérale, suivis d’une déchirure ductile lorsque le facteur d’intensité des contraintes critique est atteint en fond de fissure. Les propriétés de traction et de fluage ne sont cependant pas notablement affectées par l’environnement chimique des éprouvettes. Les essais de fissuration à 650°C montrent une faible valeur du facteur d’intensité des contraintes à l’amorçage et un mécanisme de propagation de fissure intergranulaire, préférentiellement au travers des zones à plus petits grains du matériau, qui explique en partie l’anisotropie de la résistance à la rupture à haute température. L’utilisation d’éprouvettes entaillées a permis d’étudier l’impact des paramètres de premier ordre (vitesse de déformation, température, triaxialité des contraintes) sur l’amorçage et la propagation stable de fissures intergranulaires macroscopiques depuis le cœur des éprouvettes. Ces essais ont permis de révéler des cavités formées à haute température mais non exposées à l’environnement. Ces cavités révèlent une forte réactivité chimique des surfaces libres (internes) du matériau. Les essais réalisés mettent également en évidence différentes natures de joints entre les petits grains, présentant des modes d’endommagement différents. L’origine de ces différentes natures de joints de grains reste à explorer. / The development of the fourth generation of nuclear power plants relies on the improvement of cladding materials, in order to achieve resistance to high temperature, stress and irradiation dose levels. Strengthening of ferritic steels through nano-oxide dispersion allows obtaining good mechanical strength at high temperature and good resistance to irradiation induced swelling. Nonetheless, studies available from open literature evidenced an unusual creep behavior of these materials: high anisotropy in time to rupture and flow behavior, low ductility and quasi-inexistent tertiary creep stage. These phenomena, and their still unclear origin are addressed in this study.Three 14Cr ODS steels rods have been studied. Their mechanical behavior is similar to those of other ODS steels from open literature. During creep tests, the specimens fractured by through crack nucleation and propagation from the lateral surfaces, followed by ductile tearing once the critical stress intensity factor was reached at the crack tip. Tensile and creep properties did not depend on the chemical environment of specimens. Crack propagation tests performed at 650°C showed a low value of the stress intensity factor necessary to start crack propagation. The cracks followed an intergranular path through the smaller-grained regions, which partly explains the anisotropy of high temperature strength.Notched specimens have been used to study the impact of the main loading parameters (deformation rate, temperature, stress triaxiality) on macroscopic crack initiation and stable propagation, from the central part of the specimens.These tests allowed revealing cavities created during high temperature loading, but unexposed to the external environment. These cavities showed a high chemical reactivity of the free surfaces in this material. The performed tests also evidenced different types of grain boundaries, which presented different damage development behaviors, probably due to differences in local chemistry. The nature of these grains boundaries and their origin are still to be explained.